Slogan of scattered objects

1. How to classify rural domestic waste?

With the development of society and the continuous improvement of economic level, people produce more and more domestic garbage, especially rural domestic garbage. It mainly includes batteries, light bulbs, pesticide bottles, paint buckets, waste water silver thermometers, expired drugs, ink cartridges, selenium drums, non-degradable plastic products (ultra-thin plastic bags, agricultural films) and so on. With the development of rural and urban-rural integration, the amount of this kind of garbage is increasing year by year. This kind of garbage has the greatest potential harm to the rural ecological environment and needs special safety treatment. For example, button cell contains toxic heavy metal mercury; Rechargeable batteries contain harmful heavy metal cadmium; Dry batteries contain mercury, lead, acid and alkali substances and other substances harmful to the environment. However, waste plastic products are difficult to decompose, destroying soil and reducing plant growth by 30%; Groundwater may be polluted after landfill; Incineration will produce harmful gases. How to deal with rural domestic garbage to truly achieve harmlessness? What about our home? We can't help worrying. Therefore, the first problem to be solved is to carry out popular science propaganda and enhance farmers' awareness of environmental protection. Because it is very important to shape the social participation consciousness of social individuals and even social organizations through effective environmental education. Doing a good job in the treatment of rural domestic waste requires the active participation and cooperation of rural residents, and environmental protection departments, news media and teaching units need to go to the countryside to publicize and popularize environmental protection knowledge. We should be good at combining and using World Environment Day, Earth Day and National Patriotic Health Month. Hanging environmental protection propaganda slogans in public places, organizing cadres, the masses and students to carry out environmental sanitation cleaning, using radio, television and other media to carry out publicity, holding mass environmental knowledge competitions and other activities to attract the active participation of the general public and gradually improve residents' environmental awareness. The publicity and education of environmental awareness should start with the details that are closest to farmers' lives, so that environmental knowledge can be in "zero distance" contact with them in the form of small tricks, thus narrowing the distance between knowledge and life, eliminating farmers' conflicting plots and improving the publicity effect.

The treatment technology of "fast, harmless, non-surplus, resource-based and industrialization" is called "LJ five-oriented" treatment technology for short. This craft set: 1

Uniform feeding of municipal solid waste and automatic sorting system of large-size waste; 2

Bagged garbage automatic bag breaking and organic matter automatic crushing system; three

Fully enclosed mechanized sorting system for municipal solid waste; four

Organic hydrolysis water thermal oxidation fertilizer system; five

Inorganic building materials system; five

Plastic refining or granulation system; six

Non-recoverable combustible pyrolysis gasification and waste heat utilization system; seven

Exhaust gas treatment system; eight

Eight treatment systems, such as sewage treatment system, are integrated into one, which can treat municipal solid waste generated in various places on the same day and produce products on the same day. This technology has been successfully applied to waste treatment plants in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi and other places, and has achieved obvious economic and social benefits in various places, realizing the recycling and industrialization of waste treatment to the maximum extent. Experts agree that this technology treats waste with waste, which meets the requirements of circular economy development and represents the development direction of garbage disposal in China.

2. Classification of rural domestic waste

There are four common methods to deal with rural domestic garbage.

1. thermophilic aerobic composting technology

Composting is a metabolic process of microbial degradation of organic matter in garbage, and the organic matter in garbage becomes stable organic residue after decomposition at high temperature. Aerobic composting process usually consists of pretreatment, main fermentation, post-fermentation, post-treatment and storage. When the content of organic matter in garbage is more than 15%, composting can make garbage harmless and reduce. Garbage compost can be used in agricultural production to increase soil organic matter content. Therefore, the recycling benefit of waste composting method is remarkable, but composting requires high organic matter content and low heavy metal content in waste.

2. Biomass gasification technology

This technology uses rich organic waste resources in rural areas, such as straw, firewood, chaff and other wastes, to generate combustible gas after pyrolysis at high temperature. It has the advantages of high energy conversion rate, low energy consumption, long combustion time, large and stable firepower and no pollution during combustion. It can not only improve the rural production and living environment, but also save resources and energy. The organic waste purification furnace adopting this technology is convenient to use and low in cost, and has three functions of cooking, heating and showering.

3. Earthworm composting technology

The basic principle of earthworm composting technology is to use the characteristics of earthworm eating carrion, eating a wide range and eating a large amount. Its digestive tract can secrete protease, lipolytic enzyme, cellulolytic enzyme, chitinase, amylase and other enzymes. The organic solid waste fermented to a certain extent is fed to earthworm as food, which is converted into feces with good physical, chemical and biological characteristics through digestion, metabolism and extrusion of earthworm digestive tract, so as to achieve the purpose of harmlessness, reduction and resource utilization.

4. Anaerobic fermentation technology

Anaerobic fermentation is the energy needed to make organic matter produce combustible gas-biogas and convert organic matter into domestic fuel through microbial fermentation in anaerobic environment. At the same time, biogas and biogas residue are high-quality fertilizers. This method makes the organic matter fully resource. The fermentation raw materials are mainly human and livestock manure. It has the advantages of recycling waste, convenient management, less investment, simple operation and so on, which is convenient for popularization and use in vast rural areas.

3. Scientific knowledge in rural domestic waste treatment

The integrated technology project of harmless treatment of municipal solid waste is led by Guangzhou Institute of Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and implemented by Chen Yong, the chief scientist. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, completed the demonstration of integrated technology project of recycling and energy utilization of municipal solid waste, which is one of 100 scientific and technological innovation projects in Guangdong Province.

The demonstration project was built in Boluo County, Guangdong Province, with the special support of 100 projects as the starting capital, with a total investment of 22.85 million yuan. It is a 200-ton/day energy self-sufficient municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment and utilization system. The first phase of the project treats 54,000 tons of domestic garbage and produces 65,438 tons of organic compound fertilizer+8,000 tons. The problem of urban garbage disposal affects the national economy and people's livelihood, and the output of garbage increases sharply, which seriously harms the environment.

China's garbage storage reached 6 billion tons, 1.997, and China's annual garbage output reached1.400 million tons, with an annual growth rate of 8- 10%. Up to now, the vast majority of municipal solid waste in China is still mainly piled and buried in the open air, which not only occupies valuable land resources, but also causes serious secondary pollution to the environment. It is imperative to study the comprehensive management technology.

On the one hand, the main obstacle to the recycling of garbage lies in the complex composition of garbage itself and the difficulty of recycling. On the other hand, the research and development of related technologies has not kept up. The existing utilization technology often adopts a single mode (such as incineration for power generation) and treats different garbage components in the same way, resulting in a large amount of consumption and poor economy in the treatment process itself.

Therefore, it is of great significance to study the key technologies of comprehensive treatment of different components of garbage according to local conditions, which is a major event related to the national economy and people's livelihood. The demonstration project is ingeniously conceived, and the comprehensive technology makes full use of its strengths and avoids its weaknesses. Cities at home and abroad mainly adopt methods such as landfill, composting and incineration, among which landfill technology covers a large area; Composting technology has the disadvantages of volume reduction, reduction and low degree of harmlessness; Using waste incineration technology has a high degree of reduction, but the investment is huge.

Therefore, simply relying on a certain technology to deal with garbage is not the fundamental method to solve the garbage problem suitable for China's national conditions. According to the characteristics of municipal solid waste in China, and from the viewpoint that garbage is a kind of misplaced resource, this project has developed a new technology and process of garbage treatment and recycling with low investment, high treatment efficiency and low cost-energy self-sufficient municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment and utilization system.

According to the different components and physical and chemical properties of garbage in China, different garbage treatment technologies are organically combined to achieve the goal of reduction, reduction and harmlessness, and at the same time, the treatment cost is reduced to the lowest level, and garbage resources are comprehensively utilized as much as possible. On the basis of studying the composition of domestic waste in Boluo County, the researchers of this project put forward a system integration technology combining sorting, organic waste fermentation, fertilizer processing, combustible pyrolysis-incineration, gasification power generation and inorganic waste landfill: (1) sorting municipal domestic waste to recover renewable materials, such as recycled plastics, metals, waste paper and glass; Combustible materials separated by combustion; Fermenting the sorted perishable organic garbage, and making the treated organic garbage into organic fertilizer; Inorganic waste can be used for landfill, paving or soil improvement (fine inorganic waste).

(2) During the fermentation process, municipal organic waste can be harmlessly decomposed by microorganisms and produced into organic fertilizer, which can provide organic fertilizer for agriculture. Rotting organic waste comes from spontaneous combustion and returns to nature, thus maintaining the natural ecology. The process can adopt rapid aerobic fermentation and high temperature ripening, and the treatment period is 15 days.

The waste gas produced by closed fermentation is concentrated and discharged at a high level, and the exudate produced in the fermentation process is recycled without wastewater discharge. (3) Organic Waste Treatment and Fertilization Technology The way out for urban organic waste treatment is to produce fertilizer. The successful sale of fertilizer and its wide application range make the garbage treatment go smoothly, and will also obtain certain economic benefits.

As far as product quality is concerned, besides compost quality, the treatment of organic waste is also very important. The treated organic waste is processed into fine powder fertilizer through secondary screening, coarse compost production or drying, which can be used in paddy fields, dry land and various crops.

In addition, it can also be made into organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, which not only has obvious yield-increasing effect, but also can improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer. (4) Incineration technology is characterized by rapid reduction and is suitable for treating combustible organic wastes. This treatment technology uses combustible organic matter separated in the separation process for incineration.

Because the garbage used for incineration has low moisture content and high calorific value, there is no need to add auxiliary combustion during incineration, and the generated heat energy is used for fertilizer making and drying, which can save energy. The process uses pyrolysis and incineration technology to reduce the volume and quantity of combustible organic waste.

Pyrolysis incineration is an advanced incineration technology developed internationally. This technology takes advantage of the high volatility of organic matter in garbage. Firstly, the garbage is pyrolyzed (or gasified), and then the volatiles are released and burned in gas phase.

Through pyrolysis, gasification and incineration, dust, NOX, SOX and HCl in flue gas are removed and washed, which ensures the discharge of tail gas up to standard. (5) Gasification power generation technology adopts waste gasification-internal combustion engine power generation technology of Guangzhou Institute of Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and its principle is the same as pyrolysis (gasification) incineration.

Combustible gas burns at high temperature in internal combustion engine, which can completely burn harmful macromolecular organic matter and generate small molecular harmless substances such as CO2 and H2O. The process has the characteristics of small installed capacity, low investment and flexible and convenient start-up.

This process is the key link to reduce the production cost. (6) Landfill technology The original landfill facilities are used in the landfill part of the system.

Scientific and technological innovation has overcome difficulties, and technological integration has solved a series of unique key scientific and technological problems. Mathematical simulation of pyrolysis and incineration and amplification effect of pyrolysis and incineration gasification equipment: research on gasification technology and equipment development of organic waste; Formation mechanism and control methods of pollutants during heat treatment: research on integration, optimization and control of technologies such as classification, composting, pyrolysis and incineration for heat supply, gasification and power generation, and water gas residue purification.

Through the original unit processing technology. Pyrolysis incineration is a waste incineration technology. On the basis of previous research, our hospital developed a strong cyclone pyrolysis incineration technology.

4. How should rural domestic waste be classified?

According to the actual situation of rural domestic waste, domestic waste is divided into four categories according to the treatment and disposal methods or the possibility of resource recycling.

(1) Compostable (organic matter): The main components are kitchen waste and other domestic organic waste, and the treatment direction is livestock and poultry digestion, direct return to the field, composting, fuel production and biogas production. (2) Inert (inorganic matter): refers to coal cinder, construction waste, etc. Treatment methods include road construction, embankment construction, building filling and landfill.

(3) Recyclable wastes: including waste plastics, paper, glass, metals, waste furniture and electrical appliances, fabrics, leather and rubber. The treatment method is to recycle them by economic means. (4) Hazardous wastes: such as pesticide bottles, expired drugs, batteries, desk lamps, paint buckets, etc. Strengthen management and concentrate on safe disposal.

5. How to classify rural garbage?

In the garbage sorting yard, more than a dozen sorting workers weigh and load the sorted and packaged garbage. A large forklift in the garbage factory shovels the waste garbage to be buried into the cleaning car, and the whole garbage sorting process is carried out in an orderly manner.

Garbage classification will be an important part of garbage disposal in the future. At present, Guangzhou is implementing garbage sorting in the whole city, but the effect is not obvious. It is difficult to classify urban garbage, especially in rural areas. In this case, Zhong Luotan Town, Baiyun District, Guangzhou adopted a compromise method: establishing a garbage transfer point, that is, through the transfer point, the whole town's garbage will be concentrated in the sorting yard, and then classified. Garbage classification map

Zhong Luotan is the first to set up a garbage sorting yard in Baiyun District to sort garbage in coordination with the ongoing village cleaning and urban transportation projects, so as to maximize the rational utilization of waste resources. This method can not only recover valuable waste resources, reduce landfill, protect the environment, and make resources return reasonably, but also establish a more scientific long-term mechanism for garbage disposal, saving resources for cleanliness and environmental protection.

In addition, Zhong Luotan Town also operates the garbage sorting yard in a market-oriented mode of bidding, and contracts the garbage sorting yard to a professional cleaning company in the form of bidding. Market-oriented operation cannot solve all problems. At present, Zhong Luotan Town is mainly responsible for supervising and coordinating enterprises and collecting cleaning fees after garbage transfer.

The town's garbage compression station is located in fertile fields and bamboo fields far away from the garbage sorting yard. Because there is no garbage compressor in the sorting yard, the garbage that needs to be landfilled needs to be reloaded and transported to two garbage compression stations for reprocessing. The way of garbage disposal in Zhong Luotan provides a reference for rural garbage disposal.

6. What is rural garbage?

Rural waste refers to objects including domestic waste, livestock and poultry breeding waste, crop straw, forest product waste and other wastes.

Among them, domestic garbage includes furnace ash, muck, commodity packaging, human and animal manure (excluding large-scale industrialized farming manure), waste batteries, kitchen waste, gardening waste, abandoned daily necessities and other wastes. Livestock and poultry breeding waste refers to solid waste such as feces, sewage generated by farms, padding of livestock and poultry houses, waste feed, scattered feathers and other malodorous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.

Crop straw is the general name of the residue of crops after processing and extracting seeds. As far as Zhejiang Province is concerned, there are many kinds of crops, including rice, wheat, corn, beans, potatoes, melons, oil crops, cotton and sugarcane.

Rice straw and rice husk after rice is taken out are called straw. The waste of rural forest products mainly includes abandoned wooden furniture, wooden buildings (such as wooden doors and windows), wood shavings, sawdust and disposable chopsticks. In addition, waste stationery and paper beverage boxes also belong to forest product waste.

7. Common sense of garbage classification

Judging from the classification methods of domestic garbage in cities at home and abroad, it is generally classified according to the composition and output of garbage, combined with the resource utilization and treatment methods of local garbage. For example, Germany is generally divided into paper, glass, metal, plastic, etc. Australia is generally divided into compostable garbage, recyclable garbage and non-recyclable garbage; Japan is generally divided into combustible garbage, nonflammable garbage and so on. At present, domestic garbage in China can be roughly divided into four categories: recyclable garbage, kitchen waste, harmful waste and other garbage. At present, the commonly used garbage disposal methods mainly include comprehensive utilization, sanitary landfill, incineration for power generation, composting and recycling.

Recyclable waste

It mainly includes waste paper, plastic, glass, metal and cloth.

kitchen waste

Include food waste such as leftovers, bones, roots, leaves and peels.

hazardous waste

Including waste batteries, waste fluorescent tubes, waste water silver thermometers, expired drugs, etc. These wastes need special safety treatment.

other waste

Including bricks and tiles, waste residue, toilet waste paper, paper towels and other wastes that are difficult to recycle, sanitary landfill can effectively reduce the pollution of groundwater, surface water, soil and air.

8. What problems should be paid attention to in the successful implementation of classified collection and treatment of domestic waste in rural areas?

Rural residents in China are generally less educated, and the distribution density of villages is low, especially in natural villages in mountainous areas and coastal areas. To establish the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal system of rural domestic waste in China, we should pay attention to the selection of collection and transportation equipment, the planning of transportation routes and the investment of system operation funds.

In addition, in order to ensure the normal and continuous operation of the system, it is necessary to continuously increase environmental protection propaganda and improve villagers' environmental awareness. Generally speaking, the following problems should be paid attention to in the successful implementation of classified collection and treatment of domestic waste in rural areas.

(1) In view of the present situation of disorderly discharge of rural garbage, a system of source sorting and classified collection and transportation suitable for the present situation of rural areas should be established according to the characteristics of high population distribution density in rural areas, from the aspects of collection and transportation cost, resource recovery and classification treatment. On this basis, the garbage on both sides of rural roads, on both sides of rivers and around farmers' houses will be cleared through township transfer stations and transported to counties (cities) for treatment.

In addition, we should also increase the development and popularization of economical and effective technologies for recycling rural domestic waste, such as recycling biogas by garbage fermentation and producing organic and inorganic compound fertilizer by composting. (2) Appropriate sources of funds must be found to ensure the continuous and stable operation of garbage sorting.

It is difficult to maintain the cost of the continuous and stable operation of the garbage collection and transportation system only by the financial support of villages and towns. Due to insufficient financial input, garbage collection and transportation equipment and cleaning personnel in some places are uneven.

Therefore, the financial department should arrange special funds for rural garbage collection, transportation and disposal every year for the construction of sanitation facilities and the operation of sanitation systems. (3) Strengthen management to ensure that management is in place.

On the issue of classified collection, treatment and disposal of rural domestic garbage, we should pay attention to the leading role of * * * *, invest in garbage collection devices, special vehicles for removal and build garbage transfer stations, which are managed by the town government and actively participated by villagers. (4) Improve villagers' environmental awareness.

Villagers are the first executors of classified collection of domestic garbage. Improving villagers' awareness of environmental protection and strengthening their understanding of garbage classification are very important for the successful implementation of domestic garbage classification and collection. At the same time, we should also pay attention to determine the classification name according to local living customs, villagers' habits and economic development level. Excessive manual subdivision will increase the difficulty of work and reduce the feasibility.

In daily life, all reusable items should be reused, while those that cannot be reused but can be sold as waste (such as glass bottles, cans, milk bottles, old rain boots, sandals, etc.). ) should be collected. But on the whole, due to the poor sales channels, the enthusiasm of rural residents for the classified collection of domestic waste has weakened.