What tyranny did Qin Shihuang have?

During the reign of Qin Shihuang, especially in the eleven years after the establishment of centralization, its governance was characterized by "urgency" and brutality.

After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he established bureaucracies at all levels from the central government to the local government and a huge army, launched a large-scale war to explore Xiongnu in the North and Baiyue in Nanping, and carried out large-scale construction, superstitious activities, heavy taxes and heavy penalties, and extravagant winds, which pushed the people into dire straits. First, the construction scale is large, consuming people's money and resources.

(1) build a pavilion on the balcony. When Qin Shihuang annexed six countries, every time he broke a vassal state, he drew out its palace and imitated it in the foothills of northern Xianyang. Its area reaches Ganquan in the north, Weishui in the south, the Yellow River in the east and backwater in the west, which is 800 miles from east to west. Among them, there are countless detached palaces and pavilions. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, there are 300 palaces inside Shanhaiguan Pass, more than 400 outside Shanhaiguan Pass, and 270 temples within 200 miles of Xianyang Fiona Fang. Moreover, there are more than 10,000 beautiful women and bell and drum instruments in the original palaces of the Six Kingdoms to satisfy Qin Shihuang's dissolute and corrupt life.

In the second year after reunification, that is, in the twenty-seventh year of the King of Qin (the first 220 years), the letter palace Weinan was built. Xin Palace was built in the south of Wei River, also known as Xianyang Palace. Because it is located in the middle, it is called "celestial pole" according to the astronomical stars in the palace, leading to Mount Li, the front hall of Ganquan and the "tunnel", so it was renamed "polar hall".

(2) Building Epang Palace. In the thirty-fifth year of the King of Qin (2 12 BC), Qin Shihuang decided to build the "Gong Chao" in Shanglinyuan, Weinan, considering that the palace left by the former king was too small to match the unified empire. Because of its large scale, it needs to be built in stages. First of all, we should build the front hall, which is the Epang Palace. Its scale is 500 steps from east to west, 50 feet from north to south, and the hall can accommodate 10000 people. There are 12 bronze figures in front of the main hall, and a 50-foot flag can be erected. There is a pavilion road around, which can directly reach Nanshan (Zhong Nanshan) from the front of the temple, and there is a palace on the mountain; There is a detour behind the temple, passing through Weishui to Xianyang Palace. The reason for this design is to symbolize that "the celestial pavilion road can't reach the camp", that is, Qin Shihuang went from Xianyang Palace to Afangshan, just as the celestial emperor arrived at the camp from the celestial pole (Arctic constellation) to the Han (Galaxy). Qin Shihuang compared himself to the heavenly emperor on the earth. Such extravagance reflects the extravagance of Qin Shihuang.

(3) Building Lishan Tomb. Since Qin Shihuang came to power, he began to build palaces for his own enjoyment after his death, which was not completed until Qin Ershi. According to the Records of the First Qin Emperor, there are 700,000 prisoners in the Hidden Palace, which are divided into Epang Palace and Lishan Mountain, and a large number of workers are employed. The tomb of Mount Li is more than fifty feet high and five miles around. Dig through three springs, and then pour copper juice for reinforcement. There are palaces in the tomb, hundreds of official seats and countless treasures. Mercury is also used as rivers and seas in tombs, which are made to flow by machinery; There are astronomical stars on it Mermaid cream is used as a long-term lighting for graves. In order to prevent grave robbery, there is a mechanism for automatically firing weapons, crossbows and arrows in the tomb. Later, when the death of Qin Shihuang's dune was transported back to Xianyang for burial, Qin Ershi cruelly buried all the barren ladies in the harem. In order to prevent craftsmen from exposing the organs in the tomb, they were all put into the tomb. Although this terrible decision was made by II, it was also the plan of Qin Shihuang before his death. These two projects consume a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. The stones in the north and the wood in the south are almost used up, so later Du Mu said in Afu: "Shu, Afang comes out."

Second, after the unification of the medicine of seeking immortality, Qin Shihuang was in power and tried his best to enjoy the joy of the world, so he was afraid of death and sought immortality. One changed from being clever in the past to being fatuous and engaging in superstitious activities. Because Qin Shihuang was afraid of death, alchemists who advocated understanding astrology, communicating with ghosts and gods and seeking fairy medicine were interested. In the twenty-eighth year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Qin Shihuang toured counties in the east and arrived in the East China Sea. Qi Baishi (also known as Xu Fu) wrote:

"There are three fairy islands in the East China Sea, Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, where immortals live." Upon hearing this, Qin Shihuang took out a huge sum of money and sent thousands of boys and girls to the sea for longevity. In the thirty-second year of Qin Shihuang (2 15 BC), Qin Shihuang once again traveled eastward to Jieshi, and asked Lu Sheng, an alchemist, to find two immortals with high vows. He also sent Han Zhong, harem, Shi Sheng and others to seek immortality. The alchemist knew that there was no way to get the elixir, so Lu Sheng and others tricked Qin Shihuang into "micro-walking" and got the elixir, and staged a series of self-deception farce, which consumed a lot of financial resources and brought a heavy burden to the people. Third, build roads to control the whole country. Qin unified the whole country and expanded its territory. In order to strengthen the control and management of the whole country and provide Qin Shihuang with tours all over the country, a transportation network with Xianyang as the center and connecting all parts of the country was established in a few years. In the second year after reunification, that is, in the twenty-seventh year of the King of Qin (the first 220 years), he began to practice equatorial techniques. Taking Xianyang as the center, it reaches Yan (Hebei, Beijing) and Qi (Shandong Peninsula and coastal areas) in the east and Wu and Chu (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and coastal areas) in the south. The road is fifty paces wide, and a pine tree is planted every three yards along the way. In the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), after Meng Tian's northern expedition to Xiongnu, a "straight road" was built from Xianyang to Jiuyuan, with a total length of 1800 Li. In addition, in the southwest, a five-foot-wide five-foot road and a new road across Lingnan were built in Sichuan. The construction of Chechi Island is of great political and military significance, which has played a positive role in promoting economic and cultural exchanges and development in various places. However, it was completed quickly in just a few years under the condition of mobilizing a large number of labor forces year after year.

Fourth, heavy tribute and heavy punishment Qin's population from the Warring States to reunification is about 20 million. According to the construction of Epang Palace and Lishan Tomb, the number of corvees levied by Qin Shihuang was 700,000, with 500,000 people building the Great Wall in the north and 500,000 people guarding Wuling Mountain in the south. Together with hundreds of thousands of people repairing the equator, the total number can be estimated as 2 million. In military service, Meng Tian led 300,000 troops, Wei Tu Sui led 500,000 troops, and there will be no less than one million troops in counties and border areas. The number of people who combined corvee and military service reached more than 3 million, accounting for nearly 20% of the population at that time, and all of them were Ding Zhuang laborers. Therefore, although the economic policy is "going to agriculture", the development of agricultural economy has been destroyed by heavy corvee and military service. In the case of "thirty times harder than in ancient times", there is a serious shortage of labor in production, so there is a "man's hard work is not enough wages, and women's spinning performance is not enough clothes", and even "men wear armor and women lose".

More seriously, in nine cases out of ten, the border guards could not survive, and most of the corvees died on the way or in the project, which caused a tragic situation with many bones and brought great disasters to the people.

In order to maintain his huge bureaucracy and army and satisfy his extravagant hopes, Qin Shihuang wanted to "exhaust the wealth of the world to serve his government" and extort money. At that time, "the benefits of land rent, tribute, salt and iron were twenty times greater than those in ancient times", and two-thirds of the people's income was deprived of urgent political needs, and class contradictions became more acute.

People under tyranny, one after another, are carrying out all kinds of resistance. Therefore, in the thirty-sixth year of the King of Qin, when a meteorite fell on Dong Jun, someone wrote on a stone that "the first emperor died and split". After Qin Shihuang knew about it, he killed everyone who lived nearby because he couldn't catch the perpetrators. In order to oppose the heavy corvee and taxes, the people "hanged themselves to show their resistance" and circulated folk songs, saying that "Wei Shui was inarticulate" and satirized his extortion; The people also complained about the disaster caused by the construction of the Great Wall, and there was a ballad of "Be cautious when giving birth to men, and look at the pillars of the Great Wall". The people couldn't bear the heavy corvee, and directly cursed Qin Shihuang: "One room, one room, the emperor is dead." Someone even stopped the emperor's messenger at Pingshu Road in Huayin in 21/kloc-0 BC and said, "Zulong (referring to Qin Shihuang) died this year."

Class contradictions gradually intensified. In order to ensure his own rule, Qin Shihuang brutally suppressed the people, and the situation of "solitary prison officer" and "severe punishment and misdemeanor" caused "the red and brown clothes worn by prisoners blocked the road and turned the prison into a city" and turned the country into a big prison.

Eleven years after the reunification of the five tours of Qin Shihuang and the death of sand dunes, Qin Shihuang toured the whole country five times, "personally touring the world and seeing the distant places" to publicize the majesty and achievements of the emperor and strengthen control over the whole country.

(1) In the twenty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (220 years ago), the second year after reunification, he began his first cruise. From Xianyang to the west, through Longxi area to Jitou Mountain (Pingliang West, Gansu Province), and then return to Xianyang. This time, because of Qin Xi, Mu Gong dominated Xirong, and filial piety changed its customs. Now that the world is unified, Qin Shihuang wants to influence the western regions through inspections, especially to make the ethnic minorities living in the western regions content with submission, so as to stabilize the backyard of Qin State.

(2) In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19), he visited the east and southeast for the second time.

These areas belong to the first six countries. Eastbound counties have reached Zoufeng Mountain (south of Zoucheng, Shandong Province), climbed Mount Tai to hold a "meditation" and carved a monument to celebrate Qin's achievements in unifying the world. Later, from the south of Langya to Pengcheng, I heard that Zhou Ding, a symbol of power, sank in Surabaya. The first emperor fasted and prayed in the temple, and sent thousands of people into the water to look for Zhou Ding, but found nothing. Cross the Huaihe River to Hengshan and Nanjun. He drifted to Jiangnan and went to Xiangshan Temple, but he couldn't cross the river in the storm. He thought it was because of the resistance of God Xiang Jun that 3,000 criminals were allowed to "cut down the trees of Xiangshan Mountain and climb its mountain", and staged a farce of a war between man and God to show that they could fight against God and deify their imperial power. Then return to Xianyang from Nanjun via Wuguan.

(3) In the 29th year of Qin Shihuang (2 18), he made his third patrol and still headed east. This shows that the eastern region is not stable after reunification. While patrolling Bolangsha, Wu Yang, he was attacked by former sons of South Korea, Sean and Lux. He accidentally hit his co-pilot with an iron vertebra and ran away after an attempted sniper. Qin Shihuang ordered the world to search for ten days. Continue eastward, then turn to the northwest, pass through Zhao's hometown, along Zhangshui, cross Dangxian and return to Xianyang.

(4) In the thirty-second year of Qin Shihuang (2 15), he went on patrol for the fourth time. It passes through the hometown of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Qi and Yan, and reaches Jieshi in the east. Along the way, I saw that there were still city defenses and beggar-thy-neighbor dikes in various places during the separatist period, which was not conducive to the consolidation of centralization and the control of local governments, so I ordered the demolition during the inspection. After arriving in Jieshi, he made a special contribution to stone carving: "Emperor Yong, virtue, princes, the first day is peaceful." If the battlements are destroyed, we will definitely pass the Sichuan defense to remove the danger. "

When I went back, I went west from Jieshi, passed through five counties: Right Beiping, Yuyang, Shanggu, Dai Jun, Yanmen and Shang Yun, and inspected the border with Xiongnu to the north to prepare for the northern expedition to Xiongnu. Then I returned to Xianyang and immediately sent Meng Tian to lead the army to the northern expedition to Xiongnu.

(5) In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10), it was the fifth and last patrol. Qin Shihuang was accompanied by prime ministers Reese, Zhao Gao and his youngest son Hu Hai, and the direction was southeast. From Xianyang to Wuguan to Yunmeng, and then down the Yangtze River, through Danyang to Qiantang, in Zhejiang, it was changed from Zhaizhong (Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) to climb Huiji Mountain to worship Dayu and carve stones. From Huijibei, cross the river through Jiangcheng (north of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), go north to Langya by sea, and go west through Linzi. Going to Pingyuan Tianjin (south of Pingyuan County, Shandong Province) was seriously ill. Because Qin Shihuang was afraid of death, he even dared not say the word "death", so his ministers "dare not say" death ". Qin Shihuang's illness became more and more serious. Finally, he had to arrange funeral affairs, so that CRRC ordered Zhao Gao to write a letter to Fu Su, the son of Meng Tianjun, and let him go back to Xianyang to attend the funeral. The letter was not delivered to the messenger, and he died in Dunyutai (southeast of Julu, Hebei) on July 1, at the age of 50. Zhao Gao, Reese and Hu Hai took advantage of Qin Shihuang's death in other places to tamper with Qin Shihuang's letter to his son Fuxi, and launched a dune coup to support Hu Hai's accession to the throne as "II".