When did China put out the fire?

The official fire fighting in the Zhou Dynasty was called "Si Xuan and Si Yao"; In the Song Dynasty, it was called "protecting the horn and diving by fire"; During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it was called "Fire Guard Class". In the 28th year of Guangxu reign (1902), the word "fire fighting" was introduced from Japan, so it was called the fire brigade.

After Song Renzong's Zhao Zhen acceded to the throne, he formulated strict fire prevention measures, selected capable sergeants from the Jingxiang Army, and established a full-time fire control institution-the Army Patrol Shop. This is probably the earliest full-time fire brigade in the history of our country.

According to "Tokyo Dream Record", in Bianjing City, "every lane has 300 steps, and there are five soldiers patrolling the shop". These non-commissioned officers have undergone rigorous training and have a strong sense of responsibility. Their main task is to "patrol at night" to urge residents to turn off the lights on time and eliminate fire hazards. In order to find the fire in time, the military patrol shop is still in the "high brick fire building, and some people are looking forward to it upstairs." In the event of a fire, these noncommissioned officers immediately went to the fire site with fire-fighting equipment to put out the fire. At the same time, the military and political chief of the fire area, Yin Kaifeng, and Ma Buwei in front of the Sanya Temple quickly reported to the person in charge of the garrison in Kyoto at that time, saying that "all leaders have put it out." During the battle, all the troops cooperated closely, some kept alert and some maintained order; Some rescue and resettle injured residents; Some relief property; Some carry water to put out the fire without any confusion. Therefore, "every time a fire is put out, it is put out in an instant" and "it does not cost people and money".

1 13 1 year, Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong moved its capital to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). At this time, the fire control institutions are more perfect. According to Lu, the "Guanfufang Lane" in Lin 'an is nearly 200 steps away, and there is a military patrol shop, and the main streets are equipped with "corner guards". There are more than 2,300 "corner guards" in the city, and more than 20 fire watchtowers have been established.

A strict reward and punishment system has also been formulated to encourage the corner defense forces to March forward bravely in the fire fighting and control the losses to a minimum. For those who obey orders and "fight hard", "reward"; For those injured in the fire fighting, "poor medical conditions" and vacations; Individuals "do not try their best, such as dereliction of duty, disobedience, fear of death, and be punished according to military law."

After Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Tianjin in the late Qing Dynasty, it carved up the concession of Tianjin. In order to prevent the fire in the concession, the Italian invaders recruited Chinese to organize an official fire-fighting meeting, and then the British concession also organized the Tianjin Volunteer Fire Brigade. 1902 after the Qing government (crab) set up the Southern Tour Bureau in Tianjin, the fire fighting meeting was placed under the supervision of China and renamed the Southern Tour Bureau Fire Brigade. This is the first fire police team in China. The following year, a fire brigade was established in Beijing, followed by fire brigades in Harbin, Baoding, Nanjing, Kunming, Guangzhou, Shenyang and Changsha. When these fire brigades were first built, they were all directly under the jurisdiction of local police stations.

In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the Qing court set up a patrol inspection department with a fire department. The chief officer of the fire brigade is called "unified belt" and the deputy is called "state belt". Members of the Royal Fire Brigade are selected from eunuchs who are strong and loyal to the emperor. Their duty is to guard the Palace, Xiyuan and Summer Palace to ensure the royal safety. Most of the fire fighting equipment used at that time was imported from Japan. The practice place of Royal Firefighters is near the Palace, because there is a long firewall and two exhaust skylights on the roof.

Ancient fire-fighting facilities and equipment

Water bag, put out the fire with leather bag and splash tube fire extinguisher in Tang Dynasty. There were water bags, water bags, water pumps and mats in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Gong Liang's "Five Classics Necessary", "Water bag, with horses, cows and miscellaneous animal skins as bags, stores three or four stones, and uses a big bamboo pole to tie it to the mouth of the bag. If the fire reaches the shed, three or five strong men hold down the bag mouth and pour water into the fire. The water bag is like a bag, which contains the cells of pigs and cows. The water pump will start to understand with a long bamboo pole, and the water pole will be wrapped with floc, so that the water can be pumped out from its own understanding. Hemp is tied with an eight-foot pole, and two Jin of hemp will be poured into the fire.

Water tanks, according to the canon of Qing Dynasty, there are 308 large tanks in the Forbidden City. Due to historical changes, there are now more than 200 statues left. There are three kinds of urns in the Forbidden City: bronze gilded auspicious urn, ancient bronze burning urn and cast iron urn. The first auspicious bronze gold-plated jar is more expensive. The number of these jars was small in the Ming Dynasty, but it increased in the Qing Dynasty.

Taiping cylinder

The halls and pavilions of the Forbidden City are all brick and wood structures, which are easy to catch fire. Once a fire breaks out, it will spread quickly if it is not watered in time. To this end, the builders of the Forbidden City paid special attention to fire prevention. These large water tanks in front of the palace are called "Gate Sea", and each water tank can hold more than 3,000 liters of water. There used to be dozens of eunuchs who were in charge of management. Every day, the workers are sent to fetch water from the well and fill the water tanks one by one. In summer, ensure that the water quality is clean and there is no odor; In winter, besides covering the cylinder mouth, it is necessary to wrap a layer of cotton wool coat on the cylinder body. In the particularly cold season, put the tank on a special stone circle and burn charcoal fire day and night to avoid freezing the water in the tank.

The fire control work of the barrel and the Ming dynasty palace was managed by the guards. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a fire prevention class. There were no fewer than 200 people in Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties. The fire brigade, also called the machine bucket, was a very advanced fire-fighting equipment at that time. This kind of domestic fire-fighting equipment was originally placed in the fire brigade building, and now it is collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing. The display sign is "Water Dragon". At present, the Palace Museum in Beijing also collects a kind of fire extinguisher bucket, which is imported from abroad. Foreigners call it "pump", and modern people call it fire pump, which was made more than 100 years ago. At that time, the bucket with four wheels was the predecessor or prototype of the fire truck.

Firefighting wheel: Gu 1 19

Ancient fire laws and regulations

"Zhou Li Guan Xiao Si Kou" records: "In mid-spring, Muduo is forbidden to repair the fire." That is, firemen hand-cranked wooden bells to publicize door-to-door in densely populated areas to remind residents to prevent fires. In the Ming dynasty, there was a bronze bell night patrol system, which was both fire-proof and anti-theft: "At the beginning of the patrol, troops were sent to patrol around the city"; In the Qing dynasty, the rulers pushed this job to the common people. According to the discussion on fire control in Hangzhou, 30 cards should be set up first, with each household in the card taking turns as the head, and each song will reach 10 days. Every morning and evening, the people on duty call each house to "check the fire", then answer "check" and go to the second room.

In various periods of China's history, many laws and codes have been formulated around the rule of law. In the "Wang Yinfa", there is a cruel punishment method of "throwing ashes to justice and breaking their hands", that is, if the ashes abandoned on the road rekindle and cause a fire, they will be punished by breaking their hands. During Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Dynasty, there was a penalty of "abandoning ashes in Taoism, which was embarrassing". The Zhou Dynasty not only set up a "fire official", but also issued a "fire ban order", stipulating that "no mountain forest can be burned in February" and told the people that "a fire in the city is worried about burning houses, and a fire in the wild is harmful to mountain forests". The Jin Law of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Great Laws of the Northern and Southern Dynasties all have fire and water articles. The "Fire Prohibition Order" of the Han Dynasty stipulates: "During the summer solstice, it is forbidden to make a fire, stop charcoal drum casting, and eliminate stones and metallurgy."

The law of the Tang Dynasty (Yonghui Law) is a relatively complete written law preserved in ancient times. Among them, the penalties for fire management, including arson and arson, are all included in the Miscellaneous Law. Provisions: "In the mountainous areas, the people who started the fire only lasted for two years, and those who burned the forest flowed for two thousand miles; If there is a fire outside, everyone will be downgraded. " "Warehouses and warehouses are not allowed to use fire, and offenders are one year." "If it is not timely to burn the fields, it will be sent to 50 yuan, and if it burns the property of others' houses, it will be sent to 80 yuan." Burning fields for the convenience of farming should be carried out after the harvest season. "Off time" refers to the period from February 1 to1October 30th 10. However, due to China's vast territory and different climate, it is stipulated that "the rural law shall prevail when countries are different", and when burning is allowed, it shall be implemented according to local regulations (rural law).

There were many fires in the Song Dynasty, which caused serious losses. Therefore, the fire perpetrators were severely dealt with, and the dereliction of duty officials who were responsible for "leadership" were also punished. For the first time in the Song Dynasty, the army fire fighting regulations were formulated. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the rule of law was more vigorous. Especially in the Yuan Dynasty, the regulations on the stake were relatively complete, not only for arson, but also for the daily fire prevention of the people. For example, "Zhucheng Guo people, neighbors care for each other, there is a fire urn at the door, and water is constantly accumulating. Set fire fighting equipment at home, and everything must be ready "; "Whoever is not ready to put out the fire will be guilty". In order to prevent fire, some cities also prohibit the use of lights at night. Daming Law clearly distinguishes between "the crime of fire failure" and "the crime of fire prevention", adds provisions to punish those who take advantage of the fire to rob without leave and embezzle property, and emphasizes that the evidence of arsonists should be verified to prevent framing and telling lies. After five years of Qianlong reign in Qing Dynasty (1740), the provisions on burning in the Qing Law were re-formulated, which were basically consistent with the Daming Law.

Fire protection design of Hongcun village

Hongcun Village, yi county, Anhui Province, which is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List, is designed for fire prevention. Wang, the ancestor of Hongcun, was born in Tangmo Village, Shexian County. He was doing business in Jinling and was forced to return to China because of a fire. He passed through northern yi county and lived in Shu Qi. Unexpectedly, he fell into a fire again. As a result, the Wang clan came to "Leigang Mountain" in Yixian County and built a village at the current site in the early Ming Dynasty. The Wangs stopped the mountain stream and introduced it into the village, digging a natural water hole in the village into a "moon marsh" pond. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the Wangs collected funds to dig an artificial lake in the south of the village, and under the guidance of Feng Shui masters, they carefully constructed a strange and scientific "cow-shaped village water system". More than 370 feet of water flowing through the front door of each household is in the shape of a cow's intestines, Moon Bay and South Lake are in the shape of a cow's stomach, towering ancient trees are in the shape of horns, and four ancient bridges symbolize a cow's leg. Surrounded by blue sky, white clouds and cauliflower paddy fields, Hongcun lies like a ploughing cow in the green mountains and green waters. The flowing water around the village not only brings aura to Hongcun, but also facilitates domestic water use, regulates the climate and beautifies the environment.

In addition to adequate water diversion, ancient buildings are often equipped with intelligent firewalls in case of emergency. In the Ming Dynasty, in order to ensure that the warehouse for storing the emperor's sacrificial ceremonies was foolproof, the warehouse was set up along the moat and an absolutely reliable fireproof partition wall was built. Every 7 rooms are vacant 1 room, and the four walls of this room are built into brick walls without doors and windows; Then, fill the room with concrete until the top is compacted with a rammer; Finally, seal the brick and cover the tile. In this way, from the outside, it is a house without doors and windows; From the inside, it is a 5-meter-thick firewall. Horsehead wall with white walls and blue tiles is a typical feature of Huizhou architecture, which has dual functions of fire prevention and wind prevention.

The door and window fans of Huizhou ancient dwellings are inlaid with square bricks and covered with iron bars, which is the originator of modern fire doors and security doors. The twisted metal tongue spit out by monsters on the roofs of ancient temples and ancestral temples in Huizhou is actually an ancient lightning rod. These measures are also used to prevent fires.

A glimpse of fire protection of ancient buildings in Yangzhou

"Wanghuolou" can call the police as soon as it catches fire.

"Wanghuo Building" is a wooden structure, located at the northern end of the original teaching venue, west of Quelong Lane. It used to be a fire observation point in the old city of Yangzhou, especially a teaching venue. Once a fire is found, people will press the big clock of Wanghuolou to call the police. It can be said that the "Wanghuo Building" was once the center of Yangzhou fire protection and a historical symbol of Yangzhou fire protection. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the emergency bell of "Wanghuolou" became an alarm for Yangzhou to prevent Japanese enemy planes from bombing.

The "fire lane" has complete fire prevention and extinguishing facilities.

Wudaotai House was built in Qing Dynasty, located in the middle of Taizhou Road in Yangzhou City. Wudaotai houses are surrounded by high-altitude fire walls made of blue bricks. Wind-fire wall is a Zhejiang architectural style, with a screen shape and curved boats at two corners, which means its fire prevention function. Wind-fire wall can not only prevent fire, but also be beautiful. There is also a fire pool with a width of more than 20 meters in Wudaotai House. It is said that the bottom of the pool is connected with the canal, and the water quality is clear for many years, which is not easy to make a profit or loss. It can be used for both entertainment and fire emergency. As for fire lanes and water tanks, they used to be common fire-fighting facilities for large families.

Brother Wudaotai's fireproof wind and fire wall.

In the history of Yangzhou, the wind-fire wall did play a role in preventing fires, and the "water-shaped wall" also fully reflected the fire-fighting consciousness and hard-working wisdom of our ancestors. The house next to a family in Dongguan Street caught fire. Fortunately, there is a wall of wind and fire between the two houses. "The fire roared in the next room, but it didn't come." The burned house was a mess, but the other house across the wind and fire wall was safe and sound.

Water Wall of Water Lane in Yangzhou

The original name of this "hometown of water" is "Shuiziqiang Lane". Water Lane, east of Jiaochang Street in Yangzhou, is the homonym of the "water wall" lane that witnessed Yangzhou's century-old fire fighting history. According to legend, in the east of Yuanmen Bridge in Yangzhou, there is a Guanhou Temple built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. In the forty-second year of Kangxi, the monk Shen Yu rebuilt, sacrificed Liu Bei and Zhang Fei, and changed his name to Sanyi Pavilion. There have been many fires around Yuanmen Bridge. The head of Sanyige thinks that Yuanmen Bridge is a fire place, so he built a tall wind-fire wall behind the main hall, with the word "water" embedded on it, which means that taking water can suppress fire and prevent fire. The "water wall" spread and gradually formed the current water lane.

The fun of ancient fire fighting

The earliest fire laws and regulations in China. In the Spring and Autumn Period, firewood was used as a torch for night lighting to prevent fire. It is stipulated in the Book of Rites that when a ceremony is held, the person who lights the handle holds the torch in his left hand and the unlit firewood in his right hand. Because dry firewood is easy to burn out, there must be spare firewood to continue the fire at any time; We should also prepare a big bowl to receive ash at any time, so that Mars will not fall to the ground. People holding torches must sit in the corner of the house, "Don't let me leave, don't sing" (don't say hello to others, don't talk, don't sing), so as to concentrate on performing their duties and not be distracted ... These regulations show that the left hand of the ancients often lived in a static position, while the right hand often lived in a dynamic position. Holding the torch with your left hand can reduce the risk of open flame interference. Hold the bowl in your right hand and pick up the ash at any time to prevent the residual fire from splashing. Because the corner is not the center of people's activities, the igniter is asked to sit in the corner. These strict regulations indicate that the main purpose is to prevent fire. It can be said that this is the first fire protection law in the history of fire protection in China.

The origin of shouting candles. The ancients in our country have long been aware of fire prevention. According to the Book of Rites, in mid-spring and February, when Mars will appear in the sky, officials in charge of using fire in the court will knock on Muduo, walk around the palace and do a good job in fire prevention propaganda. This is why our country calls for lighting candles. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, after the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the folk custom of shouting fire candles has been enduring for a long time. Every winter, near dusk, there will be waves of shouts in the street, "Be careful with candles in the cold winter, the water tank is full and the kitchen warehouse is clear." At this time, people will go to see if there is a fire at the door of the stove and clean the firewood. In ancient times, there were no clocks to record time. People divide day and night into several hours, each hour, and divide night into five watch days. Others call the candle by the hour and beat the bamboo buzzer to signal.

"Fire" is written backwards. In ancient times, many workshops, warehouses, kitchens, walls and columns were pasted with "Be careful with fire" notes to warn people to use fire safely. This may be the earliest propaganda slogan about fire protection in society. But the word "fire" on the note is mostly written backwards. Fire is the most taboo event. No one wants the fire to "arrive". Why do you need to write backwards? Some old scholars have explained that people will be curious and even discuss when they see the word "fire" written backwards. The purpose of writing slogans is to attract people's attention.