What is the order in which English sentences are arranged?

The descriptions of words in the two languages ??are relatively similar:

1 Both have stable structural forms

2 Both have relatively independent concepts

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3 is the structural element of the sentence

Differences:

1 In pronunciation

2 In writing

Comparison of word formation

Word is the basic unit of language, but it is not the smallest meaningful unit and can be divided into smaller units.

Commonly used English word formation methods: affixation, composition, compounding, shortening, blending, conversion, and Backformation.

Common word-formation methods in modern Chinese: overlapping, affixing, compounding, and abbreviation.

1.1 Addition

In English, it is extremely active. Eg. Derivatives of Nation

The number of affixes indicating parts of speech in Chinese is obviously not as large as that in English, and it is not as productive as English affixes. Eg. Fellow, tiger, noisy, sour

1.2 Compounds& compounding

Chinese: The order of word formation is mainly restricted by logical causality and syntactic structure relations

Ancient and modern, knock down, good and evil, relatives and friends, stranded, snow white, unfold

English: Restricted by the morphological changes of the word, try to let the latter word reflect the part of speech of the compound word

hot line, hard-liner, brain-wash, heart-broken

stress pattern: `highchair—the chair babies sit in

high`chair—noun phrase

1.3 Abbreviation clipping

English: 1. Remove a certain part of the word, and the remaining part will be more concise in writing form and pronunciation. The meaning and part of speech generally remain the same as the original word. Words formed in this way are called clipped words.

2 acronyms:

3 Alphabetic abbreviations

Chinese: 1. Compress complex nouns into a simple noun. Some abbreviations have been fixed and gradually become new words. . For example, educated youth, People's Liberation Army, chemical industry

2 Use numbers to summarize the characteristics or components of a group of words to form new words. For example, five grains and four transformations.

1.4 Overlapping method

English: overlapping words, mostly words that imitate sounds.

Chinese: Words with overlapping sounds are more active.

In addition to having a certain emotional meaning, the use of overlapping words can also bring about harmonious effects of phonological rhythm, enhance the atmosphere, and enhance the expressiveness of language.

(1) The tick-tack of sleet on frosted windowpanes aroused me from sleep.

(2)Everything was heaped higgledy-piggledy on the luggage racks.

< p>(3) Runtu said, and asked Shuisheng to come and do some arching, but the child was shy and stuck close to his back.

(4)Science is honest knowledge, without any falsehood, and requires hard work.

Overlapping words are a unique phenomenon in Chinese. Almost all kinds of content words can be used overlappingly. The overlapping forms of Chinese verbs and adjectives have no corresponding forms in English, making it often difficult to translate from Chinese to English.

(5) The monkey jumped several times in succession, but still failed to catch the apple.

(6) After he retired, he usually read books, played chess, and chatted with old friends, and he was not lonely.

Comparison of parts of speech

Words in English and Chinese are traditionally divided into two categories: content words and function words. They are further divided into different categories based on their collocation and combination characteristics.

The classification of parts of speech is basically the same. However, the collocation capabilities of the same part of speech in the two languages ??are not the same, and the components they play in the huge sum of money are also different. English is a comprehensive-analytic language, and words have morphological changes. Chinese is a typical analytic language, with no morphological changes in words. In addition, there are a certain number of function words in both languages, which are not only inconsistent in classification, but also have great differences in usage. This part mainly compares nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions to find out the similarities and differences in the use of each corresponding part of speech in English and Chinese.

2.1 Comparison of nouns

Category comparison

English: countable and uncountable nouns; Chinese: countless changes

Countable nouns in English Directly use the plural form of countable nouns to express vague quantitative relationships, but in Chinese, you need to use other means, such as using quantitative phrases, adverbs, overlapping forms, etc. For example,

Changes have happened to him since we were separated.

At the graduation ceremony, these unruly students were somewhat moved by the countless words of advice.

Translation examples:

(1) Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.

(2 ) There're canteens around the campus.

(3) Adversaries are powerful without question.

(4) This ancient town is located among the beautiful mountains.

(5) The deserted night sky is filled with stars.

Word formation comparison

(6) The doctor's extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.

(7) Participate Academic seminars are very necessary.

(8) The hard facts have shown the objectivity and correctness of the report.

(9) The heater prevents fog from forming on the car windows.

Comparison of grammatical functions

English nouns cannot be used as predicates, but Chinese nouns can. Limited to nouns expressing time, weather, place of origin, etc.

(10) Today is Friday. We’ll be free tomorrow.

(11) Rice costs two yuan a pound.

Modifier comparison

English generally does not accept modification by adverbs.

There is a man on the top of the hill on which an old pine tree is standing against the searing sun that has just come out of the thick clouds which frightens the farmers cutting the wheat in the field and three pedestrians on the way home.

The same goes for Chinese.

The positional relationship between the modifier and the central word

(12) The man to take part in our party is a professor from a famous university abroad.

( 13) Who is that person who talks endlessly?

(14) The man who stands at the corner is Tom's brother.

Quantity modifier

(15) Flowers bloom all over the yard.

Quantity modifier

(15) Flowers bloom all over the yard.

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(16) The road was packed with men and women.

(17) The lion is the king of animals.

(18) Three months have passed , still no news from them.

Clause modifiers

English: attributive clause, appositive clause

(19) The inspired churchman that teaches him the sanctity of life and the importance of conduct is sent away empty.

(20) He insisted on buying another coat, which he had no use for.

(21) We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.

(22) There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.

(23) He passed in the middle of the garden, exercising his fingers, which are slightly numbed by her greeting.

2.2 Verb comparison

There are many differences:

< p>The biggest difference is that English verbs have grammatical morphological changes, indicating various grammatical meanings; Chinese verbs have no morphological changes, and the word form itself cannot express grammatical meanings.

English verbs are the core of English sentences; Chinese sentences can be without verbs.

Transitive verbs with or without objects

English verbs are less frequent than Chinese verbs.

Comparison of the grammatical meanings of English and Chinese verbs

English verbs involve six grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood.

Chinese verbs do not have morphological changes, and the grammatical meaning is realized by context, vocabulary (time words, adverbs, particles, etc.), intonation, etc. Verbs are flexible in their choice of means of expressing grammatical meaning.

This difference should be taken seriously.

I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students.

He had known of you.

I'll be lying in my bed when you are at home.

Who of my age has never experienced hardship?

The boys were having fun when, suddenly, there was a crackle, The wires were on fire.

Comparison of the functions of English and Chinese verbs in sentence construction

In English sentence construction, a clause generally contains at least one subject-predicate structure, and the predicate must be served by a verb phrase. The verb is the core of the sentence.

Chinese sentences are mainly based on meaning and verbs are not necessary. In addition to verb-based sentences, adjective-predicate sentences, noun-predicate sentences and subject-predicate sentences abound.

Comparison of the transitivity of English and Chinese verbs

It is mandatory for English transitive verbs to take objects, while the objects of Chinese transitive verbs often do not appear.

Example:

If there are any mistakes in my speech, please correct me.

The guy lives by borrowing money.

Can the students behind you hear me clearly?

If you have got the answer, please write it on the blackboard.

Comparison of the frequency of verb usage in English and Chinese

Within the language, the frequency of verb usage in English is higher Lower than nouns, vice versa in Chinese

Chinese verbs are used more frequently than English verbs.

Example:

Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.

Xu Beihong is particularly good at painting horses.

The thieves realized that the police had discovered them.

2.3 Comparison of adjectives

Contrast as complements

Chinese adjectives as predicates (not available in English)

Contrast as subjects and objects< /p>

a. Comparison of complements

In the SVOC structure with adjectives as complements, the verbs mainly express verbs with meanings such as "causing" and "thinking", which are consistent with the Chinese "ba" sentences. The sentence patterns of subject-predicate phrase as object are very similar.

Example sentence:

She dyed her white hair black.

She found the child fast sleep.

Chinese adjectives serve as complements, and their The semantic direction is extremely complex and can be the subject, object, or predicate verb of the sentence.

Example:

Clean the table.

Everyone has agreed, this time it’s all up to you.

b. Chinese adjectives as predicates

Example:

The room was noisy.

His desk is clean and the documents are neatly arranged. He is really a tidy young man.

The child calmed down.

The sky is getting dark.

c. Compare subject and object

Example sentence:

A policy requires many unemployed either to find a job or to accept full-time training or higher education.

Humility makes people progress.

Working is beautiful.

2.4 Comparison of adverbs

In spoken English, simple adverbs are used in more than 60% of English, and in written language, they are also used in more than 30%; while -ly adverbs are used in 20% of spoken English, More than 55% in written language. The stylistic color of Chinese is not as obvious as that of English.

For example: He seldom calls on me.

That's pretty good.

He is physically weak but mentally sound.

What film will be on this evening?

The child is very happy.

2.5 Conjunction comparison

Difference 1: English conjunctions must be used, but Chinese can sometimes be omitted, relying on word order to reflect logical relationships.

Coordinating conjunctions

He is Jack of all trades but master of none.

The teacher unfolded his lecture draft and began reading as usual.

They've finished half of it, and that's not bad.

Subordinate conjunction

As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. < /p>

If we grasp the main contradiction, all problems can be easily solved.

Difference 2:

English subordinating conjunctions can only guide subordinate clauses, while Chinese conjunctions can guide both main and subordinate clauses.

(Although) I can drive, but my skills are not good enough.

I found that she was not as nice as she pretend to be.

Difference 3:

The English clause can be before the main clause (to express emphasis), It can also come after the main clause (usually); the position of Chinese clauses is generally relatively fixed: the partial sentence comes first and the main sentence comes after.

Compare:

a. (Although) I can drive, but my skills are not good enough.

b. *But the technology is not sophisticated enough (although) I can drive.

a. He didn't go with us because he was busy.

b. Because he was busy, he didn't go with us.

Difference 4:

Except for a few subordinating conjunctions in English that can be used with certain adverbs to emphasize the relationship between main clauses, and some fixed correlative subordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions are generally used alone; in Chinese Positive conjunctions are usually used in pairs.

If .. then, so… that…, although… yet…

You are not as dumb as you look, are you?

Although/but , if/then, even/also

Difference 5:

English subordinating conjunctions often have multiple meanings and multiple functions, while Chinese partial conjunctions generally have one meaning and one function Relatively fixed.

That contemporary American English is exuberantly vigorous is undeniable.

She hoped that he would arrive on time.

He was saddened that she felt so little for him .

2.6 Preposition comparison

Difference 1:

English prepositions have a wide range of collocations, strong collocation capabilities, and very complex usage.

Mainly because English prepositions, especially simple prepositions, are generally polysemous, and each meaning can only be revealed in a specific combination, and this combination is usually fixed. In addition, as a means of connection, English prepositions generally cannot be omitted at will, otherwise grammatically unreasonable sentences will appear, which is mandatory.

Chinese prepositions are not so rich in meaning. In many cases, prepositions can be omitted without affecting the expression of meaning.

Difference 2:

Prepositions in English can be followed by clauses and adverbs as objects, but not in Chinese.

Until now

You can take anything with you except what has been mentioned previously.

Difference 3:

English prepositions can be formed Fixed collocations, there are no similar fixed phrases in Chinese

at ease, at school, at hand, at table, by chance…

These phrases can only be accumulated and memorized in the learning process. It’s not something that can be solved with just one or two rules.

Faulty construction was responsible for the crash. ·

The police are responsible for the preservation of public order and security.

A people's government is responsible to the people.

Difference 4:

Some English prepositions have implicit comparative meanings and negative meanings. Prepositions expressing implicit comparative meanings are usually prepositions expressing time or location.

He graduated one year after me.

The economy of far inland areas is at least twenty years behind that of the coastline areas.

I'll pay nothing beyond the stated price.

His performance is far beyond our imagination.

Prepositions that express negative meaning are usually prepositions that express time or location.

To make such a decision is above his power.

This translation is still off perfection.

Comparison of word meanings

3.1 Referential meaning Comparison

Denotative meaning: designative meaning / denotative meaning

Due to different histories, different cultural backgrounds, and different ways of thinking, different nations have different ways and perspectives of understanding and describing the objective world. same.

A. The phenomenon of complete equivalence in English and Chinese referential meanings

Commonly found in special vocabulary, scientific terms or natural phenomena

the United Nations

The Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean

earthquake earthquake

B. The phenomenon of partial correspondence between English and Chinese referential meanings

The meanings covered by words in their respective languages ??are different They are all the same, only one or several words have the same meaning, but in other respects they have completely different meanings. The concept or meaning range of a word in English is wider than that of the corresponding Chinese word.

The river runs clear.

His nose is running.

He runs the bookstore.

He ran through his money. < /p>

The ship ran on a rock.

The novel has run into ten editions. The concept or meaning range of the word in English is narrower than the corresponding Chinese word.

Error analysis:

Can you introduce me to a book?

Could you introduce me a book?

Take the word "eat" as an example. The Chinese meaning provided in dictionaries is usually "eat". But eat is generally limited to eating food and the like, and many other uses of "eat" in Chinese often cannot be translated as eat, as shown in the following examples:

Take medicine

< p>Take regret medicine

Surprised

Eat hardship

Suffer a loss

Stay on your laurels

Be popular

He has booked a train ticket to Beijing.

The two sides entered into a ceasefire agreement.

They have already set production plans for next year.

She ordered herself a pizza.

C. The phenomenon of complete incompatibility between English and Chinese referential meanings

Such words often carry the extremely unique cultural connotation of a certain nation or have a special background.

For example: when water gate is used as a common noun, the corresponding meaning in Chinese is "water gate, gate". When used as a specific noun, Watergate refers to the Watergate Building, where the headquarters of the Democratic Party of the United States is located, in June 1972. Leak scandal, because there is no corresponding word in Chinese, is translated as "Watergate incident or scandal" by way of paraphrase. Another example:

3.2 Comparison of associative meanings

Also known as connotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to words spoken in different contexts, different discourses, or for different identities. The special information, value or emotional attitude displayed by the user when using it.

In the process of language learning, it is more difficult to determine the associative meaning of a certain word than to determine the referential meaning, because the associative meaning of words is mainly derived from various contexts and is often subtle and elusive. ; It is impossible for any dictionary to include the possible associative meanings produced by words. This requires learners not only to master sufficient language knowledge, but also to have a broad understanding of relevant background knowledge.

A. The phenomenon of similar meanings in English and Chinese associations

The *** nature of human thinking

"Pig": inferior, stupid, vulgar and dirty Pigs are animals that may cause people to have unsightly or even disgusting associations with pigs due to their breeding environment and living habits.

to bring one's pigs to the wrong market

to buy a pig in a poke (sack bag)

to live like pigs in clover

to teach a pig to play on a flute

Pigs might fly (if they had wings).

We might win! Pigs might fly.

In Chinese: What expressions are there related to "pig"?

The similarity in associative meaning is also found in proverbs:

to fish in troubled waters

to add fuel to the fire

Walls have ears.

Strike while the iron is hot.

B. The phenomenon of conflicting meanings in English and Chinese associations

The personality of human thinking

Example: "petrel in the storm"

DOG

Every dog ??his its/ his day.

Help a lame dog over a stile.

Clever dog

Lucky dog ??

How would you feel if Lu Xun's "homeless dog" and "drowned dog" were translated into homeless dog, dog in water?

Syntax comparison

English emphasizes form and combination, emphasizes the integrity of sentence structure, and pays attention to the specification of structural form.

Chinese emphasizes meaning and logic.

There can be modifying words before and after the components of an English sentence. There is a clear connection between the main clause and the subordinate clause. Phrases within phrases form overlapping multi-level phrases. The sentences thus formed are like a "towering tree". "Tree, with branches growing everywhere."

Chinese short sentences are often omitted between clauses. The logical relationship and semantics of the sentence are reflected by the order of clauses; nouns are not allowed to have postpositions. Attributive, and the prepositional attributive should not be too long. The resulting sentence is like "Ten thousand expanse of blue waves, advancing layer by layer."

Comparison of basic sentence patterns

Similarities: They are arranged in the order of subject and predicate

Differences: English requires a complete subject-predicate structure, and the position must contain a limit Form predicate verb; Chinese does not necessarily have both.

Sentence structure hierarchy

In English complex sentences, there is a syntactic hierarchical relationship between clauses, with one clause serving as the sentence component of the upper-level clause, for example:

He is the person we mentioned at the meeting.

Sentence structure level

There is a logical semantic relationship between the clauses of a Chinese compound sentence, and the syntactic relationship is independent and equal. Relationship, rather than hierarchical relationship in English

Example: Although he is knowledgeable, the students don't like him very much because he always looks askance at people. (Causal relationship)

Sentence elements

Subject and predicate verb are the basic elements that constitute an English sentence.

Chinese sentences can be divided into subject-predicate sentences and non-subject-predicate sentences. Almost all parts of speech in subject-predicate sentences can be used as predicates.

He twenty-five years old.

She very beautiful.

But in Chinese:

Today is my birthday.

The scenery here is so beautiful.

I will take the English test tomorrow.

The wind is blowing.

The sun is out!

Comparison of English and Chinese subjects

Instinctive subjects and animate subjects, subject-predicate sentences and subjectless subjects

Inanimate subjects and animate subjects

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Spiritual Sentences: Taking humans or animals as the subject of service

Sentences without Spirit: Taking inanimate things as the subject of service (rarely seen in Chinese)

< p>Anthropomorphic inanimate sentences appear in large numbers in English and can be roughly divided into three types: personification, semi-anthropomorphism and non-rhetorical color

Anthropomorphic inanimate sentences take into account the rhetorical color of the original sentence and can be directly transferred Personification sentences in Chinese

make language vivid and vivid, especially in proverbs and aphorisms.

However, it is difficult to find corresponding verbs in Chinese for some English verbs, so other methods other than personification can only be used

Semi-anthropomorphic non-spiritual sentences

Some Although some non-spiritual sentences can bring certain associations to people, the anthropomorphic color has been diluted. Such sentences often use verbs such as see and witness as predicates to express certain experiences.

Semi-anthropomorphic inanimate sentences

This type of sentence often uses time and place as the subject, but when translated into Chinese, time and place are often used as adverbials

Occasionally change the subject There can be exceptions to the principle

Rhetorical and non-spiritual sentences

Some non-spiritual sentences have lost their anthropomorphic rhetorical color. Common verbs in such sentences are: find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, happen, occur, etc.

English sentences often use things or abstract nouns as subjects, have strict structure, and are concise and concise. , the tone is implicit and evocative, reflecting the sense of humor of Westerners. Chinese generally uses specific nouns or people as the subject. When translating, the non-spiritual sentences in English are translated into spiritual sentences in Chinese - the principle of spiritualization (principle of animation)

Subject-Predicate Sentences and Subject-less Sentences

Chinese has many subject-less sentences, while English requires a subject-predicate except for imperative sentences.

Chinese subjectless sentences are divided into five categories

1) "You" is used as a predicate verb. Example: There are several students playing ball on the playground.

2) Express existence, appearance or disappearance. Example: There are many flowers planted in the yard.

3) Express natural phenomena (including time and season). Example: It’s hailing.

4) Slogans and slogans Example: No smoking!

5) Proverbs and maxims. As long as the green hills remain, there is no need to worry about running out of firewood.

1) "有" as a predicate verb is equivalent to there be...doing/done/to do

There is a car waiting outside.

A window was smashed by a child.

2) It means existence, appearance or disappearance - generally there are three translations

A new bridge was built on the river.

There is a new movie coming out tonight.

3) To express natural phenomena, it is generally used as the subject.

It was already late autumn.

It is eight o'clock in the morning

4) Slogan

If it appears in a title or slogan, it usually appears in a non-predicate form

< p>No smoking!

Do your best to overcome difficulties.

·If it appears in an article, it usually appears in the form of a sentence

5) Proverbs and aphorisms, or dealt with in phrases, imperative sentences or complete sentences

The subject It is usually the performer of the action or the object stated by the predicate. However, in some English sentences, the subject contains adverbial meaning, and the principle of subject-verb adverbialization can often be used in meaning.

When result from, stem from, be due to, etc. are used as predicates, the subject represents the result, and the part after the predicate represents the cause. Such sentences are often expressed as causal sentences in Chinese.

Comparison of English and Chinese predicates

1) Nouns used as verbs as predicates

2) Adjectives used as verbs as predicates

3) Containing causative meanings The verb serves as a predicate

4) Static predicate

1) The noun serves as a verb and serves as a predicate

Although nouns cannot be used to directly serve as predicates in English, a large number of Nouns can be converted into verbs as predicates, making the language more concise, compact and vivid, and are often used in metaphors.

·Sometimes the conversion of a noun into a verb is a metaphor. When translated into Chinese, it becomes a simile such as "like...the same, like"

2) The adjective is used as a verb and acts as a predicate, translated as " Become, or make...become"

3) Verbs with causative meaning serve as predicates

The actor of some predicate verbs in English is not the subject, but the object, the subject It just prompts an action to be carried out. This type of sentence is equivalent to make + compound object, and is usually translated into the concurrent form when translated into Chinese.

4) Static predicate

In Chinese, verbs do not have morphological changes. In addition to being predicates, they can also be used as subject, definite, adverbial, complement, and object. In English, verbs can only be used as predicates. A predicate needs to use its noun, adjective, adverb or non-predicate form to act as other components. Chinese verbs appear more often and have dynamic characteristics. In English, verbs appear less frequently. Weak verbs (be, become) and verbs (have, make, take, bring, etc.) are commonly used, making English appear static.

In English, weak verbs are often used to replace specific action verbs.

It is more consistent with English habits to use verbs that are empty. Vague verbs are mostly polysemous verbs. When used as predicates, the meaning of the word is weakened, while the meaning of the subsequent action noun verb is enhanced.

Be + adj. + n. Logically speaking, the adjective is modified by its adverb Function of verbs

He is a good performer.

He was considered a poor loser.

My family are all early risers.

He is known as a maker of many enemies.

He is a heavy smoker.

He is a good listener and they like to talk with him.

I'm not much of a sailor.

Be + adj. + n

We should adopt this pattern in Chinese-English translation

She is fashionably dressed .

She is a sharp dresser.

I am afraid of flying.

I’m a nervous flier.

He always speaks straightforwardly.

He has always been a straight talker.

To one's + n. This structure has a causative meaning

Comparison of English and Chinese objects

Cognate object

Special verb-object structure

The structure of the Chinese word "ba" and the English compound object

The difference in the expression forms of English and Chinese objects

1 Cognate object

There is a type of intransitive verb in English, which can take its noun form as an object, which is called a cognate object. There is no similar grammatical phenomenon in Chinese. Please pay attention when translating from English to Chinese. Chinese custom

Cognate objects must take adjectives

2 Special verb-object structures

In English, there is a type of verb followed by "possessive pronoun + action noun" "Although this type of verb serves as a predicate in a sentence, it functions as an adverbial of manner and must be adjusted during translation.

She smiled her thanks.

3 The structure of the Chinese word "ba" and the English compound object

The structure of the Chinese word "ba" is equivalent to the word "get" in English Sentence structure, and "have sth done" (the action was done by someone else)

The Chinese word "ba" can be expressed in various forms in English

1) .We haven’t figured out the long-term plan yet.

2). I am exhausted from a day’s hard work.

To express "treat A as B", English can use "treat...as...,regard...as...etc."

At first we all regarded him as a coward, but soon we I found that I had seen it wrong.

Bazi sentences with double objects

In Chinese, the object referring to the object is often brought before the verb, and the object referring to the person is left after the verb. In English, both objects are usually placed placed after the verb

4 Differences in the expression forms of English and Chinese objects

Nominative and objective cases

Reflexive pronouns as objects

"Mutual "Notation

Form object it

too...to Sentence pattern

Nominative and accusative case

There are no morphological changes in pronouns in Chinese and The distinction between subject and object is the opposite in English.

Reflexive pronouns as objects

Mutual expression

each other/one another/mutual

Formal object it

< p>His timely help enabled us to achieve success.

too…to sentence pattern

This dress is too small for (me) to wear.

Comparison of English and Chinese attributives

Comparison of attributive positions

Adverbial attributive clauses

Separating attributives

Double possessive

Comparison of attributive positions

Attributives in English can be divided into prepositioned and postpositioned attributives. In Chinese, attributives always appear before the noun they modify

Prepositioned Such as: Stone bridge; large room; wounded soldier; sleeping child

Subsequent such as: books important to students; the so