Definition of thinking

Question 1: What does thinking mean? In short: thinking is an indirect reflection of people's generalization of things.

Thinking is people's general understanding of reality, and thinking is an advanced cognitive process, which is developed on the basis of perception. It is based on many perceptions of the causal relationship between things. We saw the car driving in the street, and the shape of the car and the scene of speeding in the street were reflected in our minds. This is perception. But it is thinking to know why the car can start and find out the structural characteristics of the car and the relationship between its components. Thinking makes us know what we can't directly observe, and through analysis, synthesis, reasoning and judgment, we can find or discover the complex connections and relationships of things.

Thinking process:

Thinking activity is a complex cognitive process, which has important forms such as concept formation, understanding, reasoning, decision-making and problem solving. People's thinking activities are often caused by some problems and point to the solutions to them. Therefore, problem solving is the most common form of human thinking activities. Thinking is realized through a series of complex operations. People use the knowledge and experience stored in long-term memory to analyze, synthesize, compare, abstract and summarize the information input from outside in their minds, which is the thinking process.

Thinking quality:

The level of thinking is mainly manifested in different thinking qualities, so let's understand the thinking qualities.

Quick thinking: can react quickly when encountering problems. For example, you can play games with children: adults say many words and let children clap their hands when they hear fruit. If it is not fruit, don't clap your hands. Train children's ability to react quickly.

Flexibility of thinking: it is to be able to come up with various methods when encountering problems. Take playing games as an example. The same toy can be played in many ways. For example, building blocks can be said to be a necessary toy for every child's family now. Have you tried many things and played many games with your children? How many figures can four isosceles right triangles spell? (Insert demo)

Trapezoid, square, diamond, parallelogram, big triangle, have you tried these? Do you have any other ideas?

Another example is: take 1 0p, 5p and 2 nickels, wash them all, and let the children take out1dime to see how many ways the children have. This is actually a problem with many solutions. (standby)

The profundity of thinking: that is, to see the essence through phenomena. We must first cultivate children's profound thinking from kindergarten. In the process of a lot of contact with things, we must condense the essential things, and then merge the abstract things with similar things. This is a summary. So, how can we see the essence through the phenomenon? How to train them to see the essence through phenomena?

The first is to cultivate their generalization ability. The second is reasoning. There are mainly four kinds of reasoning:

The first logical reasoning: major premise, minor premise, and finally to the conclusion, the kindergarten asks the children: iron will sink in the water, so can the needle sink? The children will say yes, because the needle is iron. This is logical reasoning.

The second inductive reasoning: from individual to general. For example: Flower dog, black dog and white dog are all called dogs.

The third kind of comparative reasoning: for example, what is the difference between boys and girls? At this time, it is necessary to judge which is a boy and which is a girl through comparative reasoning.

The fourth kind of analogical reasoning: for example, puzzles, from the first puzzle to the second puzzle, have realized a kind of migration, so to some extent, migration is analogical reasoning, mainly to cultivate profundity.

Creativity of thinking:

It is embodied in three aspects: uniqueness, fluency and flexibility.

1, the United States has the most typical flexibility of thinking: what is the use of a red brick? Some say they can build houses, big houses, small houses and red houses, but they are all building materials; Some people spread out further, building houses, bridges and paving roads. Some people say that when we have an outing, we bake bricks and heat food on them, and red bricks are used as pots. Some say that bricks are used as hammers to nail nails; Some students say that red bricks are used as weapons by dogs, which is typical flexibility.

2, uniqueness, such as giving a painting a name for a child, the more unique the topic, the better.

3. Fluency: For example, given 1 minute, let's see how many round objects our children can think of. The more they think, the better. There can be many similar topics. ...& gt& gt

Question 2: Definition of logical thinking Logical thinking is the stage of rational cognition of human beings. People use thinking types such as concept, judgment and reasoning to reflect the cognitive process of the nature and laws of things.

Question 3: What is thinking? Thinking is an important feature of human psychological activities. It is based on the information obtained by sensory perception, and then analyzes, compares, synthesizes, abstracts and generalizes the acquired knowledge and experience, forming concepts, reasoning and judgments, so that it can rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. The whole process of psychological activities is thinking, which is the highest form of human cognitive activities. Normal thinking generally has the following characteristics: ① concreteness, the concrete content is consistent with objective things and their authenticity; Purpose, point to a purpose, solve a problem; (3) Practicality, with practical effect, and can be verified by objective practice; ④ Coherence, that is, in the process of thinking, the concepts before and after are interrelated; ⑤ Logic, the thinking process is logical. The main form of thinking is language, and it can also be expressed through words, works of art or actions.

Thinking can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized thinking is the generalization and indirect reflection of objective reality by human brain, which reflects the nature of things and the regular relationship between things, including logical thinking and image thinking. In a narrow sense, thinking in psychological sense usually refers to logical thinking.

Question 4: What is the definition of engineering? What is the definition of engineering thinking? engineering

1. [Architecture] works; Touch structure; A project; engineering

Construction (engineering) project.

(2) The general name of all disciplines formed by applying the theory of natural science to specific industrial and agricultural production departments. Such as: water conservancy engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, genetic engineering, system engineering-also known as "engineering".

(3) Working with large and complex equipment. Such as: urban reconstruction projects, Beijing-Kowloon railway projects and vegetable basket projects.

Project is the name of a single job, which reflects the nature of the job!

Engineering thinking: launch a "project", determine how many years the "project" must reach a "goal", and then come up with the corresponding plan and formulate numerical indicators for inspection and evaluation. Generally speaking, as long as we have enough manpower and financial resources to ensure it, we can achieve corresponding achievements within the specified time and according to the pre-planned plan, and achieve the purpose of construction-just like building bridges, dams and buildings.

Question 5: What are image thinking and conceptual thinking? The first classification of human thinking is to divide human thinking into image thinking and conceptual thinking.

Then conceptual thinking is divided into abstract thinking, scientific concrete thinking and strategic thinking.

Obviously, the brief description of the first-level classification standard of human thinking and the definition of the division of image thinking and conceptual thinking are the premise and foundation of the second-level classification of conceptual thinking, and also the detailed description of abstract thinking, scientific concrete thinking and strategic thinking.

Before classifying human thinking, let's review the basic rules of classification:

1, the parts after each division should be incompatible and not cross each other, and something cannot belong to this part and another part at the same time.

2. The standards of each department should be clear and consistent. For example, when you divide people, you must first make clear your division criteria. When you divide people by age, don't change the standard to gender before dividing them.

3. When dividing the formed concept, we should always define the connotation of this concept accurately, and we should not divide the concept with vague connotation, nor should we change the connotation in the process of division.

We know that human thinking is a process of discovering and creating knowledge by using sensory reception and brain processing, and using knowledge to guide behavior. Facing the formed knowledge, thinking is also a process of mastering and applying knowledge by tracing back to the process of knowledge creation.

The process of thinking in images is the same as that of all kinds of conceptual thinking that we will discuss in the next article. They all start by observing the actual phenomenon with the senses. The essential difference between them lies only in the second half of the thinking process and the different ways in which the brain processes the observed actual phenomena. In other words, "the way the brain processes the observed actual phenomena" is our first-class classification standard for human thinking. Imagery thinking directly remembers the observed actual phenomenon, while conceptual thinking first compresses the observed actual phenomenon and remembers the (conceptual) symbols representing the compression results.

Imagery thinking directly remembers perceptual images such as images seen by eyes, sounds heard by ears, smells smelled by nose, tastes tasted by tongue and touch of skin. We not only remembered the perceptual images one by one, but also remembered the order in which some perceptual images appeared. When we perceive a new phenomenon, the perceptual image similar to the new phenomenon in memory and the subsequent perceptual image will be activated, and the change of this perceptual image in the mind will cause people's behavior (note: not only the picture seen by the eyes is called the image, but also the picture seen by the eyes is called the visual image, the sound heard by the ears is called the auditory image, the smell smelled by the nose is called the olfactory image, the taste tasted by the tongue is called the taste image, and the feeling touched by the skin is called the tactile image).

For example, when we see a wolf on the road, the visual image similar to the wolf image in memory will be activated. The first thing that may be activated is the photo of the big dog we have seen. If we are young and don't have a visual image to distinguish between a wolf and a dog, we may greet it. If we remember enough perceptual images, it may be the difference between the wolf's tail and the dog's tail that we heard in the past: the wolf's tail is long and thick, while the dog's tail is short and swings freely. The rapid changes of these newly seen and remembered perceptual images in our minds are enough to make us conclude that we have met a wolf! The next activated perceptual image may be the image of wolves biting people that we have seen or heard of in the past. If we have been scared silly at this moment, the picture in our mind will be interrupted, that is, people often say that the brain is blank, and at this moment we will not produce any behavior except trembling; If we haven't been scared silly at this time, the perceptual image of climbing trees that we heard in the past will be activated again, which will lead to the avoidance of climbing trees! If we happen to be well-informed hunters, the images of gun shooting we have experienced many times in the past will be activated in our minds, so it is not us but wolves that are unlucky!

Why is there conceptual thinking?

Modern research has found that the evolution of language, conceptual thinking and brain structure. It is an important sign that mankind has begun to move towards civilization. The first appearance of language, the emergence of conceptual thinking ability and the increase of human brain capacity, which of these phenomena appeared first and which later? We can't judge accurately at present. However, the existing research results of human history can clearly tell us that in the later period ... >; & gt

Question 6: What does thinking mean? Extroversion type: pay attention to the external world and gain motivation by paying attention to external things.

Introversion: focus on the inner world and gain motivation through introspection, feelings and ideas.

Perception: use five senses to collect data, emphasize facts, and pay attention to reality and specific views.

Intuition: pay attention to the possibility and relevance of things and see the potential prospects.

Thinking: based on objective facts, making decisions by analysis and paying attention to the principle of fairness.

Feelings: When making a decision, we should pay attention to personal values, preferences and principles from a personal perspective.

Judgment: I like an organized life. When I make a plan, I aim at the goal.

Perception: I don't mind unexpected things, like a flexible life, and pay attention to the process rather than the goal.

Question 7: What is thinking? At first, thinking is the process of generalization and indirect reaction of the human brain to objective things with the help of language. Thinking is based on perception and transcends the boundaries of perception. It explores and discovers the intrinsic relationship and regularity of things, which is an advanced stage of the cognitive process [1].

The indirect reflection of thinking on things means that it understands objective things through other media and infers unknown things with the help of existing knowledge, experience and known conditions. The commonness of thinking lies in its rejection of the non-essential attributes of a class of things and its reflection of the same essential characteristics [1].

With the deepening of research, people find that besides logical thinking, there are thinking forms such as image thinking, intuitive thinking and epiphany.

Theoretically, the more detailed the classification, the better. However, some ways of thinking do not need to be strictly distinguished in the process of training and application. First, a variety of ways of thinking always work together. Second, some ways of thinking are unified in a certain way of thinking [2].

abstractness

Intuitive behavior thinking: thinking directly related to material activities, also known as nastic movement thinking. Children's initial thinking is often intuitive action thinking. Athletes' mastery of skills and techniques also needs intuitive action thinking as the basis. This kind of thinking mainly coordinates perception and action, and produces a preliminary summary of intuitive action when it is in direct contact with external things. When perception and action are interrupted, thinking will terminate [2].

Thinking in concrete images: Thinking based on concrete images is the primary stage of thinking in general images. It relies on vivid and vivid images and language. Often used in literary and artistic creation [2].

Abstract logical thinking: thinking in the form of abstract concepts is the core form of human thinking. It mainly relies on concepts, judgments and reasoning to think, which is the most basic and widely used way of thinking for human beings. All normal people have logical thinking ability, but there must be differences [2].

purposiveness

Ascending thinking: from the individual experience provided by practice, the individual experience is promoted to universal understanding. Individual thinking mostly comes from daily life experience, which is too direct and personalized, so it has no universal guiding significance, and its authenticity needs to be tested by practice, and finally rises to universal understanding [2].

Problem-solving thinking: think around the problem, find the intermediate connection with the current situation based on the existing knowledge, and solve the problem. If children solve mathematical problems, they should first analyze the known conditions, look at the problems, and finally find a bridge from conditions to problems [2].

Decisive thinking: thinking centered on standardizing the future experimental process or predicting its effect. Follow the three principles of concreteness, development and transformation and comprehensive balance [2].

Intellectual quality

Reproducing thinking: thinking based on past memories. It is this kind of [2] to copy and apply what you have learned intact.

Creative thinking: relying on past experience and knowledge, but integrating them to form something completely new. For example, integrate several mathematical formulas learned and apply them to a specific problem. Those who are called inventive geniuses are those who are good at creative thinking.

Thinking skills

Inductive thinking: the thinking of deducing their general laws and * * * general conclusions from specific examples.

Deductive thinking: thinking of applying general laws to specific cases. In logic, it is also called deductive reasoning. It is a way of thinking from general principles and principles to specific cases.

Critical thinking: When commenting and criticizing your own ideas or assumptions, you are thinking. Critical thinking has always been emphasized when solving problems. Critical thinking includes six elements: independence, self-confidence, thinking, not superstitious authority, open mind and respect for others.

Concentrate on thinking: find logical connections from many materials, and then draw some conclusions; It is this kind of thinking to compare and study several schemes and get a scheme.

Lateral thinking: thinking that uses "out-of-the-box" information to find solutions to problems, just like the side view of the eyes. Lateral thinking is a way of thinking that draws inspiration from other fields.

Divergent thinking: Also called divergent thinking. There are many answers to the same question, the most common ones are multiple solutions to a problem in mathematics or polysemy in Chinese.

Verification thinking: it is the thinking of verifying a conclusion with the knowledge and experience you have mastered. The structure of verification thinking includes topics, arguments and argumentation methods. Everyone uses verification thinking every day.

Reverse thinking: think from the opposite side and see what the result is.

Lateral thinking: simply speaking, it means thinking left and right, thinking back and forth. This kind of thinking is mostly looking for things related to it ... "";

Question 8: Definition of linear thinking Linear thinking is a one-sided, straight-line and intuitive way of thinking, which keeps cognition in the abstraction of matter rather than essence and takes this abstraction as the starting point of cognition. Formal logic is only intellectual logic, but if it is regarded as a way of thinking, it is a linear way of thinking. This way of thinking can't grasp the essence and laws behind complex economic phenomena. The characteristic of positive linear thinking is that thinking starts from a certain point, expands linearly along the positive direction, passes through one or several points, and finally reaches the correct result of thinking. When answering questions, I finally get the correct answer. For example, the spring is very strong, but it is still windy and rainy in the north, and the spring is chilly. Just after the warm spring breeze passed, there was a refreshing cold rain. I was walking on the grass when suddenly I saw a white butterfly on the fresh spring grass. The butterfly was hit by the rain, and its wet wings trembled slightly and could not be opened. It's dying. But it is as white as a snowflake, soft and slender, lovely and touching, how pitiful! Where did it come from? Where are you flying to? I stared at it, and suddenly it fell into my soul like a drop of holy water, and my heart was illuminated by soft and strong white light. Q: What is the metaphor of "a drop of holy water drops in the depths of the soul"? The focus of this question involves the rhetorical methods of metaphor and the meaning of sentences. To get the final answer, we must start by looking for the ontology of "the sanctity of a drop of water", which refers to the white butterfly, and then think in a positive direction, and the sanctity of the white butterfly actually refers to the white beauty of the white butterfly. If we continue to think forward, we must establish a connection between the white beauty of naive butterflies and "falling in the depths of the soul". It is not difficult to understand that it is the whiteness and tenacity of the white butterfly that touched my heart and made me cherish it all the more. To sum up, you can get the feeling of "cherishing the beauty of the amazing white butterfly", which is the meaning of this sentence and the final answer to the whole question. The whole thinking process begins with the rhetorical method of metaphor and ends with the meaning of the sentence, and always develops linearly in a positive direction. If expressed by a graph, it is the following positive linear thinking graph: the holiness of a drop of water → the white butterfly → the white beauty of the white butterfly → falling into the depths of my soul → touching my heart → cherishing my feelings. The characteristic of reverse linear thinking is that thinking starts from a certain point, and if it expands linearly along the positive direction, no matter how many points it passes through. Since you can't move forward, you must think in the opposite direction. After one or several points, you will finally get the correct thinking result. In the answer, you will finally get the correct answer. For example, for the original text, see the third paragraph of the second part of Shi Tiesheng's "I and Ditan" (the first volume of high school Chinese textbooks). Q: This passage focuses on the survival enlightenment of the mother to the author. What kind of survival enlightenment does the author get from it? This question examines the summary of the ideological content of the paragraph you read. In this process of thinking, the starting point of thinking should be the author's situation, that is, his own disability. If you think ahead, you can only learn endlessly from your own disability, your own misfortune, your own pain ..., and in the end you can't live without yourself, your own pain, misfortune and worthless life and death, so you can't get the correct thinking result. Since the forward direction doesn't work, we might as well try the reverse direction. If you want to think backwards, you have to think for others yourself. The person closest to the author here is his mother. What did your own pain and misfortune bring to your mother? The pain and misfortune of the son can only bring pain and misfortune to the mother. Why does a mother suffer from her son's pain and misfortune? Just because a mother has selfless care for her son. How can I repay my mother's selfless concern? You must return to yourself. Only when you don't indulge in your own pain, get out of the shadow of disability, "live a good life" and face your misfortune with the tenacity of life, can you free your mother and alleviate her pain and misfortune. In a word, the enlightenment to us is "don't indulge in your own pain, disability is the shadow of life itself, and the tenacity of life can come out of the shadow." Survive tenaciously/repay mother's selfless care/mother's selfless care/mother's pain and misfortune/own disability, pain and misfortune. The characteristic of positive linear divergent thinking is that thinking starts from a certain point and diverges linearly along the positive direction. If thinking is not linearly divergent, but straight forward ... ";