How to waterproof the roof of ancient buildings

The history of building waterproofing in China can be traced back to tens of thousands of years ago, and it has become an important part of the splendid architectural culture in China. Our ancestors accumulated rich experience in building waterproofing in practice, such as "drainage first, prevention second", "multi-fortification, combining rigidity with flexibility" and other building waterproofing design concepts, which are still adopted by architects all over the world today. This is not only the precious wealth that the Chinese nation has dedicated to mankind, but also the historical essence that we should seriously study and carry forward today.

Slope construction and ditch construction are mainly based on rows.

House leakage, water as the root, roof water, groundwater trapped, will inevitably lead to water leakage, as soon as possible to reduce the water leakage rate by 80%. Therefore, create a sloping roof and increase the slope to promote drainage. The slopes near the roof are more than 60, but the slopes on the eaves are less than 30. Use the steep slope to make the water rush down, and then skillfully use inertia to rush out of the eaves. The design of underground buildings also pays attention to drainage, and the underground palace is equipped with gullies that are blindly connected to a lower distance. It won't trap the underground palace in stagnant water, but only protect it from moisture.

In the Stone Age, porcelain, copper, iron and tin tiles could not prevent thatched roofs from leaking, let alone small slopes and large spans, so new waterproof materials must be created. The birth of tile has changed the roof greatly, and the building has entered a new era. However, the early tiles had high water absorption and serious wetting, so the research on tile quality was strengthened. Let it roll as dense as a stone and knock as smooth as a chin, and the water absorption will be reduced to 3%, which is better than modern porcelain. At the same time, the remaining glaze on the tile is sintered into completely non-absorbent glass. Copper tiles and iron tiles were also developed. In the17th century, only Europe had waterproof tiles. Tiles are waterproof in structure, and there are cracks in the overlapping parts of tiles. There is always an improper overlap, and rainwater is easy to penetrate. For this reason, a completely closed lead-tin back of the coil was created. If asphalt felt was born at the end of 18, then China had a metal coil 500 years ago. The appearance of fully enclosed coiled material provides conditions for building waterproof materials, which is a revolution of waterproof technology and an extension of flat roof.

Multiple lines of defense combining rigidity with softness

Small tiles overlap up and down, left and right. If it is watertight, it will be difficult to be watertight for a hundred years. It is not enough to rely on only one layer of ceramic tile to prevent water, but also need multiple lines of defense. Under the tile, a lime-green back is added, which is similar to the existing cement mortar. Gray-green back covered with gray back, about 10 cm thick. Mix ground lime with fine clay, mix with water and compact, just like the rigid waterproof layer of concrete at present. At present, our waterproof principle is rigid-flexible combination, and multi-channel fortification is also very similar.

The waterproof of wooden columns is not a layer of paint, but a seven-layer method, so that the water in the columns can go out and the rain can't come in.

Take local materials according to local conditions.

China has a vast territory, with different climates in the north and south, and great differences in rainfall between the east and the west. In areas where it seldom rains, houses are covered with mud, and the slope is only two or three degrees. In grassland areas, herders will not settle down, so it is good to build mobile houses-felt bags or tents that are easy to move, and use cattle and sheep felt as roof materials. In rainy areas in the south, the roof is waterproof with small blue tiles, which are pressed up and down by about 3/4, forming a thick tile layer, which has heat insulation effect in summer. Choosing materials according to local conditions is the experience of waterproofing of ancient buildings.

Material selection and construction require quality.

In ancient times, the requirements for building quality were so strict that they were very demanding. For example, if the back is made of ash, the lime paste is mixed with fine clay evenly, and white gray spots are not visible to the naked eye. After flattening and beating, the water-tight density can be achieved. When he arrived at the royal building, he was killed if he was slightly unqualified. For the detection of ceramic tiles, first tap and listen, then test one by one, and then test the water to observe the water absorption. Laying tiles should not only pay off, but also strictly control the number of tiles per foot. It is the strict control of construction quality that the completed roof will not leak for hundreds of years. It is a miracle that the buildings in the Tang, Song and Liao Dynasties have not been renovated or leaked for thousands of years.

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In ancient building materials, gluttonous decoration waterproof is also commonly used.

For example, the gluttonous pattern half tile is a waterproof building component of ancient roofs, which is made of clay. 1957, a semi-tiled tile was excavated on the west bank of the moat about 700 meters south of Guang 'anmen Bridge, which was identified by archaeologists as the unique roof waterproof part of palace buildings during the Warring States Period.