Zhang Kaifan’s life experience

In 1920, Zhang Kaifan entered Wuwei County and studied with Mr. Cui Haiya. The following year, Zhang Kaifan entered the Inspirational Primary School run by the Church of England. English teacher Wang Xianqian was a progressive intellectual. He preached to his students: "There is no God in heaven and earth. The purpose of foreigners coming to China to run schools is to enslave the Chinese people. Religion is opium, an anesthetic." 1922 , Jingcun Primary School was founded as a rival to Inspirational Primary School. Most of the teachers were young people with progressive ideas. Wang Xianshui was appointed as the principal, and Zhang Kaifan transferred to Jingcun Primary School. The school invited Mr. Lu Guanglou, who was an early participant in the revolution, to give a lecture at the school to promote anti-imperialist and patriotic ideas, which left a deep impression on Zhang Kaifan.

In the summer of 1925, Zhang Kaifan graduated from elementary school and went to Wuxi Middle School in Jiangsu Province to study after being introduced by Chinese language teacher Hou Yunqi. Not long after school started, the war between Jiangsu and Zhejiang broke out, threatening Wuxi. Zhang Kaifan returned to his hometown and was admitted to Wuhu Minsheng Middle School at the beginning of the next year, transferring to the third grade.

Minsheng Middle School was a bastion of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal fighting in Wuhu. The principal Gong Qiaoyan (later renamed Wang Shaochun) was an early member of the Communist Party of China. Li Kenong and Qian Xingcun (A Ying), members of the Communist Party of China, are all teachers of the school. In July 1926, the Northern Expedition began. Zhang Kaifan devoted himself to the revolutionary struggle with great enthusiasm. Under the leadership of Li Kenong, he ran around the streets of Jiangcheng to promote the revolution. He also participated in the Wuhu Student Union, a peripheral organization of the Communist Party of China. The clerical department is responsible for writing leaflets and slogans.

On March 6, 1927, the Northern Expeditionary Army entered Wuhu and marched eastward to Nanjing. The dawn of victory of the Great Revolution was in sight, but an undercurrent of counter-revolution was also surging. On March 23, Chiang Kai-shek connived with the Kuomintang rightists to organize thugs to destroy the Anhui Provincial Party Headquarters, the Provincial Federation of Trade Unions, the Provincial Farmers Association Preparatory Committee and other revolutionary parties and organizations. On April 6, 200,000 people in Wuhu gathered to strongly demand the removal of provincial chairman Chen Tiaoyuan, who used violence to extort people's wealth. The 19-year-old Zhang Kaifan performed heroically in the raging revolutionary struggle and withstood the initial training. After the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup, the right wing of the Kuomintang in Anhui brutally hunted down Communist Party members and revolutionaries in the name of "purging the party." Gong Qiaoyan, Li Kenong, and Aying were wanted, and white terror became rampant. Move into clandestine activities. The energetic Zhang Kaifan originally planned to defect to the Wuhan government, which was still allied with the Communist Party to fight against Chiang Kai-shek at that time. However, he heard that the situation in Wuhan was also unstable, so he returned to Wuwei and became a teacher at Xinbanqiao Primary School. Soon, Wuwei established the Wuwei Special Branch of the Communist Party of China. Under the guidance of the special branch, Zhang Kaifan read Marxist-Leninist books such as "The Communist Manifesto" and established his belief in Marxism-Leninism.

In August 1928, Zhang Kaifan joined the Communist Party of China after being introduced by Song Shiying and Deng Yiyu.

After the failure of the Great Revolution, the workers' and peasants' movement reached a low point under the white terror. At this critical moment, Zhang Kaifan joined the Communist Party of China and served as secretary of the district committee. Soon he joined the county committee and still served as a primary school teacher. He used this as a cover to engage in revolutionary activities of the Communist Party. In 1929, he participated in and led the struggle against the hoarding and smuggling of grain profiteers out of the country, and distributed hundreds of thousands of kilograms of grain to hungry farmers. Under the leadership of the county committee, he devoted himself to developing party members, organizing farmers' associations, and expanding the party's influence. The number of party members in the county has rapidly grown to fifty or sixty, and communist party organizations at all levels have been established. The peripheral organizations of the Communist Party, the Student Union, the Relief Society, and the Young Pioneers were successively established, and the Farmers Association was booming. Zhang Kaifan's Wuwei Dongxiang alone had 20,000 to 30,000 members. The county party committee founded a 4-page newspaper "Red Flag", with Zhang Kaifan as the editor-in-chief. An issue was published every three to five or seven to eight days. It published many contents that were welcomed by the working people, including "Farmers' Liberation Song", " "Song of Downing the Local Bulls and Evil Gentlemen" and "Song of Women's Liberation" are widely circulated among the people. The Kuomintang authorities were in panic all day long, lamenting: "Wuwei County is the number one county of the Communist Party!"

In the struggle against grain profiteers smuggling grain out of the country to make huge profits, Zhang Kaifan hired several blacksmiths. Working day and night to make shuttle marks and patrolling day and night. The gentry threatened and accused Zhang Xiguang: "That son of yours is very restless! He has made many weapons and wants to rebel!" During the struggle, one person from the Agricultural Cooperative Association died. One of the thugs of the landlord and profiteer also died. The landlord and profiteer carried the body of the thug to complain. The Kuomintang authorities failed to catch Zhang Kaifan, so they arrested Zhang's father and tortured him in every possible way, and imprisoned him for two months. Zhang's father was extorted 2,000 yuan in "compensation" before being released.

During April and May 1930, the Wuhu Central County Committee of the Communist Party of China (renamed the Southern Anhui Special Committee in September of the same year) repeatedly instructed the Wuwei County Committee to organize armed riots. At this time, "Left" adventurism occupied a dominant position in the Party Central Committee and deployed nationwide riots. In September, the special commissioner held a meeting in Bai Maozhou, Wuwei, to determine the appropriate time to stage a riot, attack Liuzhou, and then capture Tanggou and Sanguandian. After mastering one to two hundred guns, he attacked the county seat, and then moved west to the Dabie Mountains to join the Red Army. During the discussion, Zhang Kaifan believed that the conditions for the riot were premature and was criticized as "rightist". Later, he submitted to organizational decisions.

On the afternoon of December 21, more than 200 people from the riot team gathered at Xinhua Temple in Bai Maozhou. The title given by the Wannan Special Committee was the "Third Guerrilla Column of Wannan of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army", with Liu Jingbo and Deng Yiyu as deputy commanders, and Zhang Kaifan and Ren Changju in charge of political work. Set off at 11 o'clock at night, arrived at Liuzhou Town, and launched a strong attack.

After the failure of the Liuzhou Uprising, Zhang Kaifan and others were wanted by the Kuomintang authorities. Their property was confiscated and their houses were razed to the ground. The situation became increasingly grim. Xia Zixu, secretary of the county party committee, was arrested and sacrificed. Zhang Kaifan was captured several times by the enemy but managed to escape wisely. Once, he and Song Peisheng, a member of the county party committee, swam to break through the enemy's encirclement. Folk rumors spread that Zhang Kaifan could "escape from water". As the external situation worsened, internal dangers also intensified. In July 1931, the guerrilla brigade moved to Zhenwu Hall. In August, brigade staff officer Liu Datong launched a brazen rebellion and killed Zhang Changzhong (Zhang Kaifan's cousin) and Chao County Party Committee Secretary Ni Hetai, among others. Zhang Kaifan moved to Xixiang to persist in the struggle and acted as secretary of the Wuwei County Party Committee of the Communist Party of China, but he only had 5 guns left around him. He convened a meeting of party activists, gathered sixty or seventy party members, and suppressed the bully Ding Defu. However, the situation could not be opened under the attack of the Kuomintang army. In December, Zhang Kaifan was transferred to work in the Wuhu Central County Committee of the Communist Party of China. Before leaving, he said:

There is no need to rely on others when you leave home. Justice is not selfish at present.

A message to parents not to rely on them. The red flag check-in is the time to return.

In early 1932, Zhang Kaifan arrived in Wuhu. The central county party committee had been destroyed by the enemy and could not be contacted. When Song Peisheng's family moved to Sunjiabu in Xuancheng to make a living by fishing, Zhang Kaifan stayed on the Song family's boat. At the same time, he asked Fang Houlu, a staff member of the Fourth Normal University in Xuancheng (former secretary of the Youth League Committee of Wuwei), to help find a party organization. Later, the organization appointed him as the inspector of Xuancheng and Nanling counties. He worked hard, restored the two party branches, and developed party members. Soon, the provincial party committee was destroyed by the enemy, and he lost all contact with the party organization. In February 1933, Zhang Kaifan arrived in Shanghai. At that time, Zhang Kaifan was in dire straits and had no food or clothing. He received generous support from fellow Wuwei fellows Wu Jikao and Hu Zhubing, and occasionally worked odd jobs to earn money to make ends meet.

In March of that year, Liang Yuren, who led the Guangde riots in 1930, was released from prison, which helped him establish a relationship with the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In April, Zhang Kaifan was appointed as Secretary of the Wusong District Committee of the Communist Party of China. The nearly 30 original party branches in the district had all been destroyed by the enemy. After Zhang Kaifan took office, he worked hard to restore the party organization. In just half a year, he rebuilt the Songhu Railway Branch, Paotai Branch, Marine Police Branch, North Shizilin Branch, More than 10 party branches, including the Yongan Cotton Mill Branch, the Tongji University Branch, the Fisheries School Branch, and the Zozaobang Branch, persisted in secret struggle under the white terror.

In October, Zhang Kaifan was transferred to the post of Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Huxi District Committee. He rented a pavilion on Huanlong Road and returned to Wusong in early November to pick up his luggage from the home of Wang Houfang, head of the District Party Committee Organization Department. Due to the betrayal of the traitors Sun Yuqiao (former secretary of the Wusong District Party Committee) and Long Dengyun (former secretary of the Tongji University branch), he He was arrested.

After Zhang Kaifan was arrested, he was imprisoned in the Wusong Town Public Security Bureau. He made up a set of confessions to deceive the enemy: "My name is Wang Wenqiao, a native of Yuncao Town, Hanshan County, Anhui Province. His family owns a grocery store, the store name is Wang Xiangxing. In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), he went to Shanghai and opened a store in North Shizilin. After the Anti-Japanese War broke out in Songhu, he returned to his hometown in Anhui. He just arrived in Shanghai last night and went to Wang Houfang's house to hire a rickshaw (Wang was a rickshaw driver). "Fortunately, the two traitors did not know Zhang Kaifan. The Wusong Town Public Security Bureau couldn't find out why, so they escorted him to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau for further interrogation.

Almost all members of the Supervision Office of the Shanghai Public Security Bureau are traitors to the Chinese Communist Party. Division Chief Zhao He was once the Propaganda Minister of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China. After the rebellion, he became so vicious that he personally interrogated him. Faced with the threat of torture, Zhang Kaifan responded calmly. Because the confession was carefully compiled, four interrogations yielded no results.

At the end of November, Zhang Kaifan was transported to Longhua Town in the southern suburbs of Shanghai and imprisoned in the Songhu Security Headquarters Detention Center. This is a bloody slaughterhouse where the Kuomintang massacred communists and patriots. It is known as the "Yuhuatai of Shanghai". Li Qiushi, Rou Shi, Hu Yepin, Feng Keng, Yin Fu, the five martyrs of the Chinese Left-wing Writers Alliance whom Zhang Kaifan admired, and 23 other famous communists, including Lin Yunan and He Mengxiong, were here on February 7, 1931. Heroic sacrifice. After Zhang Kaifan was imprisoned, he heard gunshots and unyielding slogans almost every night. His widely circulated "Longhua Poetry" was written on the wall of his cell during this period:

Longhua has admired the high wind through the ages, and a strong man will never run out of ambition even after death.

The peach blossoms outside the wall and the blood inside the wall are usually bright and red.

In prison, he and his comrades united closely, strengthened each other, and fought unrelentingly against the Kuomintang military and police. After six interrogations, Zhang Kaifan ignored the enemy's threats and inducements and resolutely refused to change his confession, leaving the enemy helpless. The prison officials commented that he was "stubborn and incorrigible."

Torture and massacre cannot scare the Communists, and high walls and iron windows cannot lock the feelings of patriots. Zhang Kaifan and more than 10 fellow inmates organized the "Lice Control Poetry Society" in prison, composing poems and singing harmony with each other to inspire fighting spirit and strengthen moral integrity. At the same time, poetry was used as a weapon to express revolutionary feelings, expose the cruelty of the enemy, and scold the shameful traitors. Zhang Kaifan's prison poems, no matter whether their skills are mature or not, are all written with blood and blood, and they are all magnificent odes to the Communists' broad mind and ice and snow ethics that will illuminate future generations. Liu Jingbo, the commander of the Six Continents Uprising, was arrested and imprisoned soon after they reunited in Shanghai. He missed his old comrades whose life or death was uncertain:

I am alone in the north and south, and I don’t care about the ups and downs of the lake and the sea. .

I said goodbye to you at the Rushui Tower, but I am happy to see you on the Chunshen River.

There are few close friends in the land filled with beacon smoke, and the turbid wine is full of bottles and has a deep flavor.

The wind and rain are blowing loudly during the concert, and the iron bars lock the heartbroken people.

Another example: Xie Wuchaoxin, a college student and secret party member of the Communist Party of China, was imprisoned, which brought news that the Red Army had successfully defeated the Kuomintang’s fourth encirclement and suppression campaign. He happily wrote a poem:

Frenzy When the martial tide comes, the red sun buries the clouds and the snow covers the steps.

When spring comes back, the wind will be stronger, and you will see the torrential rain shaking the rooftops!

For another example, Zhang Kaifan despised traitors very much. He once wrote poems to scold the traitors Menaidong and Gu Yunlu (the four words "Gu Yunlu dog" were embedded in the poem), and wrote them on the wall:

The old plum blossoms in Lingnan cannot bear the winter.

Wilting before the cold, shameful bamboo and pine!

If you are willing to be a dog regardless of your sentiments, your heart will change like a floating cloud.

How many ways out can we calculate? When the cunning rabbit is cooking, the dog is cooking too!

The brilliance of the Communists’ unyielding personality also moved some conscientious military policemen. Zhang Kaifan wrote a poem and presented it to the guards:

The wind and dew desolate painting corners are sad, Standing on the steps with a gun on your shoulder and a moon on your shoulder.

Sir, wine and blood of soldiers and civilians, whoever is more interested will commit suicide!

Later, the prisoners acted and sang in the cell, and the military police on duty did not interfere. If their superiors came to inspect, they would knock on the iron sheet on the square window of the cell door to report.

Zhang Kaifan compiled his poems in prison into "Collection of Complaints" and asked Su Hua, a fellow inmate who was released from prison, to Hu Sixing, a fellow student from Wuwei who was studying at Shanghai Jiao Tong University at the time, to preserve it on his behalf. Hu risked his life to preserve the collection of poems until after liberation, and then returned them to Zhang Kaifan. They were lost in 1959.

Tao Baichuan, the director of the Military Law Division of Longhua Detention Center, was a notorious spy chief. Under his threats and inducements, Wang Houfang could not stand the test and confessed Zhang Kaifan's identity as a member of the Communist Party of China.

At the end of March 1934, Zhang Kaifan was escorted to Caohejing Prison in Shanghai and learned that he had been sentenced to 5 years in prison for "crimes of endangering the Republic of China". He was shackled and numbered 662. The prison is directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice and Administration of the Kuomintang government. It is large in size and can hold 2,000 people. Jia Prison and Geng Prison are dedicated to detaining political prisoners. Zhang Kaifan was first imprisoned in Geng Prison, which had once imprisoned Yun Daiying and other famous communists, and later he was imprisoned in Jia Prison together with Fang Yi, Guipeng and others. A printing factory, a straw bag factory, a toothbrush factory, a bamboo weaving factory, etc. were set up in the prison to force prisoners to work. Zhang Kaifan was assigned to wear toothbrushes in the toothbrush factory. Because he was educated and allowed to also keep accounts, fellow prisoners called him "Wang Accountant". When he was first imprisoned, a very vicious guard mistook "Secretary Wang" for "Commander Wang" and thought Zhang Kaifan was a division commander of the Red Army, so he brutally tortured him.

In prison, political prisoners connected with each other and persisted in their struggle.

They slacked off work, sabotaged machinery, and used hidden nails to drill through walls to communicate with neighbors. In order to protest against the inhuman abuse, nearly 200 political prisoners in the A and Geng prisons held a hunger strike in August 1935 and put forward four demands: 1. Remove the shackles; 2. Allow the use of paper and pen; 3. Improve the food and not Eat rice mixed with sand; 4. As long as it doesn't rain, you have to ventilate it every day. If they do not agree to the conditions, they will go on a collective hunger strike until death. The news spread to the outside world, and public opinion was in an uproar. The prison authorities were furious, falsely claiming that political prisoners wanted to "riot" and "escape", and identified Zhang Kaifan as the leader. They sent several burly men who looked like wolves and tigers to drag him out and subject him to torture such as stepping on bars. Starting at 8 a.m. The torture lasted until 11 o'clock at night. With the iron will of a Communist Party member, Zhang Kaifan gritted his teeth and never gave in or surrendered. The enemy became angry and put a pair of iron shackles on everyone. The political prisoners remained undaunted and persisted in their hunger strike. After hearing the news, Mr. Shen Junru of the China Civil Rights Protection Alliance questioned the warden in person. On the fourth day of the hunger strike, the prison authorities were afraid that things would get worse, so they had to agree to the conditions.

The victory of the hunger strike frightened the Caohejing prison officials. According to Article 7 of the "Emergency Crimes against the Republic of China" promulgated by the Nationalist Government in 1931, communists and other revolutionaries are "tried by the highest military authority in the region" and imprisoned in military prisons. The prison authorities used the excuse that Caohejing Prison was an ordinary prison and sent Zhang Kaifan and 50 other people to Suzhou Military Prison in October 1936.

The Suzhou Military Prison knew that these 50 people had launched struggles in prison, and they were particularly cruel to them from the beginning, often beating them with military sticks. Under cruel torture by the enemy, Zhang Kaifan contracted typhoid fever and high fever at the end of 1936, leaving only a faint breath. The guards were about to carry Zhang Kaifan to the morgue. At this time, the prison medical officer Wang Wenji came over and fanned Zhang Kaifan's eyes with his hand. When he found that Zhang Kaifan's eyes could still blink, he asked the guards to open the iron for him. He was shackled and given some medicine. The chief medical officer once served in Xu Tingyao's department and was friendly to Zhang Kaifan. But Zhang Kaifan was still critically ill. But he firmly believed in the folk proverb "typhoid fever will not kill you if you starve", and he would never be willing to die like this. As a rule, when a prisoner is critically ill, the prison authorities invite nuns to pray in front of the bedside. The nuns leave two cans of condensed milk before leaving. With his strong willpower and the help of these two cans of condensed milk, Zhang Kaifan temporarily escaped from the hands of death, but his body was still extremely weak and he could not eat or drink.

At this time, fellow inmate Zhang Guangtian also contracted typhoid fever and lived with Zhang Kaifan. Zhang Guangtian is a member of the Communist Party of China and a native of Shaanxi. His father has a close friendship with Yu Youren and Yang Hucheng, the elders of the Kuomintang. But his father agreed with his son's integrity and strict conduct. Zhang Guangtian poured out his passionate affection for Zhang Kaifan. At the same time, he also gave Zhang Kaifan a share of the food, medicine and other supplies that were constantly sent from home. Zhang Kaifan finally survived.

During Zhang Kaifan's eight-month serious illness, great changes took place in the world outside prison. The July 7th Incident and the August 13th Songhu Anti-Japanese War broke out one after another. The Kuomintang's second cooperation was successful, and the Chinese Communist Party's strong Demand the release of political prisoners. On August 18, Zhang Kaifan was released from prison and returned to his hometown. In October, he resumed contact with the Communist Party of China organization, reported to the Nanjing Eighth Route Army Office, and was later sent back to Wuwei to carry out work.

Chao County is the hometown of the patriotic general Feng Yuxiang. Feng sent his nephew Feng Hongqian, alias Ma Renyan, to open an anti-Japanese cadre training class in Chao County. In February 1938, Zhang Kaifan served as a democratic movement instructor in this class and at the same time carried out the work of the Communist Party of China. On April 30, Chaoxian County fell. Zhang Kaifan and Feng Wenhua called on students to arm themselves to resist Japan, but only about 10 people responded. After the battles in Xiaofuling and Xiage Town, the number grew to more than 200 people. On this basis, the first anti-Japanese local armed force in central Anhui, the Chao County Huangshan Guerrilla Brigade, was established. Feng Wenhua was appointed as the captain and Zhang Kaifan was appointed as the political commissar. They jointly commanded the battles of Dongshankou, Xishanyi, Hesao Liu, and Guishan. Although the scale was small, they successfully curbed the Japanese harassment of Zhegao and Huangshan areas in Chaoxian County.

At the end of June, a rebellion broke out within the guerrilla brigade. Zhang Kaifan and Feng Wenhua asked for help from the Northeast Exile Anti-Japanese Advance Team of the Fourth Detachment of the New Fourth Army. They eliminated the rebels and organized the remainder of the guerrilla brigade into the second detachment of the advance team. Feng Wenhua , Zhang served as detachment leader and instructor. In July, the advancing team crossed the Chu River and marched into Quanjiao. The force expanded to nearly 2,000 people, so it was renamed the advancing column. It had 2 regiments and 1 directly affiliated team. Feng and Zhang were respectively the commander and political commissar of the 1st regiment.

In early August, Zhao Fengzao, commissioner of the Fifth Administrative District of the Anhui Provincial Government of the Kuomintang, gathered the armed forces of Hexian and Hanshan counties and attacked the advancing column. Liu Ziqing, the leader of the second regiment, rebelled and the troops were reduced to less than 700 people. In September, after joining forces with the Eighth Regiment of the Fourth Detachment of the New Fourth Army, it was renamed the Northeast Exile Anti-Japanese Advance Regiment. There are two battalions under its jurisdiction, and Zhang Kaifan serves as the instructor of the second battalion. In November, the advancing regiment was reorganized by the Eighth Regiment, and the remaining troops formed the Chaoxian Anti-Japanese Self-Defense Brigade. Wu Hua was appointed captain and Zhang Kaifan was appointed instructor to carry out the anti-Japanese struggle in the Zhegao area of ??Chaoxian County. In February 1939, the Self-Defense Brigade was renamed the New Fourth Army Anti-Japanese Eastward March Brigade and marched into Hexian and Hanshan. At the end of June, the Jincheng Temple incident occurred.

Jinchengmiao is a small village near the Chu River in He County, with a ferry. Li Benyi, the commissioner of the Fifth District of the Kuomintang, collaborated with businessmen to buy a batch of grain and loaded it on more than a dozen ships with the intention of transporting it to enemy-occupied areas for sale and making huge profits. The New Fourth Army objected to "supporting the enemy" (abbreviation for aiding the enemy) and sent Wu Huaduo and a company to the ferry to prohibit sailing, resulting in a stalemate. At that time, Kuomintang cooperation had not yet broken down in eastern Anhui. Qi Shiqian, a member of the Wandong Working Committee of the Communist Party of China and Secretary of the Hexian County Party Committee, wrote a letter in which he instructed: Neither the grain ships should be allowed to leave, nor armed conflicts allowed to occur, but negotiations and arguments must be made. In particular, armed conflicts are not allowed to affect the united front. Zhang Kaifan rushed to Jincheng Temple overnight to hand over the letter. Wu Huaduo expressed his embarrassment: "We are not allowed to use force. What if the other party forces the ship to sail?" Zhang Kaifan said: "You must follow the instructions and avoid armed conflicts as much as possible." After dawn, Li Benyi's adjutant came to the ferry and demanded A representative was sent to negotiate, and Zhang Kaifan went with him. Just after walking out of half a mile, a regiment of Li Ben's troops who were lying in wait swarmed up and surrounded the company led by Wu Huaduo on three sides (the other side was the Chu River). The adjutant accidentally fired Zhang Kaifan's pistol. The company was disarmed due to instructions against armed conflict and negotiations. After the incident, his superiors believed that the incident was detrimental to the reputation of the New Fourth Army and dismissed Zhang Kaifan from his post. He was transferred to the Political Department of the Fifth Detachment of the New Fourth Army as the General Affairs Section Chief. At that time, many responsible comrades believed that Zhang Kaifan was conveying orders and encountered sudden changes, so he had some responsibility and did not make any big mistakes. Although this incident brought many troubles and even disasters to Zhang Kaifan in the following decades, he always insisted that he alone bear full responsibility.

Not long after Zhang Kaifan arrived at the fifth detachment, he was promoted to secretary-general of the headquarters, responsible for secretarial work, united front work and external liaison work. In August, the five detachments crossed the Jinpu Railway and advanced eastward, fighting in the vast areas of Yangzhou, Yizheng, Tianchang, Gaoyou, Xuyi, Jiashan, Lai'an, and Liuhe. Zhang Kaifan moved with the headquarters. In December, as the representative of Commander Luo Binghui, he traveled through enemy-occupied areas in disguise, advanced to the column station through Ye Fei's headquarters, and went to Taizhou to do united front work for Li Mingyang, the commander-in-chief of the Kuomintang army's Sulu-Anhui border guerrillas. Li Mingyang had fought with Luo Binghui during the Northern Expedition. Having fought side by side with the Third Army of the National Revolutionary Army, this trip achieved the expected results.

On March 15, 1940, the first anti-Japanese democratic government in the east of Jinpu Road in Huainan was established in Lai'an County. The democrats Zheng Bochuan was appointed as the county magistrate, and Zhang Kaifan was appointed as the secretary of the Lai'an County Party Committee and county magistrate. The government secretary actually presides over various tasks. In early April, Liu Shaoqi led the Central Plains Bureau of the Communist Party of China and the Jiangbei Command of the New Fourth Army to move to the Banta area of ??Lai'an County. When someone reported that Zhang Kaifan's suppression of counter-revolutionary activities was too harsh, Liu Shaoqi said: "I agree with Comrade Zhang Kaifan's approach, use heavy codes in troubled times!"

In October, Zhang Kaifan was transferred to the post of Secretary-General of the Jinpu Road East Joint Defense Office. Deng Zihui, director of the office, and Fang Yi, deputy director. It has jurisdiction over the county governments of Lai'an, Tianchang, Jiashan, Xuyi, Liuhe, Gaoyou, and Yizheng and four directly affiliated districts. Zhang Kaifan is in charge of the clerical, general affairs, and secretarial departments, and is dedicated to food and fundraising, pre-conscription support, cargo inspection, etc., as well as the work of receiving and settling comrades from Shanghai, Nanjing and other places to Yan'an and northern Jiangsu. In December, Zhang Kaifan married Shi Mai, a female soldier of the New Fourth Army. In January 1941, Zhang Kaifan concurrently served as the Secretary-General of the Jinpu Road East Council and participated in the drafting and formulation of various laws and regulations in the base area. In May, he also served as the secretary-general of the Jinpu Road East District Committee of the Communist Party of China, and participated in guiding the work of the Communist Party of China in eight counties east of the road. Zhang Kaifan won the trust of the organization and the respect of his comrades with his firm revolutionary stance, abundant energy, profound knowledge and ability to deal with complicated affairs.

Zhang Kaifan has quite extensive connections and influence among the masses and upper-class people in central Anhui. Lu Huisheng, an inaction progressive, calls him the "only surviving" among the early inaction revolutionaries. In July 1942, the Central Anhui Council decided to establish the Central Anhui Administrative Office, with Lu Huisheng as the director.

Soon, Li Buxin, Sun Zhongde, and Huang Xian, heads of the Seventh Division of the New Fourth Army and the Party Committee of Central Anhui District, went to the Second Division and the Party Committee of East Anhui District and requested to transfer some cadres, and asked Zhang Kaifan to serve as deputy director of the Central Anhui Administrative Office.

In December, Zeng Xisheng, political commissar of the Seventh Division, sent Yuan Dapeng to lead an armed platoon to greet him. Zhang Kaifan led more than 60 military and political cadres in eastern Anhui and embarked on a new journey. They forcibly crossed the Jinpu Railway, crossed the Chu River at night, and met up with Ma Changyan of the Seventh Division by the windy and snowy Chu River. It was New Year's Day in 1943 within a few days of arriving at the division headquarters.

The Seventh Division of the New Fourth Army was established in Dongxiang, Wuwei County on May 1, 1941, with the backbone of the athletes who bravely broke through during the Wannan Incident. The Anti-Japanese Base in Central Anhui controls the Yangtze River waterway and the southern end of the Huainan Railway. It is densely populated and rich in products, and its strategic position is very important. Therefore, the Japanese invading army repeatedly mobilized heavy troops and frantically raided its central area. In 1943 alone, the main force of the Seventh Division fought against the Japanese and puppet troops 189 times. In 1944, the Seventh Division and local armed forces fought against the Japanese and puppet troops more than 760 times. The Kuomintang die-hards also aided the tyranny, frequently attacked and launched anti-Japanese frictions.

After Zhang Kaifan took office as deputy director of the Central Anhui Administrative Office, he served as party secretary within the Communist Party of China. The administrative office consists of civil affairs, finance, culture and education, public security, justice and other departments to perform political functions. Zhang Kaifan and Lu Huisheng worked together and worked hard under the leadership of the district party committee. In 1943, they guided the establishment of three administrative offices in Hudong, Jiang (Pu) Quan (Jiao), and Linjiang, and four administrative supervision offices in Han (Shan) Chao (County), Wu (Wei) South, Tongling, and Fanchang. and Ship Management Office. In 1944, three administrative offices were established: Tongling, Qingyang, Nanling, Nanling, Changwu, and Xuancheng, and Jiangliu Shipping Office. At the end of the year, the Hehan Commissioner's Office was established, with jurisdiction over the Hexian Anti-Japanese Democratic Government and two administrative offices, Jiangquan and Hanchao. A joint administrative office along the Yangtze River has been established in the Yangtze River area, with jurisdiction over the Peng (Zedong) East (Liu) to (De) Administrative Offices. Great achievements have been made in developing local areas with arms, establishing the "three systems" regime, developing the main force of economic support, and developing cultural and educational undertakings, among which the united front and financial and economic work are particularly outstanding. Following the establishment of the Central Anhui Senate with the famous democrat Jin Zhishi as speaker and a large number of patriotic democrats united, the anti-Japanese national united front became increasingly consolidated. County-level councils such as Wuwei, Linjiang, Hudong, and Han were also established successively. The Administrative Office's Financial and Economic Committee has contributed to ensuring military and administrative supplies.

In April 1943, the Administrative Office established the General Administration of Trade Administration (referred to as the "Integrated Trading Company" to the outside world), and exchanged local products from Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuhu and other enemy-occupied areas for machinery that was in short supply in the base area. , steel, explosives, detonators, telecommunications equipment, medical supplies and other materials. In June, the Administrative Office established Dajiang Bank, issued Dajiang coins, and controlled and occupied the financial market. The administrative office also organized people to build embankments and gates, build ponds and dams, and develop water conservancy projects to benefit the people.

With the joint efforts of the party, government, military and civilians in central Anhui, the "Fu Qi Division" became famous in central Anhui and supported fraternal units such as the New Fourth Army Headquarters and the Second Division.

In December 1944, in compliance with the instructions of the New Fourth Army Headquarters regarding the Seventh Division’s “main development direction in the future to be south of the Yangtze River”, the Wannan Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China and the leadership of the Wannan Detachment left their original residence in Baimaozhou, Wuwei County. Cross the Yangtze River south and enter Tongling. Zhang Kaifan, as deputy director of the Central Anhui Administrative Office and secretary of the Party Leadership Group, went to southern Anhui to serve as deputy secretary of the Central Anhui Prefectural Committee and Minister of Organization. Before leaving, the political commissar of the Seventh Division Zeng Xisheng and Zhang Kaifan discussed that the base area already spanned the north and south of the Yangtze River, so it was inappropriate to call it "Wanzhong" and should be changed to "Wanjiang". In the spring of the following year, the Wanzhong District Party Committee was renamed as the Wanjiang District Party Committee, and the Wanzhong Administrative Office was also renamed as the Wanjiang Administrative Office.

On the night of December 31, 1944, Zhang Kaifan led a group of cadres and capable armed forces to cross the Yangtze River by boat. After arriving at the south bank, they won the first battle and captured the enemy stronghold in Chishatan Town. He became more and more excited, chanting loudly in the wind and snow:

Crossing the Tongfanwanren Mountain in the south, he rode straight down to the red sand beach.

But I will support heaven and earth with truth, and vow to sweep away the demonic atmosphere and bring peace to the world.

The clouds swallow up the setting sun in the sky, and the hatred of the lush forest turns into violent waves.

It is said that marching in the snow is hard, but the red flag in the snow is more beautiful!

The Japanese, puppets, and rebels were very afraid of the New Fourth Army's advance into southern Anhui. In February 1945, they jointly attacked the Tongfan area and were crushed by the New Fourth Army.

After the Wannan Incident, the Kuomintang adopted counter-revolutionary tactics and coerced and lured many people into joining the Kuomintang or the Three Youth League. The Wannan Prefectural Committee under the jurisdiction of the Tong (Ling) Qing (Yang) Nan (Ling) County Committee and Fanchang County Committee (renamed Nan (in May) Fanwu Working Committee), Nan (Ling) Wu (Hu) Xuan (City) County Committee (later changed to Nanwu Working Committee, Nanwu County Committee), Xuancheng County Committee, Wannan Mountain Center County Committee (formerly Jingjing Tai Center County Committee), The Jing (County) South Working Committee established the Wuhu City Working Committee in the enemy-occupied areas. The Wannan Commissioner's Office, established on March 19, has jurisdiction over Fanchang County Government, Tongling County Government, and two administrative offices in Xuancheng and Nan (Ling) Wu (Hu). By August, the number of party, government, and military agencies and the Wannan detachment had grown to more than 3,000.

On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Wannan Detachment cleared the Japanese and puppet strongholds around Wuhu, connecting Dangtu and Xuancheng with the Jiangsu and Zhejiang Liberated Areas. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to give up eight liberated areas, including Wanjiang, in order to strive for domestic peace and stop the civil war. On September 15, Zhang Kaifan withdrew northward with the Seventh Division. More than 100 cadres and democrats at or above the county level who evacuated north formed a cadre brigade, with Jiang Jingyu as the brigade leader and Zhang Kaifan as the political commissar. They crossed Chao Lake by boat at Senbing Town. On the boat, Zhang Kaifan wrote a poem with great emotion:

The shadow of the sails on the lake and the setting sun shone coldly, and the three armies bid farewell to Chaonan with tears.

I send my message to my parents to take it seriously, and I will turn the sadness of separation into a volcano.

In early October, Zhang Kaifan and his cadre brigade arrived in Huaiyin, an important town in northern Jiangsu.

On October 29, 1945, the Jiangsu-Anhui Border Region Government was established in Huaiyin, with Li Yimeng as chairman, Liu Ruilong, Ji Fang, Wei Cui and Fang Yi as vice-chairmen, and Zhang Kaifan as secretary-general. The border region government consists of the Department of Civil Affairs, Department of Finance, Department of Construction, Department of Education, Public Security Bureau, Cargo Inspection Bureau, Transportation Bureau, Water Conservancy Bureau, Health Bureau, Bank, Salt Management Bureau, Xinhua Branch and Communication Office. There are many famous cultural figures gathered in Huaiyin city, including Fan Changjiang, Sun Yefang, etc. in the border district government alone. There are more passing cadres going north or south. In addition to handling daily work, Zhang Kaifan is also busy with receptions.

After the armistice agreement was signed on January 10, 1946, Zhang Kaifan devoted a lot of energy to assisting the Huaiyin Group of the Military Coordination Office's Executive Department, which was composed of the country, the Communist Party of China, and the United States. On July 4, when representatives of the Communist Party of China Zhou Enlai and Dong Biwu met with representatives of the Kuomintang, they resolutely rejected Chen Cheng's unreasonable request for "all military and political agencies and troops of the Communist Party of China to withdraw from northern Jiangsu", and the negotiations broke down. On the 12th, the Kuomintang army invaded the Jiangsu-Anhui border area in three routes with 150,000 troops. On September 15, four divisions of the Kuomintang army Li Yannian's troops, under the cover of aircraft, stormed Huaiyin City. Zhang Kaifan participated in organizing frontline support during the Huaiyin Defense War. On the 19th, we took the initiative to withdraw from Huaiyin and headed for Shandong.

After entering Shandong, the border region government acted alone. It arrived in Yantai in March 1947 and crossed the Bohai Sea to Dalian in September. In March 1948, they returned to Shandong.

On April 27, the East China People's Liberation Army captured Wei County and wiped out 25,000 enemies. Zhang Kaifan, who had been appointed as the mayor of Weifang Special City, was ordered to be transferred to the Eastern Front Corps (led by Tan Zhenlin and Xu Shiyou) as the Secretary-General of the Former Enemy Committee. At the same time, he was sent with a large number of cadres to take over the city at any time. The war situation in Shandong developed rapidly. By the end of October, the provincial capital Jinan and most of the province were liberated. During this period, Zhang Kaifan drafted a large number of documents and notices, wrote letters to persuade Wu Huawen to surrender, and handled matters assigned by Tan Zhenlin and other responsible comrades. On November 6, the Huaihai Campaign was launched. After the Nianzhuang battle ended on the 22nd, he followed Tan Zhenlin to the battlefield to deal with the aftermath. Xuzhou was liberated on December 2. He entered Xuzhou with the army and soon moved to Jiawang. On January 10, 1949, the Huaihai Campaign ended victoriously, and Zhang Kaifan received approval from the East China Bureau to transfer to local work.

In February 1949, Zhang Kaifan arrived in Bengbu. In the second half of the year, the Anhui Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China was formed, and he was one of the 14 members. On April 3, the East China Bureau decided not to establish the Anhui Provincial Party Committee and the Anhui Provincial Government for the time being, and to establish the southern and northern Anhui administrative regions with the Yangtze River as the boundary. On April 6, the Wannai District Party Committee was formed, with Zeng Xisheng as secretary, Huang Yan and Li Shinong as first and second deputy secretaries respectively, and Zhang Kaifan as one of the five members of the district party committee and concurrently as the propaganda director. He devoted great energy to receiving the large number of cadres who came south from Shanxi, Cha, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other provinces. In May after the victory in the Battle of Crossing the River, Zhang Kaifan was appointed Secretary of the Hefei Municipal Party Committee of the Communist Party of China.

After the birth of New China, the East China Bureau instructed to improve the Huainan Coal Mine. In November, Zhang Kaifan was transferred to the position of Secretary of the Party Committee of Huainan Mining Area. Retired in 1985.

According to the relevant regulations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and in compliance with Zhang Kaifan’s will of “no funeral arrangements”, no farewell ceremony or memorial service was held. But thousands of people spontaneously went to the Hefei funeral home to see him off.