The first anniversary of the Portuguese occupation of Macao is urgent ~ ~ ~ ~

Abstract: The Portuguese occupation of Macao is a complicated and gradual historical process, which lasted for more than 350 years from the middle of16th century. 1887 The Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Reconciliation and Trade gives Portugal the status of "ruling Macao permanently", which makes China lose its jurisdiction over Macao. However, the treaty stipulates that Portugal shall not cede Macao to other countries without China's permission. So it is incorrect to say that Macao was ceded to Portugal.

Macau is the territory of China, which was gradually occupied by the Portuguese after the middle of the 6th century. Portugal's occupation of Macao is a complicated and gradual historical process, which can be divided into four stages: occupation, "lease", occupation and expansion. 1553- 157 1 year was the stage when the Portuguese occupied Macao, 1572- 1848 was the stage when the Portuguese rented Macao,1849-/kloc-0.

First, the Portuguese entered Macao.

Starting from the15th century, in order to seek gold and spices, as well as the legendary Christian king John and his kingdom living in the East, the Portuguese, with the promotion and support of national power, began overseas expansion activities with exploring the eastern route as the main content. In the ninth year of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty (15 14), the Portuguese first appeared on the South China Sea coast of China, and Jorge Alvares arrived in Tuen Mun, Dongguan County (now a port) of Guangdong Province by boat for spice trade.

The early Portuguese who came to China used violent means to colonize and plunder, which inevitably led to military conflicts with the Ming government. 15 18, Simao de Andrade led three warships to Tuen Mun. He built a house, a fence and a battery in Tuen Mun without authorization. And treat China people like African blacks, drive away merchant ships, rob crew members and detain their goods; Indulge subordinates in robbing people and ravaging women; They also colluded with the mainland, raped and plundered, and aroused the resentment of the people of China. 152 1 year, Wang Hong, deputy envoy of Guangdong Sea Patrol Channel, was stationed in nantou town, Dongguan, which is across the sea from Tuen Mun, and formed a semicircle encirclement of Tuen Mun with 50 warships to attack the Portuguese army. Wang hong is decisive in command and flexible in tactics. Although the Portuguese army had an expedition to join the battle, it still suffered heavy casualties. Portuguese colonists had to abandon some ships and escape in three big ships at night. In the second year, the Portuguese sent a fleet to the South China Sea in China, where they joined forces with the China Navy at Xicao Bay in Xinhui. China refused the Portuguese request to return to Tuen Mun, and a fierce battle broke out between the two sides, and the China navy won again. Since then, the Portuguese have established a residence in Shuangyu Port, which belongs to the Ningbo Municipal Government of Zhejiang Province, and carried out large-scale smuggling activities. 1548, Zhejiang Governor Zhu Wan ordered an attack on Shuangyu Port, burning all the buildings and ships in the port and filling the port with wood and stones.

The Battle of Tuen Mun, the Battle of Xicaowan in Xinhui and the Battle of Shuangyu Port made the Portuguese realize that China is powerful and cannot be easily conquered by force, so they turned to bribery and other means to establish themselves in the coastal areas of China.

With regard to the origin of Portuguese emigration to Macao, Guo Fei wrote in the article "Overseas Records of Macao" in Guangdong Tongzhi (Volume 69) during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty: "In the thirty-two years of Jiajing, those who went abroad for a mirror were willing to borrow land for a temporary tribute. Wang Baixing, the deputy envoy of Haidao, took bribes and only built dozens of rooms. Later, those who pursued industrial and commercial profits began to transport bricks, tiles, wood and stones to build houses, but if they settled down. " Of course, all of Australia is ruined, and Haojing is a foreign ship alone. "

Regarding 1556+ 15, how the Portuguese handled the issue of Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of the sea route, in a letter to D. Luis, the brother of King Joao III of Portugal, the Portuguese captain Lionel De said: "I took a boat in June of 1552, and I didn't make much progress in business, because the Portuguese were forbidden to use the port of China. I ordered the Portuguese off the coast of China not to land and not to do anything against China. Then the peace talks, the Portuguese promised to pay all kinds of tariffs. All the Portuguese agreed to this agreement ... because the Portuguese were not allowed to stay in China at first, it was impossible to reach such an agreement earlier. In order to reach this agreement, it is stipulated that the Portuguese are not the Buddha machine that Malaga used to call us. " "The peace agreement and the payment of various tariffs were decided by the order of the deputy envoy of Chenghai Road in Guangzhou." (Note: J.M. Blagi,? Western pioneers and their discovery of Macao? Macau, 1949, pp. 84-85. )

Guo Fei's Guangdong Comrade called Wang Bai "accepting bribes", which can be found in Sosa's letter. Sosa mentioned Simao de Almeida's help, round trip, gifts and other purposes, which made Almeida spend a lot of money. Wang Bai may have accepted a bribe. He clearly knows that the Portuguese are Buddha's machines, why should he stipulate that they are not Buddha's machines to allow trade? This is obviously intended to deceive the imperial court, and it is most likely because it was bribed by the Portuguese to try to cover it up. ? Second, the Portuguese "leased" Macao.

1572, the Portuguese began to pay government rent in China, and Macao entered the stage of "leasing" Macao until 1849, when the Portuguese refused to pay government rent.

According to Portuguese literature, land rent originated from bribing maritime envoys, which began about 1572 years ago, 10 years ago or 12 years ago. This year, Pedro Kerangat, a Portuguese general, came to Haidao as a gift, saying that the Portuguese brought 500 taels to pay the rent. As there were other officials present at that time, the deputy envoy of Haidao said that the money was turned over to the state treasury and should be remitted to the state treasury. From then on, the 500 taels of silver will be settled as rent (note: Montalto de Jesus,? Macao in history? Hong Kong, 1926. )。

Australia and Portugal have changed from having no land rent to paying 500 taels of land rent to the China government every year, which is proof that Macao belongs to China. Until 1848, the Portuguese paid the government rent in China, which was China's recognition of Macao's sovereignty. The formation and standardization of land rent also shows that the Guangdong government has actually recognized the so-called "rental" status of Portuguese people in Australia.

During the 270-odd years when the Portuguese "leased" Macao, the Ming and Qing governments adopted the policy of "building a city to set officials and administering Macao by counties", set up institutions and officials to manage Macao, formulated relevant laws and regulations, adopted strict military preventive measures, sent government officials to inspect Macao, and exercised China's sovereignty over Macao.

In the Ming dynasty, the government set up officials in Macao, such as dispatching, preparing for the Japanese invasion and inspecting, which were collectively called "Macao-guarding officials". The main administrative and judicial functions of Macao are the responsibility of Xiangshan County Magistrate. He has extensive jurisdiction over China and foreign residents living in Australia, such as compiling Jiabao accounts of China and foreign residents, approving the construction and demolition of houses in Australia and China, collecting land tax and Portuguese land rent from Australian villagers, trying civil and criminal cases between China and foreign residents, issuing various administrative orders, arresting mainland fugitives, and inspecting ships entering and leaving ports, and so on. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Hao Yulin, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and others, because of the increasing number of Chinese and foreign residents in Macao, being far away from the county, were too busy to take care of the affairs of the magistrate, so they asked to set up a member of Xiangshan County Cheng as the sub-defense of Macao County Cheng. In the 9th year of Qianlong reign (1744), the Qing government changed the Tongzhi of Zhaoqing Prefecture to Tongzhi of guangzhou fu Coastal Defence, which was called Tongzhi of Macau in history, and moved to the original thatched cottage. At this point, the Tongzhi of Macao was the highest actual responsible official, and coordinated with the Xiangshan magistrate and Xiancheng to jointly manage Macao affairs, which constituted the system of the Qing government governing Macao before the Opium War.

In terms of tariff collection, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the Qing government set up the Guangdong Customs Supervision Department in Macao as a post station for Guangdong Customs supervision and inspection of Macao. Since then, Macao, as one of the seven general ports under the jurisdiction of the Customs, has four small ports, namely Guanzha, Grand Wharf, Nanwan and Niangmating, occupying the same important position as the general ports of the provincial capital.

According to the different conditions of Macao in different periods, the Ming and Qing governments formulated many laws and regulations, which stipulated that Portuguese who rented Macao must abide by them. For example, in the forty-first year of Wanli (16 13), Yu Anxing, assistant minister of air routes, and Ling Dan Qiyuan of Xiangshan County toured Macao and imposed a "ban on air routes" on Portuguese illegal activities. In the ninth year of Qianlong (1744), the first Macao coastal defense military and civilian and Yin Zhi Ren Guang concluded and promulgated seven articles of the Regulations on the Administration of Macao and Foreigners. In the 14th year of Qianlong reign (1749), Zhang Rulin, the Tongzhi of Macao, and Xiangshan county magistrate agreed on article 12 of the article on the aftermath of Macao and Righteousness.

In exercising judicial power, disputes between China and foreign residents, even criminal cases, are tried and decided by China officials in accordance with the laws of China, and Australian and Portuguese authorities are urged to abide by these laws.

In addition to the daily management of Portuguese living in Macao according to laws and regulations, the Ming and Qing governments also took strict preventive measures to prevent Portuguese defections in Macao. In the second year of Wanli (1574), the Ming government set up city gates in the lotus stems that guarded the throats of Macao and Xiangshan County. Guanzha, a traditional ancient city building in China, is guarded by China officers and soldiers, and it is open at the specified time to facilitate transactions between them.

For hundreds of years, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many government officials visited Macao to convey the central government's policies towards the Portuguese and Australians and to deal with major issues. In the forty-two years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 13), Zhang Minggang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, sent Yu Anxing, deputy envoy of the sea route, and Shan Qiyuan, magistrate of Xiangshan County, to inspect Macao. In the spring of the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Du Zhen, Minister of Industry, accompanied by Wu Xingzuo, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Li Shizhen, Governor of Guangdong, visited Macau for two days. Since then, Guangdong officials have frequently visited Macao. 1On September 3rd, 839, imperial envoy Lin Zexu and Governor Deng Tingzhen of Guangdong and Guangxi visited Macao, which can be said to be the climax of official visits to Macao in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

As for the Portuguese residence in Macau, the Ming and Qing governments, while exercising the administrative power of China, acquiesced that the Portuguese had certain autonomy. On the premise of abiding by the laws of China and accepting the rule of China officials, the Portuguese people living in the autonomous region established a parliament of local governments with administrative, judicial and financial functions in accordance with the autonomous traditions of ancient Greek city-states, medieval autonomous cities in Western Europe and Portuguese overseas territories, and implemented a Portuguese-style political and legal system within their jurisdiction. The Portuguese government and the Portuguese Indian government approved this autonomy.

During the 270 years of "leasing" Macau, the Portuguese were basically able to obey the jurisdiction of the China government, but there were also expansion intentions and behaviors that violated the laws and regulations of the China government.

For example, around 1605, the Portuguese living in China bribed officials guarding Australia and built military fortifications without the permission of senior officials. They successively built Gaslan Fort, which controls the South Bay, and South Ring Fort, which controls the North Bay near the Mage Temple. 16 16 began to build the March 8th Fort, commonly known as the Great Fort. 1622 completed a section of the city wall from the northern foothills of the Great Fort to the seaside near Gaslanburg in the east. At that time, Macao was in danger of being invaded by other western colonists, so it was necessary to fortify it. However, the Portuguese built city walls and forts without permission, which seriously violated the relevant regulations of the Ming government.

Another example is the forty-eight years of Qianlong (1783), when martino de Melkko e Castro, the Portuguese colonial minister, issued a royal instruction in the name of Queen Maria I, playing the rumor that the former Portuguese drove away pirates for China and got Macao as a reward, saying that the Portuguese drove away pirates from the whole Xiangshan area, thus occupying Macao. Portugal's controversial sovereignty over Macao is based on the right of conquest gained by the Portuguese who sacrificed their lives, accusing the Qing government of completely destroying the sovereignty of Christianity and the Portuguese royal family. This is the first time that the Portuguese government has openly challenged China's sovereignty over Macao since the Portuguese occupied Macao for more than 200 years. They turned black and white upside down and accused the China government of violating Portuguese "sovereignty" with the attitude of "conqueror". After the promulgation of the Imperial edict, the number of cases in which the Australian and Portuguese authorities refused to obey the management of the China government increased, and they repeatedly demanded to change the governance system of the Qing government over Macao, but all failed.

Third, the Portuguese occupied Macao.

In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), China was defeated in the Opium War. Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in modern China. Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to Britain, and Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai were opened as trading ports. 1844, Jian ying, an imperial envoy of the Qing dynasty, and Caleb Cushing, an American envoy, signed the Sino-US Wang Xia Treaty in Fusaiji, Wang Xia Village, Macau. In the same year, senior citizens signed the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty in Guangzhou after negotiating with French Minister Rani in Macao. The Rani delegation negotiated and forced Daoguang Emperor to issue an imperial decree prohibiting Catholicism. All these have had a far-reaching impact on Sino-Portuguese relations and Portugal's occupation of Macao.

Before the Opium War, the Portuguese settlement occupied only a small part of the Macau Peninsula, with an area of less than two square kilometers, which was under the jurisdiction of the China government. The Australian and Portuguese authorities only have certain management power over the Portuguese living in Australia, but have no management power over the China people living in Australia. After the Opium War, under the influence of the progress made by the British invasion of China, the Portuguese government deliberately undermined China's jurisdiction over Macao and tried its best to change the historical position of Macao formed in the past 300 years, so as to achieve the goal of completely controlling the whole Macao region. In the years after the Opium War, the Portuguese government sent representatives to negotiate with the Qing government many times, but failed to make any substantive progress on the sovereignty issue.

Viscount Santa Taran, a famous Portuguese expert in diplomatic history, was entrusted by the Portuguese government to try his best to find a historical basis for Portugal to exercise its sovereignty over Macao. However, in the Memorandum on Portuguese Settlement in Macau, China, which was completed on July 4, 845,/kloc-0, he had to write disappointedly: "According to the information we have about Macau, we did not have rights to the city and its territory through conquest, otherwise the city would not pay the land rent to the (China) emperor at the beginning of each year. We cannot say that (Macau) is a colony because of all the existing conditions, nor can we say that it was given to the Portuguese by China people. So far, we have not seen any record of any agreement between the monarch or the government on this issue. " "The most favorable conclusion is that the Portuguese-Australian Mansion is the result of China people's constant concessions to Chinese businessmen living there." (Note: Ye Zhiliang: A Turning Point in Macau's History-amal Government, Portuguese College of Literature, University of Macau, 1998, p. 8. )

Negotiations with the Qing government failed to make substantial progress and found no historical basis. In this case, the Portuguese government decided to appoint a naval colonel Joao Ferreiro do Amarol, who they considered to be "a governor who can effectively implement the established policies", to go to Macao to forcibly pursue the policy of occupying Macao. 1846 After Amare came to power in April, he took a series of measures to undermine the territorial sovereignty integrity of China by hook or by crook, trying his best to change the historical position of Macao formed in the past 300 years, and forced Macao and Chinese living in Macao under Portuguese colonial rule. Amal radical expansion measures mainly include the following aspects.

(1) Compulsory taxation and household registration

1 846 September 12, less than half a year after Amare took office, he posted a notice asking ships berthing in Macao to register with the port authority, and each ship paid1yuan per month, that is, the monthly bill for speedboats. According to the regulations governing Macao by the China government, Portuguese and Macao authorities have no right to levy taxes on Chinese living in Macao. Therefore, this measure has aroused strong resistance from shipowners and boatmen in China. Amal used force to suppress boat people, resulting in 8 deaths and more than 20 serious injuries. Later, the Australian and Portuguese authorities numbered and registered the shopkeepers in China, estimated their strength and ordered them to pay taxes ranging from 6 yuan, 24 yuan, 80 yuan to 120 yuan. Some people in China posted anonymously against Australian and Portuguese authorities' compulsory tax payment. Amal issued a notice, claiming that anyone who dared to make similar inflammatory remarks would be arrested and killed immediately. 1848, 1848 On February 20th, Amare ordered Chinese living in China to register their household registration on the pretext of preventing the influx of idlers into Macau, thus usurping the government's jurisdiction over Chinese living in Macau.

(2) Extended boundary

After the Portuguese entered Macao in the late Ming Dynasty, they lived in the area south of Sanmenmen and Shuitangwei in the middle of Macao Peninsula for a long time, with the old city wall of Macao as the boundary. The land from the north of the city wall to Guanzha, the waters around Macao, the Green Island, the opposite mountain, and the outer islands such as Taipa Island, Green Ring, Big and Small Hengqin do not belong to Macao Portuguese residence.

During the Qing Dynasty, the Portuguese in Macau repeatedly asked to expand the land boundary, but they were all rejected by the China government. Amal dismissed the actions of his predecessor, saying that there was absolutely no need to negotiate with the China government to expand the land border. He took advantage of the fear of Chinese in Macao after the boat people tax protest and decided to clear the way between Sanbamen fence and Guanzha without authorization. He believes that once the road is completed, the power of the Portuguese will naturally extend, and the land inside the city gate will undoubtedly belong to the Portuguese. 1848, they built this road. In the process of road construction, about 700 Chinese graves were removed, and those that were not removed were destroyed. Some bones were exposed, and some bones were thrown into the sea, which caused great indignation in China. On April 1 day of that year, amal also ordered that all China fields between the fence and the gate be owned by the Australian and Portuguese authorities. Facing the challenge from amal, Tongzhi of Macao did not take tit-for-tat action, and the villagers in Guanzha were forced to exchange new land ownership with the Australian and Portuguese governments. 1847- 1849, Amare sent several people to "number, demarcate and collect the land rent" for the China village north of the old boundary wall, and the cashier per mu was about two or three yuan, with different rents for each household. Since then, the northern part of the Macao Peninsula has been brought under the jurisdiction of the Australian and Portuguese authorities.

1In May of 847, amal suddenly informed Jiao Ying that Ta Tsai wanted to build a bunker to defend against pirates, and soon sent someone to build a bunker, which could accommodate five or six soldiers. On September 9, the Portuguese hung the Portuguese flag on the bunker. 1848, Portuguese and Australian authorities ordered Dangzi Port to formulate the first law of local administration. In this way, the Portuguese established a stronghold in Dangzi by deception.

(3) Close China's Australian customs.

1849 At the beginning of this year, amal took advantage of the fierce conflict between China and Britain over Guangzhou's entry into the city and decided to close the Guangdong Customs in Macau. On March 13, amal ordered the official closure of Guangdong Customs Department and ordered the police to remove all signs related to China Customs. Gong, Macao's chief translator, led the guards to carry out this order, closed China's customs in Macao, cut down the China flag hanging in front of the customs, and seized a lot of property.

(four) refused to pay rent to China.

For more than 270 years from 1572 to 1848, the Portuguese paid 500 taels of government rent to China every year. The amount of land rent is small, but it is clear evidence that the territory of Macao belongs to China, and it is one of the important symbols of China's exercise of sovereignty over Macao. Amal is well aware of the significance of land rent, and refusing to pay it to the China government is an important measure of aggression and expansion. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/849, the Xiangshan magistrate sent people to Macao to collect land rent as usual. Amare refused to pay the government rent on the pretext of "only having relations or contacts with Zuotang and the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi". After that, the Portuguese no longer paid the land rent in China.

Australian Governor amal's aggressive expansion activities caused great anger among China officials and people. 1849 On the evening of August 22nd, he was assassinated by Yi Shi Shenmi (played by Shen Zhiliang) and other patriotic youths. After the Amal incident, due to repeated foreign invasions and civil strife, the Qing court had no time to care too much about Macao. The Portuguese continued to take occupation and expansion actions, and gradually realized their set goal of occupying the whole Macao area. After about 30 years of occupation and expansion after the Opium War, by 1887, the Australian and Portuguese authorities had largely occupied the territory of Macao today, that is, what Qing officials called "the original concession" (inside the border), "the long-term occupation" (inside the customs) and "the new occupation" (Taipa and Luhuan). In addition, the waters around Macau have changed from China's exclusive control to Portuguese's exclusive control. However, the Qing government never admitted that the Portuguese violated China's sovereignty in Macau. 1858, Ma Zengyi, the generation of Tongzhi in Macau, also visited Wang Xia and other villages in Macau Peninsula.

In order to legalize the occupation and expansion of Macao, the Portuguese government made every effort to conclude a treaty with the Qing government. On August 1862 and 13, China and Portugal initialled the Sino-Portuguese Trade Reconciliation Charter in Tianjin. The plenipotentiary of Portugal took advantage of the ignorance of international law of Qing officials to tamper with the treaty text. For example, although Article 9 of the Treaty allows the Qing government to set up officials in Macao, "the freedom of their duties and authority is no different from that of the consuls of France, Britain and the United States in Macao and Hong Kong who handle their own official duties and fly their own flags." (Note: Wang Tieya: Compilation of Chinese and Foreign Old Testament Chapters, Volume 1, Joint Publishing Company, Edition 1957, Page 188- 189. According to this regulation, China officials in Macau are only consuls specializing in trade and commerce, not local officials exercising jurisdiction. According to international law, consuls are only located in foreign territories, which the Portuguese use to imply that Macau is not the territory of China. For another example, in the Chinese version, the words "the Atlantic sovereign state now orders Macao officials to help guard this place in a down-to-earth manner, otherwise it may endanger the national conditions of the Qing Dynasty and must be prepared from time to time" indicate that China has sovereignty over Macao, but in the Portuguese version, the words "helping to guard this place" are deleted, which actually cancels the meaning that Macao is the territory of China.

When the treaty was renewed two years later, the Qing government had replaced Xue Huan and other people familiar with Westernization as prime ministers. They reread the documents of the peace treaty, and during the negotiation of the contract exchange, they proposed to amend Article 9 of the treaty before changing the contract, stipulating that officials set up in Macao should be taxed according to the old regulations, and Macao belongs to China, which is different from the situation in which consular officials from Britain, France and the United States are stationed. This hit the nail on the head and prevented the Portuguese from succeeding in their plot. After many debates, the two sides still failed to reach an agreement and the contract exchange did not take place.

After the two countries stopped the exchange negotiations on the Good Trade Agreement between China and Portugal, the Portuguese never stopped inducing the Qing government to recognize Portugal's occupation of Macao. Whenever the Qing government faced military threats from western powers, the Portuguese always talked about the sovereignty of Macao. 1882 Before the Sino-French War broke out, the Portuguese once again demanded to conclude a bilateral treaty similar to the 1862 treaty with the Qing government. At this time, the Qing government knew very well that Portugal was a poor and weak country and had no intention of concluding a treaty with it at all. However, the Sino-French War of 1884 changed the view of the Qing court.

1In the summer of 884, a group of French recruited troops in Macau. At this time, it was reported that France and Portugal had a secret agreement, and the Australian and Portuguese authorities promised that France could attack Guangzhou by land from Macao via Guangdong. After the job was done, France gave Portugal all the borders of Macao as a reward. 1885, the Portuguese parliament discussed the proposal of exchanging Macao and Portuguese Guinea for French Congo. Although it was not passed, it shows that Portugal has such an intention. In the same year, coelho, Consul General of Portugal in Shanghai, lied that there was no treaty between Portugal and China, which was an example of not keeping neutrality outside the bureau, meaning that France could use Macao. This forced the Qing court to consider whether the French occupation of Macao was more dangerous to Guangdong and Guangxi than the Portuguese occupation of Macao.

At this time, the conflict between Britain and France for the world colony is very fierce. If Macao is occupied by France, Hong Kong under British occupation will face competition with France. Therefore, the British think it is more beneficial for them to keep Macao in Portuguese hands. Therefore, the British are determined to help the Portuguese and induce China to recognize Portugal's right to occupy Macao. The opium tax proposed by the Qing government provided opportunities for the British.

/kloc-in the 1980s of 0/9, the treasury of the Qing government was empty, and huge funds were urgently needed to establish the navy and westernization. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the Qing court decided to tax opium. Hong Kong is the center of opium smuggling, and the implementation of tax collection must be assisted by the British authorities in Hong Kong. So, 1885 and 19 in May, the Qing court sent Jiang Haidao Shao Youlian and Robert Hart, the General Tax Department of the Customs, to Hong Kong to negotiate and formulate specific measures for opium tax rectification and anti-smuggling. During the negotiations, the British authorities in Hong Kong proposed that this matter should be handled on the premise of Macao's consent. Hurd, as the General Revenue Department of British Customs, is keen to promote this matter, not only for the purpose of his personal salary increase and the right to pass customs, but also to safeguard Britain's interests in the Far East.

1886 From July 2 1 Sunday to August 14, Hurd made three trips to and from Hong Kong and Macao, entrusted by the Qing government, to discuss with the outgoing Governor of Macao, Tomasz de Rosa, the collection of opium tax in Macao co-sponsored by Portugal. Rosa put forward unreasonable demands such as permanent garrison management of Macao, lease or cession of three islands (Gongbei) and Majiazhou, and closing checkpoints near Macao as conditions for assisting in tax collection and smuggling. Hurd fully agreed with Rosa's request to damage China's sovereignty, and reached the proposed treaty with Rosa on August 10. The four most important clauses are: 1? China "allows Portuguese countries to station and manage" Macao and the places where Macao belongs; 2? China stopped withdrawing checkpoints and patrol ships outside Australia; 3? Portugal helps China collect foreign drug tax; 4? Portugal can be stationed on three islands, such as the opposite mountain. In June+10, 5438, Hurd submitted a report to the Prime Minister's yamen, fabricating reasons to persuade the Qing court to agree to these terms: the treaty stated the words "garrison management" in Portugal, "only what has been going on for many years is regarded as inherent, and the state cannot create other things from the word" if "; The suspension of checkpoints outside Australia only allows Guangdong to pay less taxes. " But if it is not stopped, the country will lose a tax and receive benefits, so why lose big because of small "; It is useless for China to "lend it to Portugal for management" conditionally, so that Portugal will not abandon foreign medical articles, which are "related to Macao's appeasement" (Note: Draft Lisbon Agreement between China Customs and China and Portugal, edited by the editorial board of China Modern Economic History Data Series, Science Press, 1959 edition, p. 7. )。

Within the Qing government, various forces held different attitudes towards the negotiations. With Beiyang Minister Li Hongzhang and Prince Qing? FDC7？ Headed by a group of officials, they are eager to get more financial income from taxation, advocating to accept Hurd's suggestion of damaging China's sovereignty, agreeing to exchange the Macao status clause for the cooperation of the Australian and Portuguese authorities in taxation, but opposing Portugal's demand of occupying Gongbei. Some officials, led by Ceng Jize, expressed their opposition. Ceng Jize proposed that the proposed treaty must be amended, and put forward three options: 1? There is no mention of Macao in the Sino-Portuguese treaty, and everything remains the same. Portuguese gets treaty, China gets tax cooperation; 2? China agreed to lease Macao to Portugal permanently, free of rent; 3? China agreed that Portugal could govern Macao as before, but Portugal had to pay a tribute of 500 taels of silver. Choose one of the three (Note: Draft Agreement between China Customs and Portuguese Lisbon, p. 35. )。

1October 23rd, Hurd sent his cronies James Duncan Campbell to Lisbon to negotiate with Portuguese Foreign Minister Gomez on behalf of China. The negotiation was conducted under the remote control of Hurd. At the beginning of the negotiations, the two sides had a heated debate about the "proposed treaty" reached by Hurd and Rosa. In order to achieve the main purpose of usurping China's jurisdiction over Macao, the Portuguese government put forward that "Macao's status is the fundamental issue" and insisted on all the rights and interests stipulated in the proposed treaty, claiming that if there is any change, "everyone will definitely rise up against the current cabinet and bring it down", indicating that they will not give in anyway.

Due to the opposition of the Qing government and the intransigence of Portugal, the negotiations between the two sides lasted for more than a month without results. Faced with the possibility of abortion of the Sino-Portuguese treaty, Hurd telegraphed James Duncan Campbell to persuade the Portuguese side to pay attention to material interests and make necessary concessions, and never miss this opportunity to sign the contract. Of course, the Portuguese don't want to miss this golden opportunity. They held a state meeting in June1887+1October 19, and put forward two plans for the Qing court to choose from.

Finally, after three months of fierce debate, the two sides reached an agreement. Because China insisted on writing the word "lease" on Macao's status, Barogome played a trick, saying that if China used the word "lease" in order to prevent Portugal from ceding Macao to a third country, then he would like to declare that Portugal had never had this idea and would never have it in the future, and wanted to add a provision to the status clause according to this meaning (Note: Draft Agreement between China Customs and Lisbon, China and Portugal, page 44. )。

After Portugal made a small concession, Hurd put pressure on the Qing court with France, Russia, Britain, Germany and other powerful countries trying to buy Macao as a garrison. Is the Prime Minister's yamen here? FDC7？ Ministers headed by them, regardless of the opposition of officials such as Ceng Jize, agreed to the first proposal put forward by Portugal, on the grounds that signing a contract with Portugal could put an end to the greed of the great powers "hoping to buy their land for garrison with huge sums of money". On March 7, 2007, the Qing government ordered James Duncan Campbell to sign the draft agreement in Lisbon. At this time, Barro Gomez still felt that the status clause of Macao was not clear enough. Three days before signing the contract, he added the words "no different from Portuguese administration of Macao" to make the meaning of Macao as a colony "clearer and more complete" (Note: Draft Agreement between China Customs and Lisbon between China and Portugal, p. 74. )。 Hurd had no objection to this and instructed James Duncan Campbell to sign it immediately. After this important harvest, Portugal made some concessions on the issue of Gongbei and the checkpoint, but the words "Macao and its territory are permanently managed" were written in the draft agreement, which laid the groundwork for future territorial expansion requirements; The draft agreement does not specify the reserved checkpoints. 1On March 26th, 887, China and Portugal initialled the Draft Lisbon Agreement between China and Portugal. After the signing of the draft treaty, Hurd called Portugal to request the appointment of former Australian Governor Rosa as the plenipotentiary to come to Beijing to finalize and sign the treaty. On July 13, Portuguese representative Rosa arrived in Beijing to negotiate with the Qing government. Rosa sent a note to the Prime Minister's yamen at the beginning of the negotiations, and attached a map claiming to include "Macao territory" in an attempt to tamper with the word "land belonging to Macao" in the draft treaty. According to the map, "land belonging to Australia" includes not only the Macao Peninsula south of Guanzha, but also six or seven islands such as Qingzhou, Taipa, Luhuan, Xiaohengqin and Dahengqin. The ministers of the Prime Minister's yamen were greatly surprised when they saw this map. They think that the Portuguese are deliberately confusing, "steamed bread is bigger than a steamer" and flatly rejected Rosa's request. Finally, the Qing court said that "China can collect taxes on foreign medicines without the help of others", and re-brewed the plan of "buying back Macao" (Note: Historical Materials on Diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty, Volume 73, page 92. )。

Hurd panicked. Although he was no longer officially appointed by China to participate in the negotiations, he actively participated in and manipulated the Sino-Portuguese treaty he painstakingly worked for. In order to deal with China's opposition, he tried his best to give advice to the Portuguese. Hurd has repeatedly reminded Rosa that the safest way at present is to sign the contract without specifying the place to call. "Things will be more favorable in the future" (Note: Draft Lisbon Agreement between China Customs and China and Portugal, page 9 1. ), so that Rosa withdrew the clause marked "Macao Territory" in the treaty manuscript. In addition, the treaty is written in Chinese, English and Portuguese, and the English language shall prevail. Hurd asked the Portuguese to think carefully about English words and expressions and tamper with them. So Rosa racked her brains and worked hard on the English words of the treaty. For example, the words "belonging to Australia" and "no difference from other places under Portuguese national jurisdiction" were deleted from the second paragraph of the Chinese version of the treaty, but all the contents of the second paragraph were included in the English version (note: Historical Materials on Diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty, Volume 74, page 1- 15). )。 In addition, the Chinese version of "permanent residence management" can be translated as "residence" or "possession" in the English version. There is also a sentence "without the approval of the Great Qing Dynasty". In the English version, the corresponding text without prior agreement with China can be translated as "without prior consent of China" or "without prior consultation with China". This laid the foundation for Portugal's further expansion.

At the same time, Hurd fabricated lies in front of the ministers in the Prime Minister's yamen, advocating the necessity of concluding a treaty with Portugal, and even he himself admitted that he had adopted the means of "coaxing and cheating" with the ministers in the Prime Minister's yamen (note: China Customs and Lisbon, the draft agreement between China and Portugal), p. 95. )。 After Hurd's persuasion, and because Li Hongzhang was in favor of signing a treaty, Ceng Jize opposed foreign dishonesty. FDC7？ Lured by the profits from opium tax, the Qing government decided to modify the clause of "Macao's status", especially to delete the draft convention.