Basic introduction of eau de cologne.

With a population of 6.5438+0.007 million (2009) and an area of 405 square kilometers, Cologne is the fourth largest city in Germany.

Translation of "Koren". It was built as an ancient Roman fortress in 38 BC. He is a major member of the Hanseatic League. Located in the traffic hub of East and West Europe and North and South Europe, the economy in the Middle Ages was quite developed. /kloc-After the mid-9th century, with the development of Ruhr coalfield and railway construction, it developed more rapidly. Huge land and water transportation hub and important river port. Cologne-Bonn Airlines is located in the southeast suburb, with heliports leading to Brussels and Bonn. Industry includes military industry, metallurgy, machinery, chemistry, pharmacy, oil refining, textile, food and other departments. One of the important lignite producing areas in China, there is a large coal-fired power station. One of the national financial centers. It was severely damaged during the Second World War. There are many historical sites, such as the famous Cologne Cathedral (the two spires on the dome are as high as 16 1 m) and the underground square in Roman times. Marx and Engels founded the new Rhine newspaper here.

Cologne is also a city famous for its Romanesque churches and Gothic churches. Cologne Cathedral, which stands on the Rhine, is 157.3 1 m high. It has two Gothic minarets, the North Tower is157.38m high and the South Tower is157.438+0m high. Cologne Cathedral, the tallest twin-tower church in the world, has become a symbol of Cologne and a tourist attraction. Standing at the top of the tower, the Rhine River floats by like a white forging belt.

The official name of Cologne Cathedral is St Peter's Cathedral, which was built in 1248 and was not finally completed until 1880. Cologne Cathedral consists of five halls and a cloister with three inclined halls, which was built by Rao Shengtan. The altar remains the same as it was when it was first built. It is the largest altar in the medieval German church, and the cross on the altar is also the oldest and most famous treasure in large European sculptures. There are also 104 chairs arranged on both sides of the altar. In Cologne, this megalithic building is not only a must-see place for people to visit, but also a place for people to rest and play. The quiet and dark atmosphere in the church is in sharp contrast with the colorful and buzzing environment outside the church. The square in front of the church is also a place where people hold various celebrations. Every year from May to September, people will hold folk celebrations here every weekend, and the scene is very lively. This is another prosperous period in Cologne. In 795 AD, Charlemagne appointed Cologne as the archbishop's residence. Since then, the city has been expanded many times, and by the12nd century, the scale of today's inner city of Cologne has been established. The semicircular city wall is 6 kilometers long, with 12 gates and 3 existing ones, from which we can still see the majestic momentum of the medieval city of Cologne. Cologne, with a population of 40,000 at that time, was the largest city in Germany, and its population even surpassed that of Paris and London at that time. Cologne's prosperity benefits from its superior geographical location. It is located at the intersection of the north-south waterway and the east-west avenue, and it is also a pilgrimage route. Ships, chariots and horses all pass through here, and goods from all directions are also distributed here. Cologne also had a privilege at that time, that is, all goods passing through Cologne had to be exhibited in the city for three days before they could continue to be transshipped. This is undoubtedly a big boost to the business in Cologne. With the strengthening of economic strength, the wealthy businessmen and handicraft guilds in Cologne regained the management right of the city, and the Archbishop fled to Bonn, no longer the ruler of Cologne. Cologne became an imperial free city and an important city-state of Hanseatic League.

The age of iron and steam engine brought Cologne the third prosperous period. 18 15 years, cologne was merged into Prussia. 1839 cologne built a railway, which was connected with river transportation. With the development of Ruhr coalfield and the extension of railway, Cologne has become a modern industrial and commercial city. 1876, the inventor Otto made the world's first four-stroke internal combustion engine in cologne, which caused a sensation in the industries of various countries. From 19 17 to 1933, Adenauer was the mayor of Cologne. Under his impetus, Cologne built a green belt around the inner and outer ring and the Expo venue facilities, which greatly changed the city's appearance.

During World War II, Cologne was heavily bombed and the whole city was almost razed to the ground. After the war, Cologne was rebuilt on the ruins. This ancient Rhine city, like golden phoenix flying out of the ashes, has become a prosperous modern city.

Cologne is the oldest big city in Germany. It was built in Roman times. At that time, it was named "Colonia Claudia ara Agrippinensium", which came from the little agrippina, the Queen of Rome, who was born on the Rhine. In 50 AD, the residential area at that time was promoted to a city and became the capital of the Roman Empire's Lower Germania province. In 80 AD, one of the earliest ditches in Rome was obtained by building the Evgou Cologne. Today, the name of Cologne is simplified from the Roman name Colonia. It can be proved from 3 13 that there is a local bishop.

After entering the Middle Ages, Cologne still maintained its important position. In 455, Franks occupied Cologne. In the 6th century, Cologne became the capital of an independent Frankish kingdom. Later, it was merged into the Frankish Empire of Clovis I, but it maintained great autonomy in the local area. Romans and Franks lived in this city for a long time. From the 6th century to the 8th century, people of different nationalities in the city merged and assimilated. Franks adopted Roman culture, such as architecture and glass making. Cologne is one of the most important German cities in the late Tam Dynasty. Since the Carolingian dynasty at the latest, the bishops and archbishops of Cologne have become one of the most important figures in the Holy Roman Empire. During the Saxon dynasty, Cologne played an important role in the reconciliation between the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. At that time, the queen of Otto II, Theofanu, was in power in Cologne for some time, and she was a Greek herself. During the 10 century, many monasteries were established in Cologne, and many new churches were built in the city. Since then, under the leadership of a series of accomplished archbishops, Cologne has become the ideological center of the Holy Roman Empire. 1 164 Archbishop Leinar von Darcel moved the remains of the Magi from Milan to Cologne, making Cologne an important pilgrimage site. Cologne was the largest city in Germany in the Middle Ages, and the walls of Cologne were expanded many times. The wall built in 1225 has 16 gates, which is bigger than the Paris wall built by Philip II at that time. Since 12 century, Cologne has been called the Holy City together with Jerusalem, Constantinople and Rome. At that time, its official Latin names were the Roman Church of Saint colonia de Gratia and Filia, Fidelis (Holy Cologne was given by God and a faithful daughter of the Vatican). At that time, the citizens decided to build a unique cathedral to store the holy land. The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral was laid at 1248.

1259 cologne obtained the right to sell the goods. Cologne citizens have the preemptive right to all goods transported on the Rhine River. This brought great wealth to Cologne. 1288, the struggle between the archbishop of cologne and the citizens of the city ended temporarily with the victory of the citizens. The archbishop's army was defeated on the battlefield, and Cologne no longer belongs to the archbishop's territory. The archbishop was forced to move to Bonn, and only when a sacred ceremony was held did he have the right to enter the market. Cologne became a member city of Hanseatic League. But Cologne did not officially become a free city until 1475.

1582 Gabe Hald von Waldburg, Archbishop of Cologne, withdrew from Roman Catholicism and was excommunicated by Pope George XIII after marrying a Protestant nun. Ernst von Bavaria was appointed Archbishop of Cologne. This prevented Protestant nobles from becoming the majority among the seven emperors. This incident led to the Cologne War from 1583 to 1588. Deutz, Bonn and Neuss were destroyed.

Cologne was not destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, and Cologne citizens spent money to escape the siege or occupation of the army. Cologne also made a fortune by making and selling weapons and relying on war.

After the French Revolution, the French army entered Cologne on 1794. The history of "Holy City Cologne" is over. The whole area on the left bank of the Rhine River was completely incorporated into the French territory. When the French army entered the city, many Cologne citizens welcomed them as liberators. At this point, discriminated Jews and Protestants gained equal rights. Although local taxes were very high during French rule, Cologne people were still very loyal to Napoléon Bonaparte. 1804 Napoleon visited cologne. 18 15 cologne and rhineland were divided by Prussia. Through the efforts of local bankers, Cologne became the most important city in Prussia after Berlin.

1848, Marx and Engels founded the New Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne. 1849 On February 7th and 8th, the Kelun jury court summoned and tried Marx and Engels twice on charges of "insulting the authorities" and "inciting rebellion" respectively. 1849 In May, Marx was expelled from Prussia and went to Paris.

1880, with the help of the king of Prussia, the cathedral was finally officially built (the whole construction time was 632 years). In fact, Cologne Cathedral is so big that it needs constant maintenance, so it is also called "permanent construction site". /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the Cologne fortress was expanded, the old city wall was demolished, the city was expanded, and the surrounding villages and towns were merged. Today, only a few medieval city walls are preserved as a memorial.

1945 cologne during world war ii, cologne was carpet bombed by Britain and the United States, 90% of the buildings in the city were destroyed, and the number of citizens decreased from 800,000 to 400,000. March from 1945, 1 to cologne, 1800 German and foreign resistance organizations were massacred by the Nazis (war crimes).

1On April 4th, 945, Corporal Pogue of the 82nd Airborne Division of the United States was reading warning signs on the street in Cologne, Germany. All torsion bars have failed due to the serious burning of the rear Leopard chariot. It was not until 1959 that the population of Cologne recovered to the pre-war level. By merging neighboring villages and towns, the population of Cologne exceeded one million in 1975, but decreased to this figure in 1976. Toilet water means cologne in French. In the Napoleonic era, when French soldiers stationed in Cologne returned to their hometown, they were said to give their wives and lovers "Cologne water". After visiting the cathedral, you will come to the square and look around. You will see the shops with the sign 47 1 1. 47 1 1 stands for the first store selling toilet water. The original shop was burned down in the war, but now it was rebuilt later.

If you want to enjoy shopping in Cologne, you must go to Hoie Street (Hohestra &; Szlige) for testing. Vehicles are forbidden there, so you can shop as much as you like. Go straight to the left when you walk out of the cathedral. Department stores, cologne stores, gift shops, restaurants, etc. Both sides of the street are very lively.