How do online words come out?

Language is a kind of culture, and a nation must innovate to have a cultural future. In this sense, it is not terrible to use some new words, but if the language is rigid and lacks vocabulary, it will be really sad. If the vocabulary system has only basic vocabulary and is always stable, language will have no vitality. Therefore, it is necessary to allow the existence of doubts while stipulating certain norms, but it is more important to actively absorb those doubts that are out of the norms at that time.

With the development of society and the progress of science and technology, computers no longer wear mysterious veil, and more and more people begin to deal with computers. Computers have become an indispensable part of many people's lives, work and study. The birth of a new thing will always have many by-products. At the end of 1990s, the computer by-product network was in full swing and spread all over the earth. It seemed that the network was everywhere. It's everywhere. The virtuality of the network has brought people great freedom and won the favor of countless people. The development of the network has also produced its by-product-network language. Mr. Gao said: "There is no doubt that in the new social environment, the emergence of new things as one of social phenomena or the emergence of concepts formed by people's thinking activities requires changes in language as a communication tool and a thinking tool. Developed. " Because of its special carrier and the characteristics of virtual reality, network language has shown its particularity and diversity from the beginning. In this virtual world, people have created many words that only people who often surf the Internet can understand.

First, the causes, forms and characteristics of network language

"If only one person laughs at frogs, no one knows what dinosaurs look like. As far as tobacco and alcohol are concerned, only Qi's participation and sharing can surpass Coolpad's 65.438+0.2 billion times. This is the power of the Internet. The power of online dating and gathering wolves online. " This is a joke popular on the Internet recently. But if you don't understand the meaning of some of these "network languages", I'm afraid you don't understand what is funny. Because in chat rooms, BBS and OICQ, people compare "frog" to an ugly man, "dinosaur" to an ugly woman and "wolf" to a bad guy on the Internet. By analogy, words with special meanings generated on the Internet are network terms. In China Dictionary of Network Language edited by Yu Genyuan, the following definition of "network language" is put forward: "Network language is the product of the Internet. In the increasingly popular internet virtual space, people should express their thoughts and feelings in a different way from real life, so some people have created novel, irritating and incomprehensible online languages. Network language is mostly the transformation of some Chinese and English words by netizens in order to improve the input speed. Link and mosaic text, pictures, symbols, etc. Feel free. From the standard language expression, if Chinese characters, numbers and English letters are mixed together, there will be some strange words and typos, which are completely sick sentences. But in the network, it is an authentic language that is deeply loved by netizens. " One of the reasons for the emergence of network language is that it costs money to surf the Internet for the convenience of input. Internet access fee is calculated according to unit time. If a person's typing speed is fast, there will undoubtedly be more content input per unit time, so some people will inevitably disregard "quality" in order to improve their speed, and typos, other words and strange words will appear in the input text. "In words, if someone runs a magazine and a page, it is called a moderator at that time. If you want to be efficient online, you may make mistakes and go online. " If you play slowly, the other party may ignore you, so you may be the' class leader' as soon as you play. Just use it. It makes sense to think about it later. It was bamboo tears in ancient times. In fact, Banzhu is also very hard, and I have to chat with you. This is also a good image. "(Yu Genyuan)

The second reason for the formation of network language is that the intelligent full spelling input system is widely used in Microsoft operating system. Because few people on the internet can type with five strokes, they usually use full spelling. Because many of the above words are not arranged according to the frequency of use, many people have no patience to ensure the accuracy of typing, so they use a lot of homophones until they form a recognized new vocabulary. For example, the "Bambusa bambusa" mentioned just now, experienced people must know that when you type Bambusa bambusa, the first thing that appears is "Bambusa bambusa". "The deep-seated problem of this objective reason is the bottleneck between Chinese characters and computers. The input of Chinese characters into the computer has not solved the problem that Chinese can be unimpeded on the computer. Thousands of Chinese characters can't compare with phonemic characters of dozens of words. Computers process foreign languages much faster than Chinese characters. Therefore, the emergence of various words on the Internet is an inevitable problem at present. The network is in a hurry

The psychology of netizens is also a reason for the formation of network language. The main users of network language are young college students, middle school students and technicians. This group is well-educated, lively, curious and innovative. Network language not only represents high efficiency, but also is full of sense of trend and avant-garde, constantly breaking through stereotypes. This creative and breakthrough language is naturally welcomed by young people.

There are many forms of network language, which can be basically summarized as the following:

1. Phonetic homophonic network languages can be divided into digital homophonic and text homophonic.

Species.

(1) Numeric homophonic: Generally speaking, it refers to a series of words that are easy to remember and input according to the pronunciation of 10 Arabic numerals. For example, "7758" means "kiss me"; "886" means "bye-bye, goodbye"; "7456" means "I'm so angry", which means that the pronunciation of Chinese characters is similar to the pronunciation of numbers, and the pronunciation of Chinese characters can be adjusted through the pronunciation of numbers to achieve the effect of meaning and speed. "7758" can be completed by tapping four numeric keys, while "kiss me" needs tapping seven or eight times, which is far behind the former. "8 wrong" means "good"; 13 14520 means "I love you all my life"; "7456" means "I am so angry". This homonym is not based on the pronunciation of Putonghua, but on dialects. In many places in China, especially in the south, S and SH are indistinguishable, so the phenomenon of fourth harmonic SHI will appear.

(2) Chinese homonym: In addition to the convenience of input, this way is more fun and humorous. For example, "prawn" is the homonym of "hero", which refers to a computer expert; Because some high-level computer enthusiasts are bent over and shaped like prawns because they have been addicted to computers for a long time, the homonym of "prawn" has added some humor out of thin air. For example, "Banfu" is the homonym of "edition vice", and "Banzhu" and "Banzhu" are the homonyms of "moderator".

2. Text escape type. On the internet, netizens added some words that were not their own.

There is this meaning, but the collocation of these meanings and words is vivid. For example, "irrigation" means pouring or putting water into a container. On the internet, it means that speeches in chat rooms or BBS are written at will, which is a common vocabulary on BBS; "Brick-making" means writing with heart, which means that the poster writes with more heart. A good BBS needs both bricks and water. Irrigation and brick making have their own advantages for activating a BBS. Upstairs and downstairs are common words on BBS, referring to the posts above and below.

3. Symbolic hieroglyphics. Netizens use various symbols on the keyboard to arrange and combine, creating many new pictographic expressions, or pictographic metaphors, whose ideographic effects often give people a refreshing feeling. Take "smile" as an example. ":-"is the most common and basic smile expression, and ":-D" means a very happy smile. ":-)" means smile "8-)" This is a smiling face for glasses people; "; -) "refers to the winking smile; 1-D' laughed; "l-P" means to laugh, and there are also net words like ":-("to express sadness; ":-!" Show disdain, etc.

4. English and Chinese abbreviations. English and Chinese abbreviations are mostly abbreviations of common English words. Netizens who use this abbreviation

I know some common English. Common English abbreviations are: AFAIK (as far as I know); BTW (by the way) by the way; Jam (just for a while) wait for a while; Goodbye, CU (goodbye); OIC (oh, I see) oh, I see; Are you there (are you there? ) Are you there? English abbreviations can be divided into two types. One is to use the first letter of each word or phrase to represent the whole sentence, such as AFAIK, BTW, JAM. The other is to use the pronunciation similarity between letters and words to reduce words or phrases, such as CU, OIC and R U THERE. Sometimes these two methods are used at the same time, such as CUL (see you later) Of course, there are many Chinese abbreviations, such as "MM" for sister; "GG" brother; "BB" baby This is to represent a word with the initials in Chinese Pinyin. After the word is shortened, its input speed is definitely much faster than that of standard Chinese or English.

Through a rough analysis of the types of network languages, we can easily see that there are huge differences between network languages and standard languages. Generally speaking, the network language has the following characteristics:

1, creativity. The above example is clear. When introducing symbolic pictographic network language, it is estimated that readers have already experienced the example of laughter, so there is no need to do too much analysis. There are countless whimsy in the network language. Perhaps netizens think that the network is a virtual space, and the way of expressing thoughts and feelings is different from people's expression habits in real life, so they make great efforts to create a novel network.

2. Convenient. The convenience of use is one of the reasons for the formation and development of the above three types of network languages.

It can not only improve the communication speed, but also save input time and internet access costs.

3. entertainment. An important motivation for netizens to surf the Internet is to "have fun", and the unique language formed by netizens in the process of interaction undoubtedly increases the fun of communication and makes surfing the Internet a relaxed and interesting thing. On the other hand, many netizens have created a large number of fresh online languages in the process of having fun, constantly enriching the vocabulary of online languages.

4. Non-standardization. This is the inevitable result of the first three characteristics. Judging from the standard Chinese expression, the network language is mixed with Chinese characters, numbers, English letters and symbols, and strange words and typos emerge one after another, which is totally a sick sentence. Relevant experts believe that this language is too random and unstable, and it is just a fashionable word game for young people.

5. Keyboard function. It is also a feature of network language to express ideas with special characters on computer keyboard. The history of this keyboard emoji can be traced back to 1986. A Japanese netizen added a "_" symbol at the end of the online message, like a squint smile, which has become popular all over the world. Inspired by this, netizens created a series of network language symbols with keyboard characteristics. The use of keyboard symbols makes cartoon-like images appear on the computer screen in network conversation, which is not only more vivid, but also embodies the characteristics of "hypertext" in network communication.

6. subjectivity. Network language is subjective. It ignores traditional grammar, does whatever it wants, tends to be more and more casual, and tries to break through the bondage. There is a sentence in an online article: "Only after falling in love did I find it a bit tasteless." The abnormal collocation of "a little chicken ribs" is good at excavating new ideas from common words, which is a common method of network language.

7. hybridization. Network language is a mixture of languages of different nationalities to a certain extent, which shows the innovation, randomness and conciseness of network language vocabulary in form and expression. For example, "thank you"; B4 "(before" B4 "); I'm 2 "(me too, and so on.

8. Image. The keyboard features we just mentioned can reflect the image of network language. In addition, the image of network language is also reflected in some image network languages. For example, netizens are called "net bugs", junior netizens are "reptiles" and senior netizens are "flying bugs". Linking "this way" into "sauce purple" (influenced by the accent of Hong Kong and Taiwan) has both visual effects.

It can be said that these characteristics of network language are consistent with the sociological characteristics of netizens. According to the previous survey, about 80% of netizens are under the age of 30, and the proportion of college degree or above is about 80% (see "Society" 1999, second issue, Wang Yonggang's "Who is on the Internet"). This is enough to illustrate the characteristics of this group of netizens: one is younger and the other is younger. They advocate innovation and are unwilling to bear too many constraints in real life. In addition, they not only use this language when surfing the Internet, but also begin to use these languages in their life and study, especially among students.

Second, the influence of network language on people's study and life

Young students are the main group of internet addiction. In some primary and secondary schools, network language has become the mantra of many students, and it is often used by students even in class. Is the network language a word game for new people or a positive development of modern Chinese? What is the attitude of people from all walks of life towards it?

Students find it interesting, fashionable and convenient.

(1) Some students say that the language should be eclectic, and the lively and interesting online language is lively and humorous, which is very convenient and fashionable to use and very popular with students. Anyone who seriously talks and chats with others online will be laughed at.

(2) Some students said that lively and interesting online language, like cross talk and sketches, is also the embodiment of language charm. Many best-selling online novels, such as First Intimate Contact and Diary of a Pig, are full of online languages such as "girl" and "frog", which are refreshing to read. If these words are replaced by orthodox expressions, the readability will be much worse.

(3) A boy who has been online for six years said, "I have been chatting on QQ since my freshman year, and now I spend more than six hours online every day. I am used to using online language, but my life is really hard to change. "

(4) A junior high school student in Lanzhou said that students are very friendly in using online language. Although the teacher doesn't approve of students using this language, he can't help but want to write because he thinks what is written in this language is very vivid.

(5) A senior two student in a middle school in Lanzhou said that the online language originated from the Chinese department and adapted to the high-speed society, which can increase the affinity and freshness of communication, but if it is separated from the misuse and use of the network, it will be a blasphemy to the language.

(6) A senior three student in a middle school in Lanzhou said that the online language is vivid and convenient, and many symbols are also suitable for mobile phones, which brings many benefits to texting.

2. Teachers think that online language has impacted Chinese teaching.

(1) A Chinese teacher in a senior middle school in Lanzhou said that because of the influence of online language, some students suddenly appeared online words in their compositions. Some older teachers have no idea what they mean. In normal teaching, we ask students to write their compositions in spoken English as much as possible, but they can have a look at their own compositions, or some students use words such as "Kubi" and "Kawaii".

(2) A Chinese teacher in a middle school in Lanzhou said that students are under great pressure to take exams and enter higher schools. Under such realistic conditions, if they blindly use network language, it will only bring "unsafe factors". Marking teachers generally don't buy online texts, which will affect the exam results.

(3) A Chinese teacher in a middle school in Lanzhou said that I don't encourage students to write compositions in online language. Every time I see students using online language in their compositions, I want to stop it, because it doesn't conform to the language norms. Sometimes, quoting the online language that suits your identity in the conversation will add a lot of color to the article. This is a flexible language, but it cannot be abused.

3. Parents think that online language has created a generation gap between them and their children.

(1) A parent said that she accidentally found this sentence in her daughter's diary: "... I didn't expect my best friend to lie to me, TMD, 7456, I want to kick TST." The parent knew nothing until the child explained it to her. She said, "What is this? The diary has become a password book, and I can't understand it at all. "

(2) Xiao Nan, who lives in Chengguan District, was good at writing compositions when she was in primary school. After entering middle school, Xiao Nan fell in love with the Internet. Recently, the teacher said at a parent-teacher meeting that she couldn't understand Xiao Nan's composition and what "PF", "BT" and "4242" were used. Xiao Nan's mother opened her daughter's composition book and saw circles written by the teacher in red pen everywhere, but she couldn't understand them.

(3) Some parents think that children should be kept away from the internet if they are not influenced by the internet language. However, children all report that the online world is rich and colorful, and a lot of knowledge can be gained by using the internet, which makes parents in a dilemma.

Experts believe that tolerance is more important than strangulation.

(1) Experts say that network language is also a language practice. If it is popular among students, it shows that it has vitality. However, if most people can't understand what the online language is written, it will affect communication and lose the meaning of the language. Meanwhile, parents and teachers should treat this phenomenon with tolerance and understanding.

(2) Tang Jifu, a professor at the Chinese Department of Tianjin Normal University, believes that the faster the social development, the richer and newer the language. We can't simply judge the right or wrong of online popular language, but it needs to be gradually accepted by people's lives, so it is more important to tolerate online language than to kill it. Nowadays, many teachers and parents are worried that the extensive use of online language in their compositions will affect their children's test scores. In fact, this idea is unscientific. Today, when China vigorously advocates all-round quality education, it is an inevitable trend for quality education to replace exam-oriented education, and some lively language will no longer be taboo in college entrance examination composition.

(3) Zhu, an associate professor in the Department of Sociology of Xiamen University, believes that these young people use a simplified way of network communication, and the network language is the specific language and code of this group. Parents' worries are justified and deserve linguists' attention, but it is not clear whether the generation gap has deepened because of the use of network language.

(4) Professor Wang, who is engaged in linguistics courses in Nanjing, said that in the long-term development of language, some new words will appear, some of which are alive and some will be eliminated, and some of these new online words may become Chinese new words. Network language is a kind of teasing language for young people, and it also has a problem of vitality. There should be a process of removing the false and retaining the true, removing the rough and selecting the fine. Don't make a fuss about the appearance of network language. Don't regard it as a scourge, we should look at the influence of network language on students objectively, and we can't kill them with one blow. Network language reflects certain social phenomena and is recognized by certain people. There is no need to stop it at present. For example, some popular slang and sayings have strong vitality. Facts have proved that these languages are only good for society and not bad. If it is unhealthy language such as Jianghu slang, it should be resolutely stopped.

Third, the attitude towards network language.

Experts' attitude towards network language has gone through a process from dismissing to discussing. The appearance of online language dictionaries reminds people of the text reform of 1958. At that time, the main tasks of writing reform were: simplifying Chinese characters, making it easier for the broad masses of people to master and use them, so as to eliminate illiteracy more, better, faster and more economically among the broad masses of people, popularize and improve culture; The purpose of popularizing Putonghua is to eliminate the barriers between dialects, promote the further unification of Chinese, and make our language better serve China's socialist construction. Now, with the encouragement of computer network and multimedia, vernacular Chinese has derived a novel network language, and its appearance has epoch-making significance in the history of language.

Language is a kind of culture. A nation must innovate to have a cultural future. In this sense, using some new words is not terrible. If the language is rigid and the vocabulary is poor, it is really sad. If the vocabulary system only has basic vocabulary, it will never be feasible. Therefore, while stipulating certain norms, we must also allow the existence of doubts. However, we should actively absorb those elements that are divorced from the norms at that time and can promote the rich development of language. At the "National Symposium on Standardization of Chinese Vocabulary" held in February, 2000 1,1,more than 40 experts and scholars realized that new vocabulary should not be required to have the characteristics of universal vocabulary standardization. Be tolerant of new words and have a sense of "vocabulary protection". We must also have a sense of "taste" and "norms". As for "network language", experts believe that network words are an alternative among new words. Whether and how to standardize it now will take some time. Language is constantly evolving. Buddhist language in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was widely used in Chinese. During the May 4th Movement, the entry of a large number of western languages promoted the formation of vernacular Chinese today. Network language is a derivative of computer and network. It is a manifestation of scientific and technological progress. Of course, there are a lot of uncivilized contents in it, so we should take its essence and discard its dross in the process of use. After all, the rise of the Internet is not long. With the passage of time, words that conform to the language norms will stay, and words that do not conform to the norms will naturally be eliminated. Language is a reflection of the times, and network language is also a reflection of the current network era to a certain extent. It is closely related to the lifestyle and mental state of modern people. Professor Gu Xiaoming of Fudan University said: "Internet language and its writing style are profoundly affecting the daily life of young people. At the beginning of this century, the vernacular Chinese produced by the popularization of radio, film, modern printing and other media is the most revolutionary in the history of language. Now, with the arrival of the new century, the vernacular Chinese has been inspired by computer networks and multimedia, and new' net language' and' net language' have been derived. It is closely connected with the language of a new generation of teenagers and will become a language model in the new century. " In addition, network language also conforms to the laws and trends of Chinese and language development in some aspects. For example, it does make Chinese take a step from pictographic language to phonetic language through homophonic means, and makes up for some deficiencies in the input speed of Chinese on the computer to some extent through concise means. In daily life and network communication, some irregular but vivid languages are used. It doesn't matter. As a writer said, "If a primary school student can understand some net words used in a composition, but only the teacher can't, then everyone will know who the problem is." In the process of Chinese teaching, teachers should correctly guide students to use language and characters correctly, but should not resolutely prevent students from using fresh, lively and civilized online language, but should make students understand what standard usage is. What language should be used in what occasions? Yu Genyuan said: "The norm is to promote development, but it is not the real norm that restricts development." We should not rush to standardize the network language, let alone be hostile, but adopt a tolerant attitude and seek gold in time.