Primary school student survey report sample

Spent dry batteries have a negative impact on the environment (even if only slightly) mainly because they contain mercury. Therefore, developed countries began to control the mercury content in batteries earlier, advocated the development of safe battery products that are beneficial to environmental protection, and banned the production of batteries with mercury content greater than 0.025% of the battery weight. In the early 1990s, all major developed countries achieved mercury-free batteries (mercury content below 0.0001%).

In terms of battery management policies, the policies of developed countries can be summarized into two categories.

The first category is for ordinary dry batteries. The government requires manufacturers to gradually reduce the mercury content in batteries and eventually bans the addition of mercury to batteries. This requirement is part of a phase-out of all mercury-containing products and processes, not just the battery industry. Now, almost all developed countries ban the addition of mercury to batteries.

The second type of policy is for rechargeable batteries. Pass legislation requiring manufacturers to phase out batteries containing cadmium. At present, nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium batteries are gradually replacing nickel-cadmium batteries. Electronics manufacturers associations in some countries have carried out rechargeable battery recycling work, and the results have been relatively significant. This is mainly because the total consumption of rechargeable batteries is relatively small (compared to ordinary dry batteries), their application range is smaller, they are easy to collect by replacing old ones with new ones, and their recycling value is high, so this type of waste batteries is easier to collect.

Reference: /GB/huanbao/56/20020825/807316.html

It has been two centuries since the first chemical power voltaic battery was invented. During this period, batteries have made great contributions to us humans. Especially since the 1970s, more and more electronic products such as mobile phones, BP machines, and laptops have entered consumers' daily lives, making batteries a The family has achieved great development, but everything has advantages and disadvantages. A large number of discarded batteries have brought huge pollution to the human environment. According to tests, a button battery can pollute 600,000 liters of water, which a person cannot drink in his lifetime. No. 1 batteries rotting in the ground can make one square meter of land lose its use value. What a shocking figure, so our research team chose this topic, hoping to gain further understanding of this and do something for the recycling of waste batteries. Do whatever you can to contribute to our environmental protection cause.

The dangers of batteries

Everything is difficult at the beginning. When facing such a big issue, where should we start? When we started researching, the three of us all thought of starting with the hazards of batteries. People say that waste batteries are harmful, so are all waste batteries harmful? What are the hazards of batteries? To this end, we checked online Relevant data, and the following conclusions are drawn:

①. Not all waste batteries are dangerous goods and cannot be touched. Different types of batteries have great differences in environmental pollution and should be distinguished. Treat, some batteries such as alkaline dry batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries will not cause serious harm to the environment, but some batteries such as cadmium-nickel batteries contain harmful substances that enter the environment for a long time and may directly endanger people's health.

②. Battery pollution has the characteristics of discarding as much as it is produced, centralized production, and dispersed pollution; short-term use, long-term pollution. Battery pollution is because the battery contains the following heavy metals:

Lead: Nervous system (neurasthenia, limbs Numbness), digestive system (indigestion, abdominal cramps), blood poisoning and other pathologies.

Mercury: Changes in mental status are a major symptom of mercury poisoning. Pulse speed, muscle tremors, oral and digestive Systemic lesions. Minamata disease that occurred in Japan is a typical example of mercury poisoning.

Cadmium and manganese: mainly harm the nervous system. After cadmium poisoning, patients have pain in their hands and feet, and fractures are prone to occur throughout the body, commonly known as "pain" Painful disease"

③The ways in which used batteries pollute the environment:

As the saying goes: Diseases come from the mouth, and the same goes for used batteries. We have analyzed various battery pollution processes, but Almost the following types, and these elements are sealed inside the battery case and will not affect the environment. It is after long-term mechanical wear and corrosion that the heavy metals and acids and alkalis inside leak out and enter the soil or water sources. It enters the human food chain through various channels, thus endangering human health.

These processes are briefly described as follows:

Battery → Soil → Microorganism → Animal Cycle

Dust →Crops→Food→Human body→Nerve→Deposition disease

Others: Water source→Plants→Food→Digestion

Heavy metals absorbed by organisms from the environment can undergo biomagnification in the food chain and gradually It accumulates thousands of times in higher-level organisms, then enters the human body through food, and accumulates in certain organs to cause chronic poisoning.

④Other manifestations of the hazards of used batteries:

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So, how do waste batteries enter the environment? At present, there is no garbage classification and recycling in our country. At present, domestic waste is mainly processed through sanitary landfill, composting and incineration. The waste batteries mixed with domestic waste are here The pollution effects in the three processes are reflected in:

Landfilling: Heavy metals from used batteries pollute water and soil through leaching (mainly dry batteries)

Incineration: Used batteries are disposed of in At high temperatures, equipment will be corroded, and some heavy metals will evaporate into fly ash in the incinerator, causing air pollution. Heavy metals will accumulate at the bottom of the incinerator, causing pollution to the ash produced.

Compost: heavy metals from used batteries The higher the content, the lower the quality of the compost.

Second, the battery returns

Current status of recycling:

Feasibility of recycling:

Through the above research, we have a deeper understanding of the hazards of batteries. Since waste batteries have such a great impact on humans and the environment hazards, then recycling waste batteries has become a very necessary thing. In fact, waste batteries are not "waste" at all. 95% of the materials used in waste batteries can be recycled, which contain a large amount of non-ferrous metals, and non-ferrous metals. Metal is a non-renewable resource on the earth. Recycling can produce certain economic value and realize resource utilization. To this end, we found some information about the recycling of waste batteries, and analyzed and summarized it.

Information from the Internet:

According to incomplete statistics, the country produces 1.5 billion batteries every year. These batteries contain 38,200 tons of zinc, 600 tons of copper caps, 29,600 tons of iron, 2.48 tons of mercury, etc. .For example, the foreign recycled lead industry is developing rapidly, and 55% of the current lead production comes from recycled lead. In the recycled lead industry, the regeneration processing of waste lead-acid batteries accounts for a large proportion. 100 kg of waste lead-acid batteries can be recycled for 50-60% Kilograms of lead. For the regeneration treatment of cadmium-containing waste batteries, there are relatively mature technologies abroad. When processing 100 kilograms of cadmium-containing waste batteries, about 20 kilograms of metallic cadmium can be recovered. For mercury-containing batteries, environmentally sound treatment methods are mainly used to prevent It pollutes the environment.

my country is a big country in battery production and consumption. Last year, the production and consumption of batteries reached 14 billion, accounting for 1/3 of the world's total. Due to various reasons, my country's current use of waste batteries China's environmental management is basically blank. Most of the tens of billions of batteries scrapped every year are not recycled but are discarded at will, posing a potential threat to the ecological environment and public health. It seems that my country has done very little in recycling waste batteries. Working is not enough. Since you lack experience, you have to learn from others. For this reason, we also checked some foreign information on battery recycling.

2. Battery recycling abroad:

①Western Europe

Many countries have special waste battery recycling bins not only in stores but also directly on the streets. The collected waste batteries are first screened out with special sieves to calculate those words and clocks. Button batteries for devices and other small electronic instruments generally contain mercury. The mercury can be extracted and used, and then the nickel-cadmium batteries can be sorted manually. A French factory extracts nickel and cadmium from them, and then uses the nickel In steelmaking, cadmium is reused in the production of batteries.

②United States

The United States is the country with the most and most detailed legislation on waste battery environmental management. It has not only established a complete waste battery The battery recycling system has been established, and a number of waste battery treatment plants have been established. At the same time, publicity and education have been carried out unremittingly to the public, so that the public can consciously support and cooperate with the recycling of waste batteries.

③Switzerland:

There are two factories in Switzerland that specialize in the processing and utilization of old batteries. The method adopted by Batlik Company is to grind the old batteries and then send them to a furnace for heating. At this time, the volatilized mercury can be extracted. When the temperature is higher, Zinc also evaporates, and it is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are fused to become ferromanganese alloy required for steelmaking. The factory can process 2,000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. .Another factory extracts iron directly from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide directly as metal scrap.

However, the heat treatment method is more expensive. High, Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer charges a small fee for the processing of used batteries. A "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburbs of Magdeburg, where all types of batteries, except lead-acid batteries, are dissolved in sulfuric acid. , and then use ion resin to extract various metal objects from the solution. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than the heat treatment method, so they are sold at a higher price on the market, and 95% of the various substances contained in the battery can be extracted. Wet treatment can eliminate the need for sorting (because sorting is a manual operation, which will increase costs). The annual processing capacity of this Magdeburg device can reach 7,500 tons. Although its cost is slightly higher than the landfill method, the precious raw materials will not be It will not pollute the environment if discarded.:

④Germany:

In Germany, currently

All waste batteries have been collected, classified and disposed of. The government has legislated to clearly stipulate that highly toxic lead-acid batteries, mercury-containing batteries, cadmium-nickel batteries, etc. must be marked with recycling labels; battery manufacturers and dealers must Collect all waste batteries; dealers must classify marked and unmarked batteries; battery manufacturers must establish battery recycling and processing facilities; priority must be given to recycling of all waste batteries, and non-renewable batteries must be Proper disposal in accordance with the Waste Management Law; in terms of battery production, it is necessary to further reduce the heavy metal content of batteries, especially the mercury content of alkaline manganese batteries, and actively develop new products that are less harmful to the environment.

German Al The vacuum heat treatment method developed by the special company is cheap, but it first needs to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries from the waste batteries. The waste batteries are heated in a vacuum, and the mercury evaporates quickly, which can be recycled. The remaining raw materials are then ground and used. The magnet extracts the metallic iron, and then extracts nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of processing one ton of waste batteries is less than 1,500 marks.

⑤Japan

Primary batteries in Japan It has become completely mercury-free, which means that the environmental impact of primary batteries has been reduced to very little. At present, 84% of batteries in Japan are recycled. The recycling method is to distribute recycling cartons in more than 20,000 stores. , recycling bags, and corresponding lottery tours. There are recycling billboards at the entrance of the store. The Japanese have a strong awareness of publicity and independent environmental protection.

From the above information, it can be seen from the above information that China’s battery recycling Indeed, it has lagged far behind developed countries. There are many reasons for this. First, in terms of technical level, China is currently only in the scientific research and experimental stage. A few factories have carried out the reuse of waste batteries, but the technology It is not yet mature. Therefore, our country should research and develop battery recycling and harmless treatment technologies as soon as possible, and if necessary, should introduce advanced and mature technologies from abroad. Secondly, citizens’ environmental awareness is not strong, and the phenomenon of randomly discarding used batteries is quite serious. It has caused a waste of resources and environmental pollution. In this regard, citizens of developed countries have done better. Therefore, our country should do a good job in publicity and increase the recycling of waste batteries, because only the recycling volume of waste batteries is large, and factories With a continuous supply of sufficient raw materials, the regeneration and processing of waste batteries can be scaled up and enterprises can achieve economic benefits.

3. China's national and urban measures:

Facing China's Our government did not sit back and ignore the serious situation of battery pollution, but took a series of powerful measures. It is understood that nine ministries, commissions and bureaus, including the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Environmental Protection Administration, and the State Administration of Technical Supervision, in 1997 The "Notice on Limiting the Mercury Content of Battery Products" was issued. The "Notice" said: "First achieve low mercury, and finally achieve mercury-free." The notice requires: "Effective from January 1, 2001, the domestic production of various types of mercury is prohibited. Batteries with a mercury content greater than 0.025% of the battery weight; starting from January 1, 2001, all domestic and foreign battery products sold in the domestic market must mark the mercury content on the single battery (for example, use 'low mercury' or 'no Mercury'indicated), batteries that are not marked with mercury content are not allowed to enter the market for sale; starting from January 1, 2002, it is prohibited to distribute batteries with a mercury content greater than 0.025% of the battery weight in the domestic market; starting from January 1, 2005, it is prohibited to Domestic production of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries with a mercury content greater than 0.0001% of the battery weight; starting from January 1, 2006, the domestic distribution of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries with a mercury content greater than 0.0001% of the battery weight is prohibited. "

Currently There are already more than a dozen battery factories across the country that can produce mercury-free environmentally friendly batteries, such as Nanfu batteries produced by Fujian Nanfu Battery Factory, Shuanglu batteries produced by Bank of China (Ningbo) Battery Company, etc., but there are still 80 manufacturers. Still waiting to see, there is no progress in this regard. The State Environmental Protection Administration, the State Administration of Technical Supervision, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and other law enforcement agencies are preparing to jointly act to increase law enforcement supervision.

Recycling in some major cities in China Work:

In the tide of battery recycling, some coastal cities acted earlier and did better. In April 1998, the Beijing Municipal Environmental Sanitation Bureau established a "Useful Waste Recycling Center" to specifically Responsible for waste batteries

For recycling work, they have established more than 300 recycling points in primary and secondary schools, government agencies, shops, and restaurants, and regularly send vehicles to various points to recycle waste batteries. In 1998, 7 tons were recycled ***, and 30 tons are expected to be recycled this year.

4. The recycling situation of different types of batteries:

In fact, as mentioned above, different types of batteries have different pollution levels, and their recycling situations are naturally also different. Among them, rechargeable batteries contain some Relatively precious metals such as nickel, lithium, lead, cadmium, etc. have high recycling value, while the things contained in dry batteries are not valuable and have little use value. Therefore, there is no economic benefit in recycling used dry batteries. At present, Most of the discarded rechargeable batteries abroad have been recycled. For used dry batteries, the main method currently adopted is to recycle them and then store them in landfills. As for dry battery processing plants, there are currently only two dry battery processing plants in the world, one in Japan and one in Japan. Switzerland. The waste battery treatment plant located in Hokkaido, Japan, mainly extracts zinc, copper, manganese and other metals from used dry batteries. Due to poor economic benefits, the environmental protection department gave the plant a subsidy of 80 yen for every kilogram of waste batteries processed. .

Lead-acid batteries are a new force in battery recycling. my country’s lead ore resources are limited. Recycling recycled lead can save energy. The production cost of recycled lead is lower than that of primary lead. my country’s recycled lead industry has been around since the 1950s. However, it failed to attract the attention of relevant departments at the beginning. The annual output of recycled lead has been hovering around 1,000 tons, and it did not reach 28,200 tons until 1990. In the past ten years, the recycled lead industry has made significant progress, the output has increased rapidly, and an independent industry has initially formed. , the output reached 95,000 tons in 1994, which was a landmark year for rapid take-off. Since then, the annual output has been more than 100,000 tons. In 1997, it reached 123,700 tons, 4.4 times that of 1990, with an average annual growth of 20.3, recycled lead The annual output accounts for about 20% of the total lead (see Table 1).

Table 1 China's refined lead and recycled lead production in recent years Unit: 10,000 tons

Year

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Average annual growth

Total refined lead production

29.65

30.45

36.60

41.19

46.79

60.79

70.62

70.75

13.20

Total secondary lead output

2.82

4.63

4.83

4.43

9.50

17.53

14.36

12.37

23.50

Percentage of recycled lead

9.51

15.21

13.20

10.76

20.30

28.84

20.33

17.48

However, from an overall level, the number of recycled lead enterprises is large, small in scale, high in energy consumption, heavy in pollution, backward in process technology, and low in metal recovery and comprehensive utilization. Especially The reason is that our country's legislation lags behind, enterprise production and sales are not standardized, and low-level duplication of construction is serious. There are nearly 300 scrap lead battery recycling lead factories in our country, with production capacities ranging from dozens of tons to thousands of tons, and only a handful of them are above 20,000 tons. The overall level is only equivalent to the international level in the 1960s.

5. Public awareness

Now let’s take a look at the situation around us. How much do people know about waste batteries? We decided to start with People around me began to investigate, so we conducted a school-wide survey on students’ awareness of waste battery recycling. The subjects of this survey were some students in the first and second grades of high school. *** received 217 questionnaires, including There are 213 valid questionnaires. The statistical data can be found in

Table 2:

Table 2 Statistics of Waste Battery Recycling Survey

Serial Number

Survey Content

Selected Items

Number of people

Percentage

1

Whether small electrical appliances are used, such as flashlights, walkmans, CD players, repeaters, etc.

A Yes

191

89.7

B No

22

10.3

2

Are you using ordinary batteries or rechargeable batteries?

A Ordinary batteries

172

80.8

B Rechargeable batteries

41

19.2

3

How many batteries are sacrificed for you every week

A 1-2 sections

153

71.8

B 3-4 sections

38

17.8

C 5-6 knots

4

1.9

D 6 knots or more

18

8.5

4

How do you dispose of used batteries

A Throw it in the trash can

117

55.0

B Give it to the life committee member

48

22.5

C Throw it away

48

22.5

5

What is your understanding of the hazards of waste batteries

A Not sure

24

11.3

B Not sure

63

29.5

C How many can you list

99

46.5

D Very clear

27

12.7

6

What do you know about the school life department’s waste battery collection activities

A Doesn’t matter

29

13.6

B Looking for trouble

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26

12.2

C Damn it

74

34.7

D feels very Good

85

39.9

Analyzing the above data, we can find that more than 70 students use 1-2 batteries every week, and some students even use it every week More than six cells, waste batteries come from a wide range of sources, but students have a weak awareness of waste battery recycling. Most students throw the batteries into the trash can or throw them away casually. They do not have enough understanding of the hazards of batteries and do not have a strong awareness of reuse. , the number of students who are very aware of the hazards of waste batteries is less than 15 years old, so it is necessary to promote waste batteries and environmental protection on campus.

6 Media Attention

Let us first Take a look at the following two reports:

① According to the "Zhengzhou Daily" report, two college students in Zhengzhou saw a report on the Internet: "The old German lady was traveling in China for several days. She couldn't find the waste. Battery recycling stations, so they had to take some waste batteries back to China." The two students, who both understand environmental protection and are patriotic, were deeply moved after seeing this. They established an environmental protection association that specializes in recycling waste batteries and called on the surrounding students to respond. , the team continues to grow. Now more than 200 college students have participated.

② "Wuxi Daily" reported that Wang Junjing, a 6-year-old Beijing girl, "does great things with a small person", to promote the use of used batteries. Due to the harm to the environment, she spent 50 days traveling through the Yunnan-Tibet and Xinjiang-Tibet highways, traveling more than 17,000 kilometers, accompanied by her father, and picked up more than 1,000 used batteries along the way.

It can be seen that the media The level of concern about this is still relatively high. People's environmental awareness is gradually increasing, which also allows us to see the dawn of waste battery recycling.

Third, specific suggestions for waste battery recycling:

In view of the above

Based on the situation, combined with the reality that our country has a vast territory and a large population, we put forward the following suggestions for waste battery recycling:

1. Government legislation to legally ensure the continuity of this work. Order the environmental protection department to Waste batteries are recycled, and then the usable substances are extracted and processed harmlessly.

2. In units (such as agencies, troops, schools, factories, shops, hotels, street offices, property Establish a waste battery recycling network centered on the administrative system at the community level.

3. Trade unions, youth leagues, student unions, women's federations and other organizations call on their members to actively participate in recycling waste batteries.

4. Carry out extensive social publicity and increase citizen awareness. It is necessary to increase the content of waste battery recycling and environmental protection in school teaching.

5. Special reward and punishment system for waste battery recycling activities .

6. Public places, especially large shopping malls, can set up special recycling counters.