Knowledge about the Yellow River

The Yellow River, also known as the river of China in ancient times, originated from the Bayan Kara Mountains in Qinghai Province, China, and flowed through nine provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong, and finally flowed into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Dongying, Shandong Province.

The main river is 5,464 kilometers long, second only to the Yangtze River, and is the second longest river in China.

The Yellow River is also the fifth longest river in the world.

The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, with a river length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers.

There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs across China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.

The annual average flow of the Yellow River 1774.5 m3/s, the annual average natural runoff of the whole river is 58 billion m3, the annual average runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 m3, and the per mu yield of cultivated land is 324 m3.

The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world.

The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977).

The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3.

Directory [hidden]

1 explanation

2 Hydrological characteristics

2. 1 source

2.2 Delimitation

2.2. 1 upstream

middle reaches

lower reaches

2.3 Main tributaries and lakes

2.4 Mainstream Canyon

2.5 Main Stream Water Control Project

2.6 Bridges

3 Environmental conditions

3. 1 soil erosion

3.2 cut-off

4 History and culture

4. 1 river course change

4.2 Brief History of Water Conservancy

4.3 Cradle of Chinese Civilization

4.4 People related to the Yellow River

4.5 Tourism cultural resources

5 others

6 See also

7 off-site link

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Explain a name

Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the word "river", the mother of the Yellow River, was basically the proper name of the Yellow River, and the river was called "Sichuan" or "water" (but there were exceptions, such as the book of Mountains and Seas, which said: "Kunlun Mountain runs across Wan Li, with a height of 1,000 miles, and reaches 50,000 miles in Shan Hao, surrounded by Qinghe, Baihe and Heihe." ) The word "Yellow River" can't be found in the pre-Qin literature, and the statement of the Yellow River can't be found in the full text of Historical Records written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

According to the textual research of scholar Li Erong, the word Yellow River first appeared in the explanation of "Yuanshi County in Changshan County" in the Geography of Hanshu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The word "yellow" of the Yellow River is used to describe the turbidity of the river. It has long been recorded in ancient books: Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eight Years in the Warring States Period, and the son of Zheng quoted Yizhou Poetry as saying: "Initiate the clearing of the river, the geometry of life!" ; "Erya Shi Shui" records that "the river flows out of Kunlun, the color is white, and the canal is 1701 rivers, and the color is yellow."

Xinghu Lake in the upper reaches of the Yellow River consists of a large number of Shui Bo and Haizi, such as Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. Under the sunshine, countless lakes and swamps in Xinghu Lake are dazzling, just like proud peacocks, very beautiful and spectacular. Therefore, local Tibetan residents call this section of the Yellow River "rma chu", which means "Peacock River".

Maqu County, Gansu Province is named after this reach.

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Hydrological characteristics

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source

The Yellow River originated in bayan har, Qinghai, but the real source is still controversial.

Historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has a process.

"Shangshu Gong Yu" once recorded that "the stone is accumulated by drawing water from the river, but as for Longmen", and "the stone is accumulated" is located in Qingshan, Anima, near Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, which is still far from the source of the Yellow River.

It is recorded in Shan Hai Jing and Er Ya that the river flows from Kunlun.

After Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, it was said that the Yellow River originated in Khotan, flowed to Yanze in the east, then flowed underground, and flowed to the source of the river in the south (see Biography of Dawan in Historical Records).

These statements are not accurate, but they continued until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River.

In the fifth year of Yang Di the Great (609), Tuguhun was destroyed and later moved to Heyuan County, which is now part of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people know that the Yellow River originated here.

In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (635), in order to quell the Tuguhun rebellion, Li Jing, Hou, Li Daozong and other generals once led troops to the area around the Star Sea. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty contains them "visiting the stars, Suzhou, Dabahai, Jishishan and Heyuan." .

Xinghai has been called the source of the Yellow River since the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to make field trips to the source of the Yellow River.

In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent Du Shi and others to explore the source of the Yellow River and made a detailed investigation of the area around Xingsuhai.

13 15, Pan Anxiao wrote a book "Heyuan Zhi" based on his investigation in Du Fu's poems, clearly pointing out that the Yellow River originated in the southwest of the Star Sea, where "there are more than 100 wells with water gushing from the ground".

In the 43rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1704), Emperor Kangxi ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source of the Yellow River.

When they arrived in Xinghai, they found that there were three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai, but they didn't catch up with the source.

After Lacey and Lan Shu returned to Beijing, they drew a map of Heyuan, and Lan Shu also wrote a record of Heyuan.

At the end of Kangxi, a nationwide topographic survey was organized. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lamar Qinzangbu, Ramba, the director of the hospital and others were sent to the Heyuan area for investigation. This trip "crosses the source of the river and involves Wan Li". After returning to Beijing, the survey results are drawn into the imperial map.

This mapping also explored and mapped the source of the river above Xinghai.

In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1782), Amitabha, the bodyguard of the famous gate in Qianlong, paid tribute to Heyuan.

Amitabha arrived 300 miles west of Xinghai and made a field survey of three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai. It is determined that Allerstam Guole River (now Kaliqu) in the southwest of Xinghai is the upstream source of the Yellow River.

/kloc-from the 10th century to the early 20th century, western explorers and geographers went deep into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for investigation activities, and they also went to Heyuan to collect natural and cultural materials, such as Akbar, Indian, Dutol, Aolun, Russian, Poole Geval, snook, kozlov, Faessler, Taibel, etc.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he visited the source of the Yellow River many times.

From 65438 to 0952, organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, the source of the Yellow River was explored for several months.

Heyuan exploration team determined that Yuegu Zonglequ is the main source of the Yellow River, and Yahe Lada Heze Mountain is its source, with Ering Lake above and Zhaling Lake below.

This result is not consistent with the previous investigation results, which has caused controversy in academic circles, but the statement that the Yellow River originated from Zonglie Canal in Yuegu is widely circulated.

During the period of 1978, Qinghai Province invited relevant scientific research professionals from the central and local governments to make another field trip to the headwaters of the Yellow River and the two lakes of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, and confirmed that Kaliqu was the main source of the Yellow River, with Zhaling Lake above and Eling Lake below.

From 198 1 to 1982, scholar Yang traveled all over the Yellow River on foot.

He thinks that the farthest source of the Yellow River is the love song of Lalang, which started from bayan har Ridge, which is 30.5km longer than that of Bjorgu Zonglie Song and 1 1.9km longer than that of Kari Song.

From 65438 to 0985, the Yellow River Conservancy Committee confirmed Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River according to historical traditions and opinions of various factions, and set up a sign of the source of the Yellow River in Maqu Fruit Tree in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin.

The three tributaries of Xinghai Shangyuan are Zhaqu, Yuegu Zonglie and Kariqu.

Zhaqu, located in the northernmost part, originated in Cha Hasila Mountain. This river is 70 kilometers long and narrow, with few tributaries and limited water, and it is cut off for most of the year.

Yoguliequ is located in the west of Xinghai, among the three upstream sources, and originated in the southwest corner of Yoguliezong Basin, with an altitude of 4,750 meters. The water volume is very small, and it is a stream with a width of 1.0- 1.5 meters and a depth of 0. 1-0.2 meters.

Kaliqu, a tributary in the south, originated at the northern foot of Geziya Mountain, a branch of bayan har, with an altitude of 4,800 meters. Five springs gushed out of the valley and merged into a small river with a width of about 3 meters, a depth of 0.3-0.5 meters and a flow rate of about 3 meters per second. This river has water all the year round.

Yueguzong Liequ and Kariqu merged at the source of the Yellow River to form the original river Maqu, which was then injected into Xinghai.

According to the aerial survey of1:100000, the length of Kazqu is 25 kilometers longer than that of Beyogul Zongqu.

Kariqu basin covers an area of 3 126 square kilometers, and Yuegu Zonglequ basin covers an area of 2,372 square kilometers.

Near the intersection of Kariqu and Guzong Liequ, the measured discharge of Kariqu is 6.3 m3/s, and that of Yogu Liequ is 2.5m3/s. ..

Through the investigation of the source of 1978 Yellow River, it is determined that Kariqu is the main source of the Yellow River.

References:

The source of the yellow river

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boundary

There are different opinions about the boundary between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

The Yellow River Conservancy Commission divides Hekou Town and Taohuayu into upper, middle and lower reaches. Traditional middle school textbooks divide Hekou Town and Jin Meng into upper, middle and lower reaches. Scholar Yang thinks Qingtongxia and Harmony are more suitable. Scholar Xu advocated Jiayingguan in Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province as the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

This paper adopts the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission.

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Upstream

The first Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou is the upper reaches of the Yellow River above Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia.

The total length of the upper reaches is 3,472 kilometers, and the basin area is 386,000 square kilometers, accounting for 5 1.3% of the total Yellow River.

The total upstream drop is 3496m, with an average gradient of10 ‰; There are 43 large tributaries (basin area 1000 square kilometers or more), and the runoff accounts for 54% of the whole river; The upper reaches of the Yellow River only account for 8% of the annual sediment discharge of the whole river, with more water and less sediment, which is the clear water source of the Yellow River.

The upper reaches of the river are controlled by Qingshan Mountain, Xiqiao Mountain and Nanshan Mountain in Anima, Qinghai, with an S-shaped bend.

According to the different characteristics of rivers, the upper reaches of the Yellow River can be divided into three parts: source section, canyon section and alluvial plain section.

The upper part of Qinghai Kariqu to Qinghai Guide Longyangxia is the Heyuan section.

Heyuan section starts from Kariqu, passes through Xingsuhai, Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake to Maduo, bypasses Qingshan and Xiqingshan in Anima, and reaches Guide in Qinghai via Longyangxia.

Most of the rivers in this section flow through the plateau of three or four kilometers, and the rivers are tortuous, with lakes, swamps and grass beaches on both sides. The water quality is clear, the water flow is stable and the water yield is large.

There are Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake in the reach, both above 4260 meters above sea level, with storage capacity of 4.7 billion cubic meters and 654.38+0.08 billion cubic meters respectively, which are the largest plateau freshwater lakes in China.

The Yellow River runs from Maduo, Qinghai Province to Maqu, Gansu Province, and flows through the ancient basin and low hills between Bayankala and Animaqing Mountain. Most river sections have wide valleys, and occasionally there are canyons.

The Yellow River runs from Maqu, Gansu Province to Longyangxia, Guide, Qinghai Province, and flows through high mountains and canyons, with fast-flowing water and abundant hydraulic resources.

Baihe and Heihe rivers, tributaries originating in Minshan, Sichuan, join the Yellow River in this section.

The section from Longyangxia in Qinghai to Qingtongxia in Ningxia is a canyon section.

This section of the river flows through mountainous hills. Due to different rock properties, river valleys and wide valleys appear alternately: river valleys are formed in hard gneiss, granite and Nanshan metamorphic rocks, while wide valleys are formed in loose sand shale and red rock series.

There are 20 canyons in this section, including Longyang Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujiaxia Gorge, Bapan Gorge and Qingtongxia. There are cliffs on both sides of the canyon, with narrow riverbed, steep river slope and rapid water flow.

From Guide to Lanzhou, this section is one of the concentrated reaches of the three major tributaries of the Yellow River, and the inflow of important tributaries such as Taohe River and Huangshui River has greatly increased the water volume of the Yellow River.

The reach from Longyangxia to Xiaheyan River in Ningxia is a "mine-rich" area of the Yellow River and one of the important hydropower bases in China.

Qingtongxia in Ningxia to Hekou Town in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia is an alluvial plain.

After leaving Qingtongxia, the Yellow River flows northeast along the northwest boundary of Ordos Plateau, and then reaches Hekou Town eastward.

Most of the areas along the river are deserts and desert grasslands, and there is basically no tributary injection. The river bed of the main stream is gentle and the water flow is slow. On both sides are large alluvial plains, namely the famous Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain.

There are floods and ice disasters in the plain along the Yangtze River to varying degrees.

Hetao Plain starts from Xiaheyan in Ningxia in the west and reaches Hekou Town in Inner Mongolia in the east, with a length of 900 kilometers and a width of 30-50 kilometers. It is a famous irrigation area for diverting water from the Yellow River with a long irrigation history. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the Yellow River is full of disasters and there is only one set of wealth".

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middle reaches

The reach of the Yellow River between Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia and Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 1.206 km and a drainage area of 344,000 square kilometers, accounting for 45.7% of the total drainage area. The total drop in the middle reaches is 890 meters, with an average gradient of 0.74 ‰; This river has 30 major tributaries; The increased water volume accounts for 42.5% of the Yellow River water volume, and the increased sediment volume accounts for 92% of the whole Yellow River sediment volume, which is the main source of the Yellow River sediment.

Hekou Town to Yumenkou is the longest continuous canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River-Shanxi Canyon. Most tributaries in the reach flow through the loess hilly and gully region, which is the main source of coarse sediment in the Yellow River, and the annual average sediment transport of the whole river is 900 million tons from this region. This reach is the second largest hydropower base of the Yellow River with large gradient and abundant hydraulic resources. There is a famous Hukou Waterfall in the lower part of the canyon, with a deep trough width of only 30-50 meters and a low water level drop of about 18 meters, which is magnificent.

From Yumenkou to Sanmenxia, the Yellow River flows through the Wei Fen Plain, the valley widens and the water flows slowly.

On both sides of the reach are Weibei and Jinnan loess tablelands, which are important agricultural areas in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces.

This reach has accepted Fenhe River, Luohe River, Jinghe River, Weihe River, Luo Yi River, Qinhe River and other important tributaries, and is one of the main sources of sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with an average annual output of 550 million tons.

The reach is located in the channel from Yumenkou to Tongguan (that is, the small north main stream of the Yellow River) 132.5km, with drastic changes in erosion and deposition, and the channel is very unstable from side to side.

Constrained by the mountains near Tongguan, the valley suddenly narrows, forming a natural bayonet with a width of only 1000 meters. The level of Tongguan river bed is closely related to the changes of erosion and deposition in the Xiaobei main stream of the Yellow River and the lower reaches of the Weihe River, so the hydrological term "Tongguan elevation" is used.

Sanmenxia to Taohuayu section is divided into two parts from Xiaolangdi: above Xiaolangdi, the river is between Zhongtiao Mountain and hill, which is the last canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River; The valley below Xiaolangdi gradually widens, which is the transition section of the Yellow River from mountainous area to plain.

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lower reaches

See Yellow River Estuary

The Yellow River below Taohuayu in Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 786 kilometers and a drainage area of only 23,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3% of the total drainage area. The total downstream drop is 93.6m, with an average gradient of 0.1.2 ‰; The increased water volume in the interval accounts for 3.5% of the water volume of the Yellow River.

Due to the large amount of sediment in the Yellow River, the downstream reaches have been silted for a long time to form a world-famous "aboveground river", and the Yellow River has become a watershed between the Haihe River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin.

Except for the Dawen River flowing from Dongping Lake, there are no big tributaries in this section.

Except for the low hills between Dongping Lake on the south bank and Jinan, the lower reaches depend on dikes, with a total length of 1.400 km.

Historically, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River often burst, which brought heavy disasters to the Chinese nation.

Because the lower reaches of the Yellow River flow from southwest to northeast, the north of the Yellow River freezes first in winter, forming ice flood.

Ice dams are easily blocked by the overflow of ice, which leads to the overflow of dikes and poses a serious threat.

Below the downstream Lijin is the Yellow River estuary.

Due to sediment deposition, the mouth of the Yellow River keeps extending and swinging.

At present, the Yellow River estuary is located at the intersection of Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay, which is a new channel formed by the siltation of Qingshuigou after the artificial diversion of 1976.

In recent 40 years, the average sediment transported by the Yellow River to the estuary area is about 654.38+100 million tons/year, with an average annual net land of 25 to 30 square kilometers.

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Major tributaries and lakes

The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Baihe, Heihe, Huangshui, Zuli, Qingshui, Dahei, Kuye, Wuding, Fenhe, Weihe, Luohe, Qinhe and Dawenhe.

The main lakes on the Yellow River are Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai Lake and Dongping Lake.

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Mainstream canyon

There are 30 canyons in the main stream of the Yellow River, 28 in the upper reaches and 2 in the middle reaches. The lower reaches flow through the North China Plain without canyons.

The canyon section of the main stream is 1707 km long, accounting for 3 1.2% of the total length of the main stream.

Mangga Gorge-Duoshi Gorge-Maiduotang Magong Gorge-Guan Cang Gorge-Laga Gorge-Yehu Gorge-Lagan Gorge-Longyang Gorge-Ashigong Gorge-Songba Gorge-Lijiaxia-Gongbo Gorge-Jishi Gorge-Sigou Gorge-Liujiaxia-Niubizi Gorge-Zhulama Gorge-Yanguo Gorge-Bapan Gorge-Chaijia Gorge

References:

Yellow River mainstream canyon

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Main stream water conservancy control project

Sanmenxia water control project: at the junction of Pinglu in Shanxi and Sanmenxia in Henan, 1960 was put into use.

Three sheng public water control project: Dengkou, Inner Mongolia, 1966 put into use.

Qingtongxia Water Control Project: Qingtongxia City, Ningxia, 1968 put into use.

Liujiaxia Hydropower Station: Yongjing, Gansu, 1974 put into operation.

Yanguoxia Water Control Project: Yongjing, Gansu, 1975 put into use.

Tianqiao Water Control Project: the junction of Baode in Shanxi and Fugu in Shaanxi, 1977 put into use.

Bapanxia Water Control Project: Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 1980 put into use.

Longyangxia Hydropower Station: Qinghai * * and, 1992 put into operation.

Daxia Water Control Project: Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 1998 put into use.

Lixia Water Control Project: Qinghai Hualong, 1999 put into use.

Wanjiazhai Water Control Project: the junction of Pianguan in Shanxi and Zhungeer Banner in Inner Mongolia, 1999 put into use.

Xiaolangdi water control project: at the junction of Jiyuan and Jinmeng in Henan Province, 200 1 was put into use.

See also: Yellow River Dike, Yellow River Flood Control, Yellow River Ice, Bianqu, Gap, Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, Maojindu, South-to-North Water Transfer Project, Hetao Irrigation Area.

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bridge

Jinan Yellow River Cable-stayed Bridge: North of Jinan City, Shandong Province.

1978 65438+started in February and completed by the end of the year 198 1.

The cable has been replaced several times.

Jinan Yellow River Highway Bridge: the northern suburb of Jinan City, Shandong Province.

1978 started in February, and1982 officially put into operation in July.

Jinan Yellow River pontoon bridge: only used in non-flood season (summer flood season and ice flood season), located at Beiluokou Ferry, free of charge.

Lanzhou Yellow River Railway Bridge: North of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province.

It was founded in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (AD 1907) and completed in the first year of Xuantong (AD 1909).

Zhengzhou Yellow River Bridge: North of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province

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environmental aspect

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Soil erosion

From 3000 BC to 2000 BC (Yangshao culture in the Yellow River valley to Yinxu in Anyang), the geographical environment of the Yellow River valley was suitable for the growth of vegetation and the development of human production and living activities, and the climate environment about 2℃ higher created favorable conditions for the development of crops and vegetation.

During this period, there were a large number of lakes such as Leixiaze and Onoze in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

"On Mencius Teng Wengong" once recorded that the Yellow River valley was "lush with plants and animals", and the Guanzhong Plain still had "beautiful mountains and rivers, criss-crossing rivers and numerous talents" until the Warring States period in China (the forest in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in historical period, Shi Nianhai, 198 1 year).

After the Warring States period, with the extensive use of iron farm tools and the migration of Qin's economic center to Guanzhong, the vegetation in the Yellow River basin and the Loess Plateau began to be destroyed.

Because the Yellow River Basin has been the center of Chinese civilization for a long time (China Historical Geography, Lan Yong, 2002), and the phenomenon of emphasizing agriculture over grazing in ancient China, the vegetation destruction in the Yellow River Basin has become a long-term and large-scale phenomenon.

With the beginning of the cold climate in 1 1 century and the southward movement of the economic center of China, the ecological damage in the Yellow River basin began to decrease, but the forest coverage rate has been difficult to recover to the situation of the 3rd century BC.

With the destruction of vegetation, the Loess Plateau began to be eroded by the Yellow River, and a large amount of soil was swept away, forming a surface morphology of thousands of valleys.

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Block a river

Since 1972, the Yellow River has often been cut off [1].

There are many reasons for disconnection, which can be summarized as follows:

Global warming.

With the aggravation of global warming in recent years, on the one hand, the evaporation of rivers has greatly increased, on the other hand, the melting of glaciers in the upper reaches in spring and summer absorbs a lot of heat, which leads to the local temperature in the inland being lower than normal, which reduces the temperature difference between the inland and the ocean, which in turn leads to the weakening of the monsoon and the lack of water vapor brought into the inland by the monsoon from the sea surface.

Although global warming makes glaciers melt and increases the flow of upstream water sources, it cannot offset the effects of increased evaporation and weakened monsoon.

Eventually, the water volume in the middle and lower reaches will decrease year by year.

Vegetation destruction.

The vegetation in the Loess Plateau is seriously damaged, and the land lacking vegetation conservation is gradually desertified, and the evaporation capacity is increasing. The dried-up groundwater needs to be continuously absorbed and replenished by flowing through rivers.

Irrigation methods are backward.

Most of the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River flow through the economically underdeveloped border areas, lacking the technology and funds for water-saving irrigation, and most of them are flooded, resulting in serious waste of water resources in the Yellow River.

Now there is the Beijing-Kowloon Bridge.

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History and culture

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Valley migration

According to historical records, during the three or four thousand years before 1946, the Yellow River was threatened by the recent 1593 flood, and its course was diverted 26 times.

The last diversion of the Yellow River was in 1855 (5 years of Qing Xianfeng).

Before the great diversion of the Yellow River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River flowed through the route. According to China's current administrative divisions, it generally passes through Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Yuanyang, Yanjin, Fengqiu, Zhongmou, Kaifeng and Lankao in Henan, Caoxian and Shanxian in Shandong, Dangshan and Xiaoxian in Anhui, and finally reaches Fengxian, Peixian, Xuzhou, Pixian and Suining in Jiangsu.

However, after the diversion, the Yellow River broke through the original channel, changed to the northeast, and borrowed the Daqing River to flow into the Bohai Sea in Shandong.

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Brief history of water conservancy

Look at the history of Yellow River water conservancy.

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The cradle of China civilization

The Yellow River is called the mother river of Chinese civilization.

More than 2000 years BC, the Chinese nation formed and multiplied in the Yellow River Basin of the Central Plains.

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People related to the Yellow River

Dayu water conservancy Dayu

Pan Jixun, an expert on harnessing Yellow River in Ming Dynasty.

Jin Fu: A Famous Minister of River Regulation in Qing Dynasty.

Tian Wei: Minister in the Western Han Dynasty

Modern part

Huang: China geographer.

Academician of China Academy of Sciences

Huang Wanli: China Water Conservancy Expert

Zhang Guangdou: China water resources and hydropower expert.

Li Yizhi: Modern Water Conservationist in China

Qian Ning: Water conservancy engineer in China.

Qian: China water conservancy expert.

Jia rang: a water conservancy engineer in the western Han dynasty

Zhang: China water conservancy expert.

Liang: Chinese-American, the initiator of the Yellow River Soil and Water Conservation Project.

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Tourism cultural resources

Yellow River Museum-Huayuankou-Hukou Waterfall-Hougang Site-Liuwan Cemetery-Beishouling Site-Dahecun Site-Pingliangtai Ancient City-Miaodigou Site-Taosi Site-Laoguantai Culture-Jiahu Site-Yangshao Culture-Hualouzi Site-Henan Longshan Culture-Xishuipo Site-Dadiwan Site-Sanmenxia Plank Road Site-Yuanjunmiao Cemetery-Jiangzhai Site

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other

When People's Republic of China (PRC) formulated the national flag, there was a draft like the one on the right: the yellow line below represents the Yellow River, but it was not adopted in the end; See the national flag of China.

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involve

Yellow river basin culture

Yellow River Basin

Yellow River Delta

Huanghuai plain

Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission

Huayuankou dike breach incident

Laizhou bay

Hetao plain

Yinchuan plain

Haihe plain

Yellow land: movies

Yellow River Chorus: Music Works

loess plateau

Discussion on river defense engineering

Sanjin culture

A sheep famous for its fine fur.

Hequma

skin raft

River Management Master Plan: Project

haizhou bay

Maowusu sandy land

Hexi Corridor

Qinling Mountains