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The Olympic rings were conceived and designed by Pierre De Coubertin in 19 13. It is the most widely known Olympic symbol in the world. The five rings in different colors represent the five continents participating in the modern Olympic Games-Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. Every country participating in the Olympic Games can find at least one five-ring color on the national flag.

Sixfold background

1. The three major ideological and cultural movements laid the ideological foundation for the rise of the Olympic Movement. 14-18th century, three large-scale ideological and cultural movements took place on the European continent, namely the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment. The three major ideological and cultural movements broke the feudal shackles that bound people's thoughts in the Middle Ages, cleared the main ideological obstacles on the road of capitalist development, and ushered in a period of ideological emancipation, talented people and scientific prosperity. To meet the needs of new productivity development and new production relations, new ideology and culture and new science and art have emerged. At the same time, a new sports concept-modern sports concept came into being.

A large number of great figures produced in the three major ideological and cultural movements are in direct opposition to the dark Christian asceticism in medieval Europe. They denounced asceticism as a violation of human nature, pointed out that people's desire is a legitimate purpose of life, believed that harmony must be established between soul and body, advocated the unity of body and mind, paid attention to the balanced and coordinated development of body, attached importance to physical health and bodybuilding, and made people rediscover the value of sports and realize that only physical health can enjoy the happiness of life. The rise and establishment of this thought has fundamentally changed the traditional moral standards and concepts of beauty and ugliness, and laid the ideological foundation for the rise of the Olympic Movement.

In the three major ideological and cultural movements, humanists explored and sorted out the rich heritage of ancient Greek sports, such as sacrificial competitions such as the ancient Olympic Games, ancient Athens sports and Spartan sports, the educational thought of harmonious development of body and mind in ancient Greece, and various sports means and methods in ancient Greek sports. Humanists believe that ancient Greek sports conform to "human nature" and attach importance to personal happiness, so they vigorously publicize and inherit the legacy of ancient Greek sports in modern sports thought and practice, so that modern sports are greatly influenced by ancient Greek sports in holding regular sports meetings, paying attention to the all-round development of the body, and the content and form of sports events.

2. Capitalist industrialized production and bourgeois education provide suitable soil for the rise of the Olympic Movement. The capitalist industrial revolution has brought a series of profound changes to human society, promoted the development of modern natural science, provided a solid economic foundation for modern sports, and promoted sports to gain stronger vitality. Because the production and lifestyle of industrialized society have brought a series of severe challenges to people's physiology and psychology, it has prompted people to seek a new ideal lifestyle and have a new understanding of physical activities. People began to turn their attention to improving people's health, and sports, as a new social demand, was further developed.

Since the Renaissance, bourgeois educators have strongly advocated sports as an important means to train talents. They not only restored the sports system in ancient Greece, but also further formulated various measures to exercise, actively studied various sports methods, and strived to make students' bodies develop in an all-round way. Physical education has become an important and indispensable educational activity. 1423, Vitorino, an Italian humanist educator, founded a new school named "Sports Palace" after the ancient Greek gymnasium. The school implemented the policy of paying equal attention to physical education, moral education and intellectual education, and carried out various sports activities, becoming the representative of bourgeois education in the Renaissance. Vitorino's educational thought and sports practice made sports get unprecedented attention, and also made sports as a part of education begin to be implemented in schools.

The exploration of education in the reform and the Enlightenment further established the status of sports. Martin Luther, the representative figure of bourgeois religious reform, advocated that physical education should be a part of education. Comenius, a Czech educator, systematically discussed school physical education according to the educational requirements of the bourgeoisie and introduced it into school education in a mature form. He advocates that schools should set up spacious sports venues and carry out extensive sports activities to encourage students to develop their body and mind by participating in sports activities. Comenius has made important contributions to the development of school physical education and is known as the "father of school physical education". Locke, a famous British educator, clearly divided education into moral education, intellectual education and physical education in his "gentleman education" system, pointing out that physical education is the foundation of all education and makes physical education an indispensable independent part of school education. Rousseau, a French enlightenment thinker, expounded his naturalistic educational ideal in his masterpiece Emile. He called for the close combination of education and physical education, and advocated that physical education should be carried out according to the laws of nature, and physical activities should be organized according to the different characteristics and hobbies of children at different ages to cultivate "physically and mentally healthy" talents.

/kloc-after the 0/9th century, Britain also began a series of educational reforms, among which Arnold's reform in rugby college was the most successful. He founded the system of "autonomy of competitive sports" to give full play to the exercise value and educational function of competitive sports. Through this reform, the students of rugby college manage themselves in a dynamic sports field, which not only exercises their strong physique, but also cultivates the ideology and morality of fair competition, unity and friendship, obeying rules and being brave and tenacious, which greatly changes the school spirit and discipline. Arnold's reform has stabilized the position of sports in education, established the educational and social value of competitive sports, and provided suitable soil for the rise of the Olympic Movement.

The excavation of ancient Olympic sites aroused people's yearning for the Olympic movement. In the Renaissance movement of14-16th century, the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe enthusiastically praised the sportsmanship of ancient Greece, reminding people of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The remains of the ancient Olympic Games aroused people's strong yearning. Scholars from Britain, France, Germany and other countries all hoped to enter Greece to look for the remains of the ancient Olympic Games, but this wish was not realized due to the blockade of the Turks.

It was not until 1766 that the British scholar Chandler was allowed to visit Greece on the spot. He discovered the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games. 1828, scholars embedded in the French legion who supported Greece in resisting Turkish aggression excavated the site of Olympia, and then transported a batch of precious cultural relics to the Louvre in France for exhibition.

1852 65438+1October 10, Professor Curtis of Berlin University gave a long speech about the ancient Olympic Games after visiting the Peloponnesian Peninsula, which caused great repercussions in the society. 187 1 year, Germany and Greece reached a treaty to comprehensively excavate the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games. 1875- 188 1 year, German scholars led by Curtis excavated Olympia for six years. 188 1 year, the main facilities of the ancient Olympic Games site were finally revealed to the world. From 65438 to 0887, a large number of cultural relics unearthed from Olympia were exhibited in Berlin, which aroused people's yearning for the Olympic movement and people expected the Olympic Games to return to reality as soon as possible.

4. The international trend of sports has created conditions for the appearance of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, with the transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism and the formation of the world market, the barriers between countries were broken, and sports transcended national boundaries, and international sports exchanges and competitions appeared, forming the trend of sports internationalization. Due to the needs of international sports competitions and mutual exchanges, some international individual sports organizations have been born one after another. 188 1 The first international individual sports organization, the International Gymnastics Federation, was established. 1892 The International Rowing Federation and the Skating Federation were established one after another. The appearance of international sports organizations makes sports competitions break away from the original local tradition and move towards internationalization. On the basis of the continuous establishment of international individual sports organizations and the vigorous development of international individual sports competitions, people urgently demand to hold the largest comprehensive sports meeting in the world, creating conditions for the emergence of modern Olympic Games. At the same time, with the increase of international sports exchanges, the birth of international sports organizations that coordinate the activities of various sports organizations has become inevitable.

Attempts to revive the Olympic Games around the world have accumulated experience for the rise of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, some countries in Europe and America made various attempts to revive the Olympic Games. 65438+In 1930s, Professor Skatu of Lund University in Sweden organized two competitions called "Olympic Games" by local newspapers. From 65438 to 0849, once a year, Dr. Brooks of Britain organized the "Olympic Festival" for decades.

/kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, the Greeks were eager to revive the ancient Greek civilization by reviving the ancient Olympic Games. With the support of King Otto of Greece, a Greek named Zapas organized and held the 1 Pan-Greek Olympic Games in Athens on 1 June+10/October. Since then, four Pan-Greek Olympic Games have been held in 1870, 1875, 1887 and 1889. Due to poor organization and limited Greek participation, the Pan-Greek Olympic Games failed to continue to develop, but it had a great impact on European countries. Newspapers in many countries reported the Games in detail, which caused far more repercussions than Greece, and accumulated experience for the rise of the Olympic Movement from both positive and negative aspects.

The threat of war and people's desire for peace promoted the rise of the Olympic Movement. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, monopoly capitalism and imperialism appeared in the world. A new powerful imperialist country, Germany ruled by William II, stepped onto the historical stage and wanted to carve up the world again through war. The cloud of war hangs over Europe.

At this stage, Germany is calling for the revival of the Olympic Games. Some Germans with ulterior motives want to expand their influence and serve the world by hosting the Olympic Games. France is a close neighbor of Germany. If Germany starts a war, the disaster of the war will first fall on the French people. The French people strongly oppose war and are eager to maintain world peace. The peaceful and friendly spirit of the ancient Olympic Games coincides with the desire for peace of the French people and the people of the world. Restoring the Olympic Games is not only conducive to the development of international sports, but also helps the French people and the people of the world to resist German rule over the world. Reviving the Olympic Games has become an urgent need for people, and this glorious historical mission falls on the shoulders of the French.

Coubertin made the Olympic Movement a reality.

Coubertin, a French educator, is recognized as the founder of modern Olympics. He made outstanding contributions to the birth and development of the Olympic Movement. From 65438 to 0888, Coubertin became the Secretary-General of the Preparatory Committee for School Education and Sports in France. From 65438 to 0889, Coubertin represented France in the international sports training conference held in Boston, USA, and learned more about the trends of world sports. He believes that the development of modern sports is going international, and international sports should be promoted with the help of the experience and traditional influence of ancient Greek sports, so the idea of reviving the Olympic Games came into being. In order to realize this idea, Coubertin did a lot of work.

189 1 year, Coubertin founded Sports Review, which played a positive role in promoting the founding of the Olympic Games. From 65438 to 0892, Coubertin visited Europe to promote the Olympic ideal. In the same year165438+125 October, he made a famous speech at the meeting to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the French Federation of Sports Associations, and officially put forward the initiative to establish the modern Olympic Games for the first time. Coubertin said in his speech that the modern Olympic Games should aim at unity, peace and friendship like the ancient Olympic Games, but it should be more developed and innovative than the ancient Olympic Games. It should be open to all countries, all regions and all ethnic groups and held in turn around the world. Coubertin's initiative made the modern Olympic Games break through the boundaries between nations and countries from the very beginning, and it has a distinct international character. From 65438 to 0893, Coubertin held an international sports coordination meeting in Paris to unite people in the international sports field to discuss the establishment of the Olympic Games. The following year, he also wrote an open letter about his initiative, which was sent to sports clubs in many countries and received support from many sports clubs.

With the promotion of various international factors and Coubertin's unremitting efforts, all the preparations for the founding of the Olympic Games are finally ready. 1894 In June, at Coubertin's suggestion, representatives of 49 sports organizations from the United States, Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece and other countries 12 participated in the international sports conference held at the Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris. During the meeting, 265,438+0 countries sent letters to express their support and congratulations to the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution to establish the International Olympic Committee, and elected 15 members of the IOC 1 session from 79 official representatives. The General Assembly also decided that IOC members from the host country of the Olympic Games should serve as IOC presidents. As the first Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece on 1896, Greek member Vi Kailas was elected as the first president of the International Olympic Committee, and Coubertin was appointed as the secretary-general. The General Assembly stipulated that the Olympic Games should be held every four years, and adopted a resolution to follow "amateur sports". The Congress also stipulated that the Olympic Games should include track and field, water sports, swimming, rowing, sailing, fencing, wrestling, boxing, equestrian, shooting, gymnastics and ball games.

1 From April 6 to April 5, 896,1The modern Olympic Games was finally held in Athens as scheduled. Although the organization is not perfect, it is an important symbol of the official birth of the Olympic Movement and has the significance of connecting the past with the future.