Steps of Russian territorial expansion

Russian history originated from Eastern Slavs in the grasslands of Eastern Europe, and mixed-race Russians are the common ancestors of Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Kiev Ross was the first country established by Eastern Slavs.

Beginning in 988, the Orthodox Church (the eastern branch of Christianity) was introduced into Kiev from the Byzantine Empire, which initiated the integration of Byzantine and Slavic cultures, and finally formed the Russian culture that will occupy the next 700 years.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, Kiev was occupied by Mongols and eventually split into Moscow Principality and other countries. Belarus and Ukraine were controlled and ruled by Poles and Lithuanians.

Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, three Eastern Slavic countries, all claim to be the orthodox heirs of Rosculture and status.

2. Kiev Ross

In the 6th century, Eastern Slavs gradually migrated to the grasslands of Eastern Europe. In 862, the Valencians, led by Ryurik, conquered the Eastern Slavs and established the Liuke Dynasty. In 882, the Rus of Kiev was established, which was divided into several independent principalities in the12nd century. 1237 was occupied by Mongolian troops from East Asia, and the Qincha khanate was established.

3. The Grand Duchy of Moscow

Moscow City was founded in 1 147, with Yuri Dolgoruki, Archduke of Vladimir, as its founder. In the square in front of the Moscow city government in the middle of Tver Street in the center of Moscow, there has always been a memorial statue of him. He wears a helmet and armor, holds a shield in his left hand and straddles a horse. Moscow Principality was formally established on 1283.

1547, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was crowned czar and built the Kremlin. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into the political, economic, cultural and religious center of Russia in the northeast of China, leading other vassal countries to get rid of the rule of Mongolian Tatars and making Russia an independent country.

From 65438 to 0605, Godunov died suddenly and Russia entered a "chaotic era". It was not until Minen and Bo Zalsky of Nizhny Novgorod led the militia to drive the Polish invaders out of Moscow that this turbulent period finally ended. ?

4. Russian Empire

The Romanov dynasty was established. 172 1 year, after winning the Great Northern War with Sweden, Peter I was awarded the title of "All-Russian Emperor" by the Russian Senate, and Russia officially became the Russian Empire.

It reached its peak during the reign of Catherine II in the middle and late18th century. During the reign of Alexander I, Russia joined the European anti-French alliance against Napoleon and became the leader of post-war holy alliance. Since then, it has long played the role of "European Gendarmerie".

At its peak, the territory started from the Arctic Ocean in the north, south to the southern Black Sea, west to the Baltic Sea and east to Alaska (1867 sold to the United States), covering an area of about 22.8 million square kilometers. According to the census of 1897, there were1256,000 people in the Russian Empire, and by 19 14, it reached1657,000 people, which was second only to the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire in China.

/kloc-From the middle of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian empire forced the China government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and together with Britain, it divided the Pamirs region of China twice, bringing large areas of northeast and northwest China into the territory.

He instigated Outer Mongolia to secede from China, and occupied 64 villages in Jiangdong (1900), Tangnuwu Liang Hai (1944) and other areas by force, which made China lose more than 3.3 million square kilometers of territory.

Russian Empire is one of the five traditional powers in Europe and one of the world powers at that time. It was not until the defeat in the Crimean War in the mid-Kloc-0/9th century that the disadvantages of Russian serfdom were exposed, which led to Russia's economic development, social development and industrialization lagging behind other European powers. Although Alexander II reformed Russian serfdom in 186 1, it was not thorough.

1904, it was defeated again in the Russo-Japanese War in which imperialism competed for its sphere of influence.

19 14 In August, Russia, with unstable political situation, participated in World War I, and the unbearable war situation directly led to the outbreak of the February Revolution of 19 17. Nicholas II signed the declaration of abdication, the Russian empire perished, and the Russian Republic and the Russian interim government were established. But in the same year, it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks through the October Revolution, and Russian Soviet federal socialism was established.

5. Soviet period

1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Soviet * * * Production Party) was established. On 1905 and 19 17, Russian workers and peasants overthrew the bourgeois-democratic revolution of Romanov dynasty (that is, the February revolution).

After the October Revolution, all ethnic groups in Russia established their own independent countries or autonomous republics. During the civil war, the Soviet Union and Russia established military and political alliances with Ukraine, Belarus and the South Caucasus Federation to confront the enemies of the same country.

With the end of the civil war, the recovery of the national economy and the beginning of the period of socialist construction, in order to unify national defense construction and economic construction, the two parties of the Soviet Union and China put forward the joint issue.

1922 On February 30th, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formally established. The Russian Federation joined Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation (including Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia), and then expanded to 16 Soviet countries (3 Eastern Slavs, 3 Transcaucasian countries, 5 Central Asian countries and Moldova).

Through a series of socialist reforms, the Soviet Union became a world power, a victorious country in World War II and one of the five permanent members of the United Nations. During the hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union, the highly centralized economic party system was the main factor for the Soviet Union to maintain unity.

1990 On June 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic issued the Declaration of State Sovereignty, declaring that the Russian Federation has "absolute sovereignty" within its territory ("Russian Independence Day"). 199 1 August, the August 19 incident occurred in the Soviet Union. On September 6, the State Council of the Soviet Union passed a resolution recognizing the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

On February 8, 65438, the leaders of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, the founding members of the Soviet Union, signed the Belovezhsen Agreement in Belovezhsen Forest, announcing the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. 65438+February 2 1 In addition to the Baltic States and Georgia, the Soviet Union 1 1 countries signed the Almaty Declaration and the Protocol to the CIS Agreement.

On February 26th, 65438, supreme soviet of the ussr and the State Council held their last meeting, announcing the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the return of Russian European territory to the scope of the reign of Catherine I. During the Russian-Soviet period, many celebrities were not born in the Russian Federation, including Prince Bagration, Stalin, Ordzhonikidze and beria. They were born in Georgia, Nikolai Gogol, Brezhnev and they were born in Ukraine.

6. Modern Russia

1April 1992 16, the Sixth People's Congress of Russia decided to change the country name to "Russia", thus restoring the historical name; 17 finally decided to use the two official country names "Russian Federation" and "Russia", which have the same status.

199365438+February 12, the first constitutional referendum after Russia's independence was passed.

201April 18, Russia formally annexed the Crimean peninsula of Ukraine.

20 15 On March 28th, Russia joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

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