Discussion on how to improve the grade quality of tobacco leaves

At the 20 10 National Tobacco Work Conference, Director Jiang Chengkang once again put forward the requirement of "comprehensively promoting the cigarette quality and striving to maintain the sustained and healthy development of the industry". How to provide high-quality tobacco leaf protection for key backbone brands has become a global and strategic issue related to the development of the industry. The rapid development of key backbone brands has put forward new and higher requirements for tobacco work. Then, as a tobacco producing area, how to seize the "lifeline" of grade quality, become the key backbone brand and high-quality tobacco raw materials of large tobacco groups, and be invincible in the competition? The author thinks that in order to improve the quality of tobacco grade, it is necessary to do well in all aspects of tobacco production, grading and acquisition. 1. Doing a good job in tobacco production is the basis for improving tobacco grade and quality. As the saying goes, "A clever woman can't cook without rice", and good tobacco grade quality is based on the high-quality tobacco provided by tobacco production. Tobacco production is a systematic work with many restrictive factors, which are greatly influenced by ecological conditions, variety selection, breeding technology, cultivation management, mature harvesting and baking level. Improper handling of one of the links will cause changes in the internal quality of tobacco leaves and ultimately affect the quality of tobacco leaves. Therefore, we should do a good job in the basic project of tobacco production, and grasp the following key points: 1, optimize varieties, scientifically raise seedlings, transplant in time, and rationally plant closely. Flue-cured tobacco varieties represent the types and inheritance of tobacco leaves and are relatively stable genetic basis. Different varieties, different number of leaves, different plant height, different growth period, different disease resistance and different curing characteristics, the corresponding produced leaves are different in width, size and thickness, which leads to different quality of tobacco leaves. The selection of tobacco varieties should be based on six principles: selecting varieties that have been approved (identified), selecting improved varieties according to local conditions, considering the demand and development of cigarette enterprises for raw materials, paying attention to rational collocation, paying attention to rational distribution of varieties, and matching good varieties. On the basis of optimizing varieties, specialized seedling raising and commercialized seedling supply were adopted, and timely transplanting was carried out according to the climatic conditions in different regions. 2. Balanced fertilization. Fertilization is closely related to tobacco quality. Rational fertilization can not only improve the yield of tobacco leaves, but also significantly improve the grade of tobacco leaves. If fertilization is insufficient, it will easily lead to the defoliation of tobacco leaves in the late stage of tobacco plant development, the leaves will not open normally or grow poorly, and there are often false ripe or smooth tobacco leaves, with low yield and poor quality. If too much fertilizer is applied (mainly too much nitrogen), it will often cause tobacco black storm, rough organization and low grade quality. 3. Mature harvesting and scientific baking. Tobacco harvesting should follow the following basic principles: lower leaves should be harvested early in time; The middle leaves are mature and harvested steadily; The upper leaves are fully ripe and harvested. Pick 2-3 leaves per plant at a time, and collect 4-6 leaves at the top once when mature, and collect about 5 times for each cigarette. After harvesting, attention should be paid to the classification, grading and stalk sharing of fresh tobacco. There are many links in tobacco curing, and any problem in any link will affect the quality of tobacco curing. Therefore, every step and link in baking must be carefully implemented in strict accordance with the requirements of technical standards, and there can be no carelessness. By mastering the technical standards, the baking quality of tobacco leaves can be improved, the waste of tobacco resources can be reduced, and the rate of high-quality tobacco leaves leaving the kang can be improved. Second, grasping tobacco grading is the key to improve the quality of tobacco grading, which affects the purity of tobacco grading, the price of tobacco sold by tobacco farmers and the use of raw materials by industrial enterprises. Pay attention to this book: 1, and solve ideological problems. Tobacco farmers are tobacco holders, and their ideological understanding determines the level of tobacco grading. According to the principle in flue-cured tobacco (GB2635-92) that "a batch of tobacco leaves has a lower grade at the boundary between two grades", a handful of tobacco leaves has a lower grade when mixed with several grades. Therefore, it is necessary to guide tobacco farmers to calculate their own economic accounts, let them see the benefits, realize that good grading and improving the purity of tobacco leaves can increase their income, and thus take the initiative to do this work well. 2. Solve technical problems. At present, tobacco grading is mainly operated by tobacco farmers themselves, and a few tobacco-growing areas are gradually promoting professional grading. According to the classification of tobacco farmers, it is mainly managed by the tobacco primary inspection system. Tobacco enterprises can improve the grading level by organizing technical training of tobacco grading, holding on-site meetings of tobacco grading and on-site guidance services of tobacco technicians (pre-inspectors), and control unqualified tobacco leaves to enter the acquisition link through pre-inspection; In view of the advantages of specialized grading, tobacco companies can give support, guidance, technical guidance and supervision and management, because it can improve the efficiency and purity of tobacco grading, reduce the labor intensity and tobacco loss of tobacco farmers, and facilitate the tracking of quality responsibility. 3. Grasping tobacco leaf purchase is the core of improving tobacco leaf grade quality and the lifeline of tobacco leaf management enterprises. Enterprises should control through tobacco purchase, which runs through the main line of tobacco grade and quality, and strengthen management mainly from the following aspects: 1, and strengthen ideological education. It is the objective demand of the cigarette industry for tobacco buyers to establish the concept of survival, efficiency and development by quality and purchase tobacco leaves by grades according to national standards. It is also an important measure to safeguard the interests of tobacco farmers, enterprises and local governments, realize the stable purchase of tobacco leaves, stabilize the tobacco market order, avoid the ups and downs of tobacco production, and promote the stable development of tobacco production, so as to actively participate in the study of grading technology, study the grading technology, and consciously and actively control the grade. 2. Strengthen the management of tobacco physical standard samples. The physical sample of tobacco leaves is the proof of tobacco grade quality inspection and grading inspection, and sample preparation is the key link of purchasing grade quality control. On the basis of national flue-cured tobacco standards, it is necessary to formulate tobacco purchasing guidance samples according to national tobacco benchmark samples and provincial imitation samples, combined with local tobacco quality characteristics and quality level. If the standard is set high, it will directly affect the income of tobacco farmers; If the standard is too low, it will harm the interests of industrial enterprises. In order to ensure the scientific and reasonable preparation of tobacco samples, timely replacement and sample acquisition were carried out under the principle of changing tobacco samples every day, according to the progress of tobacco acquisition and the influence of climate and environment on samples. It is strictly forbidden to determine the grade based on previous years' experience and personal feelings, resulting in mixed grades, mixed colors and mixed parts, which will affect the overall grade purity and quality level of local tobacco leaves. The production areas where modern tobacco agriculture is promoted in the county should jointly produce procurement guidance samples with counterparts to ensure that the quality of tobacco procurement meets the raw material needs of industrial enterprises. 3. Strengthen the control of key links in tobacco purchase. The initial inspection and grading of tobacco purchasing places are the key links of tobacco purchasing. Whether the purity of tobacco grade can be guaranteed and whether the grade can be accurately determined plays a decisive role in the quality of tobacco purchase grade. To control this link well, we must first ensure the initial inspection. Only the pre-sealed tobacco leaves can enter the initial inspection link, and the specifications of tobacco leaves, the purity of cut stems, whether they are moldy or damp, etc. are strictly checked. And further check the tobacco leaves after the initial inspection. The second is to do a good job of grading. Tobacco leaves entering the secret room should be thrown one by one, layer by layer. According to the control sample of tobacco leaf purchase, the tobacco leaf grade is carefully graded to ensure the qualified rate of tobacco leaf grade. The third is to ensure the quality inspection, set up a tobacco grade quality inspection team in the tobacco producing areas, conduct patrol inspection on the quality of tobacco purchasing stations according to the requirements of the State Administration, and organize tobacco purchasing inspections three times a month. The fourth is to check the quality of stored tobacco leaves. The import and export of tobacco leaves is the last important pass to control the qualified rate of industrial and commercial handover of tobacco leaves, which must be strictly controlled. In order to effectively put tobacco leaves in and out of the warehouse, a grading inspection team can be set up in the tobacco producing area to review the qualified rate of the stored tobacco leaves, and those that fail to pass the inspection will be resolutely returned for rework and re-inspection. 4. Strengthen the management of tobacco procurement order. Tobacco is a special commodity. China's laws stipulate that tobacco should be monopolized, and the state imposes high taxes on the tobacco industry. However, there are still some underground counterfeit cigarette factories that need a lot of tobacco leaves. In order to survive, they paid a high price for tobacco leaves, which was driven by interests. Tobacco companies evade taxes through illegal transactions and indirectly obtain high profits. A considerable number of tobacco farmers can't stand the temptation of high prices from tobacco companies. In addition, the current "Tobacco Planting Purchase Contract" is not binding on them, which leads some ignorant and greedy tobacco farmers to be deceived and sell the stored tobacco leaves to tobacco sellers together, but they cannot fulfill the contracted delivery quantity. In the case that it is difficult to complete the acquisition plan, the grade and quality of tobacco leaves are difficult to guarantee. Four. Prospect of improving tobacco grade quality: in 20 10, six producing areas in China will carry out specialized grading loose leaf acquisition pilot projects, three tobacco-growing areas will choose 1 base unit to carry out pilot projects, and 32 counties will choose 1 unit or region to promote modern tobacco agriculture to carry out pilot projects. Under the new procurement mode, through unified service and intensive management, the grading cost is reduced and the grading quality and efficiency are improved. Promoting the specialized division of labor and intensive management of tobacco production can greatly improve the grade and quality of tobacco leaves, and because of the deep participation of industrial enterprises, the quality of tobacco leaves in tobacco-producing areas can better meet the demand of cigarettes for high-quality raw materials.