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The main tasks of building a national geological disaster monitoring and early warning system
The overall plan for the construction of the national geological disaster monitoring and early warning system is shown in Figure 7.1.
7.3.1 Construction of geological disaster monitoring and early warning station network at the national, provincial, municipal and county levels
The administrative departments of land and resources at or above the county level shall establish a geological disaster monitoring and early warning system, in conjunction with the construction, Departments such as water conservancy and transportation are responsible for geological disaster monitoring tasks and are responsible for business and technical management. They may be entrusted by the government to perform some geological disaster monitoring and management functions and issue geological disaster monitoring and early warning information. Geological disaster monitoring agencies are public welfare institutions.
(1) National Geological Disaster Monitoring Station
The National Geological Disaster Monitoring Station is responsible for the construction and operation of the national geological disaster professional monitoring network and information network, and is responsible for the national Geological environment monitoring tasks; undertake national geological disaster early warning and forecasting and related investigation and research work; prepare national geological disaster monitoring plans, plans, work specifications and technical standards; carry out scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, research and promote new technologies and new methods; undertake Collection, analysis, processing and comprehensive research of national geological disaster monitoring data and results reports, providing information services to government decision-making departments and the public; responsible for the guidance, coordination and technical services of provincial (regional, municipal) level geological disaster monitoring business.
Figure 7.1 National geological disaster monitoring and early warning grid planning map
Figure 7.1 National geological disaster monitoring and early warning grid planning map
(2) Provincial level geological disasters Monitoring Station
The provincial (district, city) geological disaster monitoring station is responsible for the construction and operation of the provincial geological disaster professional monitoring network and information network; it is responsible for the early warning and forecasting of provincial geological disasters and related investigations and research. Work; entrusted by the national monitoring agency to undertake national-level geological disaster monitoring tasks; prepare provincial-level applicable technical requirements and implementation details; undertake the summary, analysis, processing and comprehensive research of provincial-level geological disaster monitoring data and reports, and provide support for government decision-making and Provide information services to the public; responsible for providing business guidance to municipal (prefecture, state, league) level geological environment monitoring agencies.
(3) Municipal (prefecture, state, league) level geological disaster monitoring station
The municipal (prefecture, state, league) level geological disaster monitoring station is responsible for the professional monitoring of municipal geological disasters The construction, operation and maintenance of monitoring facilities of the network and information network; undertake the early warning and forecasting of geological disasters and related investigations; undertake the geological disaster monitoring tasks entrusted by provincial geological disaster monitoring agencies; undertake the summary, inspection, and inspection of geological disaster monitoring data and reports Analyze and conduct research and provide information services to local governments and the public; responsible for technical guidance and field training for county-level monitoring agencies and geological disaster group measurement and prevention.
(4) County (city, banner) level geological environment monitoring agency
Geological disaster management needs, especially counties (cities, banners) with severe geological disasters, must establish geological disaster management agencies Monitoring stations (points) are responsible for monitoring geological disasters in the county and organizing group monitoring and prevention work; they are also responsible for the maintenance of monitoring facilities; they are responsible for completing the uploading of monitoring reports and monitoring data in a timely manner.
7.3.2 Construction of professional monitoring backbone network
The professional monitoring backbone network for geological disasters mainly refers to the geological disaster monitoring network established by the state, including regional land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring networks, Dynamic monitoring network for geological disasters in mountainous cities and major engineering areas, experimental areas for monitoring and early warning of sudden geological disasters, and individual monitoring points for major sudden geological disasters. The principles for selecting sites are as follows:
1) Disaster points in areas prone to sudden geological disasters across the country;
2) Threats to important cities, major national infrastructure and the possibility of causing large rivers Blocked large-scale sudden geological disasters;
3) Important disaster hazard points that threaten national scenic spots or world natural and cultural heritage areas;
4) Threats from poor areas Sudden geological disasters with a population of more than 1,000 people, potential direct economic losses of more than 10 million yuan, and large-scale or larger scales.
(1) Geological disaster monitoring network for mountainous cities and major engineering areas
Use satellites for areas where geological disasters occur more frequently, have larger impact areas, and have national-level major engineering facilities. Remote sensing images regularly monitor cities and major projects where geological disasters pose a serious threat.
Before 2010, the main monitoring objects were as follows:
1) Large rivers: The Sino-Russian border river, the main stream of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the main stream of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the Yarlung Zangbo River, etc. were regularly monitored using satellite remote sensing images Implement disaster monitoring.
2) South-to-North Water Diversion Project: Mainly the west and middle lines of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
3) Transportation trunk lines: Sichuan-Tibet Highway, Qinghai-Tibet Highway, Baocheng-Chengdu Railway, Chengdu-Kunming Railway, Nan-Kunming Railway, Qinghai-Tibet Railway, etc.
4) Pipelines: West-East Gas Pipeline, Seninglan Natural Gas Pipeline, Baocheng Oil Pipeline, Hanchuan Natural Gas Pipeline, China-Russia Oil Pipeline, etc.
5) Cities: Chongqing, Lanzhou, Fushun, Anshan, Tongchuan, Daye, etc.
6) Mines: representative natural geographical and geological conditions and Old state-owned mines with prominent environmental geological problems.
(2) Major sudden geological disaster single monitoring project
1) Monitoring and site selection principles: Monitoring of major sudden geological disasters shall be treated differently according to different situations. . From the perspective of disaster prevention and reduction, it can generally be divided into two categories: ① Disaster hazards can be eliminated through certain engineering measures and have obvious governance benefits (the governance costs are compared with potential losses). Such disasters should be investigated and managed as early as possible. Before eliminating potential hazards, reliable monitoring methods must be used to monitor their dynamic changes in real time and issue early warning information in a timely manner to avoid causing heavy casualties and economic losses. ② For hidden danger points of sudden geological disasters with complex disaster characteristics, insignificant disaster signs, and difficult to take effective measures to avoid or control, the national and local governments shall fund and establish professional monitoring points. It can also accept entrustment from other departments to establish professional monitoring points for sudden geological disasters in major engineering areas (along the lines).
2) Single monitoring plan: Establish a comprehensive monitoring technology combination system with monitoring technology methods such as GPS measurement method, borehole inclinometer method, and groundwater dynamic monitoring method as the main body. Including landslide ground absolute displacement monitoring system, landslide deep displacement monitoring system, landslide groundwater dynamic monitoring system, landslide relative displacement monitoring system, landslide inducing factors monitoring system and other monitoring systems.
Before 2010, complete the construction of a national individual monitoring network for major sudden geological disasters, and at the same time focus on the 50 major sudden geological disasters that have been discovered in 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Geological disaster hazard points (Table 7.4). Among them, there were 4 landslides in Chongqing City, 4 landslides in Zhejiang Province, 7 landslides and landslides and debris flow groups in Yunnan Province, 3 landslides in Tibet Autonomous Region, 5 landslides and 3 debris flows in Sichuan Province, 7 landslides in Shaanxi Province, and 3 landslides in Qinghai Province. There are 1 landslide in Hunan Province, 1 landslide in Hubei Province, 1 landslide in Guizhou Province, 3 landslides in Guangdong Province, 6 landslides and 2 debris flows in Gansu Province.
Table 7.4 Overview of sudden geological disaster monitoring points
Continued table
(3) Geological disaster monitoring and early warning research test area
In view of the characteristics of sudden geological disasters in my country that are regional, simultaneous, sudden, explosive and harmful, combined with land remediation planning and resource and energy development, geological disaster monitoring and early warning demonstrations are carried out in representative areas. Establish an automatic telemetry rainfall observation station network in the test area, and gradually establish the rainfall critical values ??for landslides, collapses and debris flows in the test area to provide a basis for regional early warning of sudden disasters. At the same time, observation of seepage of slope rock and soil during rainfall periods was carried out in the experimental area to study the mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides, collapses and debris flows.
Before 2010, further improve and build a three-dimensional monitoring and early warning demonstration area in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
Completed the construction of a three-dimensional monitoring network for landslides, collapses, and debris flow disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, realized automatic collection, real-time transmission, and automatic analysis of monitoring data at 60 geological disaster points in the reservoir area; improved the construction of 20 county-level monitoring points in the reservoir area; completed 1 ∶10,000 aerial photography flights; establish a remote sensing (RS) monitoring system for the entire reservoir area, and complete the construction of the Global Positioning System (GPS) control network and reference network.
Before 2010, the focus was on carrying out emergency response in Chongqing, Beijing, Lanzhou City in Gansu, Ankang City in Shaanxi, Ya'an in Sichuan, Xinping in Yunnan, Dongchuan in Yunnan, Jinhua City in Zhejiang, and Yichun City in Jiangxi. Experimental research on geological disaster monitoring and early warning.
(4) Land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring network
1) Site selection principles for the national land subsidence monitoring network: ① Inter-provincial land subsidence disaster areas; ② There are certain Monitoring work and facility foundation; ③ local governments are motivated and provide supporting funds; ④ have relatively complete regulations and management systems.
2) Work deployment: Before 2010, focus on the construction of land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring networks in the Yangtze River Delta, North China Plain, Guanzhong Plain, Huaibei Plain and Songnen Plain; after 2010, gradually develop the Fen River Valley Construction of investigation and monitoring network for land subsidence and ground fissures in the Liaohe Basin, Pearl River Delta and other major cities across the country.
The Yangtze River Delta land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring network includes all of Shanghai, three counties (cities) in the south of Suzhou, Wuchang, Nantong and Yancheng in Jiangsu, and the Hangjiahu Plain in Zhejiang, with a controlled area of ??nearly 50,000 km2.
The North China Plain land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring network includes the plain areas of Beijing and Tianjin, the Bohai Rim Plain area of ??Hebei Province and the Northwestern Shandong Plain of Shandong, with a controlled area of ??more than 50,000 km2.
The coverage of the land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring network in the Guanzhong Plain and Fen River Valley starts from Baoji at the southern foot of Liupan Mountain, eastward along the Wei River, through Xi'an to Fenglingdu, turning to the northeast, and along the Fen River. Linfen, Taiyuan to Datong, nearly 100km wide and nearly 1,000km long, including the Weihe Basin, Yuncheng Basin, Linfen Basin, Taiyuan Basin, Datong Basin, etc., involving nearly 50 (county) cities.
7.3.3 Construction of group measurement and prevention system
The group measurement and prevention network for sudden geological disasters is mainly aimed at mountainous rural areas with serious geological disasters. It is based on counties as a unit and in professional fields. Under the guidance of the team, a three-level mass testing and mass prevention system at the county, township and village levels was established under the leadership of the local government. Under the organization and leadership of local governments at all levels, we will give full play to the technical advantages of monitoring stations at all levels, improve the public's awareness and participation in disaster prevention, and improve the monitoring and forecasting system. By 2010, 1,400 county (city) emergency disaster prevention stations will be built. Group measurement and prevention network system in geological disaster-prone areas.
(1) Construction of mass monitoring network
1) Principles for selecting monitoring points: ① Hidden geological disasters that are highly dangerous, have poor stability, have a high probability of disaster, and can cause serious disasters ② Hidden geological hazards that pose a threat to the life safety of people in towns, villages, industries, mines and important residential areas; ③ Hidden geological hazards that will cause serious economic losses if they occur; ④ Threaten important lifeline projects such as roads, railways, waterways, etc. Hidden geological hazards; ⑤ Hidden geological hazards that threaten major infrastructure projects.
2) Construction of monitoring points: After determining the geological disaster hazard points that need to be monitored based on the above principles, the professional investigation team will promptly propose a monitoring plan to the local government and assist in the construction of monitoring points. ① Determination of the monitoring scope: In addition to monitoring the deformation signs of geological disaster hazard points and unstable slopes themselves, the objects threatened by the disaster points and the scope of possible disasters should also be included in the monitoring scope. ②Monitoring methods and requirements: Simple monitoring points should be established for hidden danger points that are currently unsuitable for treatment or cannot be managed for the time being. Those with serious harm should be established. At the same time, macro ground deformation, micro landforms, surface plants and building signs in the landslide body should be monitored. observe. It is carried out through a combination of regular inspections and enhanced monitoring during the flood season. Regular inspections are generally carried out half a month or once a month. Intensified monitoring during the flood season will be on duty every day or 24 hours a day based on rainfall intensity.
③Setup of monitoring points: Simple monitoring points generally use piles, mortar patches and fixed rulers to monitor the relative displacement of ground cracks in landslides. For hidden danger points with great harm, the line of sight method can also be used for measurement and monitoring if conditions permit. point displacement.
3) Management and operation of monitoring outlets: ① Monitoring responsibilities are assigned to specific units and individuals. The townships (towns), villages and relevant units where the monitored geological disaster hazard points are located are responsible for monitoring. Under their leadership, a monitoring team is established. The monitoring team is composed of group surveyors from residential areas or relevant units that are harmed or threatened. . ② Establish a post responsibility system, and counties, townships (towns), and villages should sign responsibility letters at each level. During the investigation process, publicity and training were carried out in various ways to teach the persons responsible for monitoring, members of the monitoring team and the general public how to monitor and judge various signs of possible disasters, as well as rapid disaster reporting and related emergency disaster prevention and relief methods. ③Information feedback and processing. The county (city) land and resources administrative department is responsible for collecting and summarizing monitoring data and information feedback, and reporting it to the city (prefecture, state) land and resources administrative department (or geological environment monitoring station) for comprehensive sorting and analysis. The Provincial Department of Land and Resources Geological Environment The Department (or the Provincial Geological Environment Station) will enter the reported data and information into the Provincial Geological Hazard Spatial Database, conduct trend analysis, and provide guiding opinions on the next step of monitoring work. ④ When a major danger is predicted to occur, the local government and relevant units should immediately take emergency disaster prevention and reduction measures. At the same time, they should immediately report to the provincial, municipal, and county governments and land and resources authorities, and send professionals to the scene to assist with monitoring and guidance in disaster prevention and relief. . ⑤ Establish a rapid reporting system for geological disasters and implement it in accordance with the attachment of Land and Resources Development [1998] No. 15.
4) Collection of information and arrangement of monitoring data: ①Monitoring data includes basic information on geological disaster points, dynamic change data, disaster conditions, etc. ② All monitoring data should be stored in digital form in the information system, and at the same time, they must be backed up and saved in paper media. ③Monitoring points must carry out simple quantitative monitoring and must be compiled into relevant curves, charts, etc. Relevant monthly, quarterly and annual reports should be prepared, and at the same time, future disaster development trends should be predicted. ④Monitoring data should be collected step by step according to relevant procedures.
(2) Construction of a forecast and early warning system that combines the masses with experts
1) The county (city) land and resources administrative department shall manage and guide the mass monitoring network and be responsible for monitoring data and information feedback collection summary.
2) The geological environment functional department of the county (city) land and resources administrative department should conduct comprehensive analysis based on meteorological and hydrological forecasts and monitoring data, predict geological disaster danger points, and promptly report to the relevant townships (towns) , villages, mines and relevant departments responsible for the management of important facilities issued early warning notices.
3) The county (city) land and resources administrative department is responsible for organizing the township (town), mine, and important facility departments to prepare flood season geological disaster prevention plans. Prepare the county (city) geological disaster prevention plan for the flood season and be responsible for organizing and implementing it.
4) The county (city) land and resources administrative department is responsible for organizing geological disaster prevention and control science popularization activities and grassroots cadre training.
7.3.4 Construction of Geological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning Information Network
Geological disaster monitoring, early warning and prevention data are important information for national and local governments to prevent and control geological disasters and ensure social and economic construction. They have Large quantity, fast update, wide range of uses and other characteristics. Through the construction of information networks, data collection, storage, analysis and release can be realized to effectively provide the government, researchers and society with the required geological disaster information, and provide basic scientific basis for macro-decisions on national economic construction.
By 2010, while improving the China Geological Disaster Information Network, provincial geological disaster information networks and some prefecture (municipal) geological disaster information networks, a comprehensive geological disaster monitoring and groundwater environment monitoring system will be established. The National Geological Disaster Monitoring Information System realizes the automatic collection, transmission, storage, data management, query, application and real-time information release system of geological disaster monitoring data.
By 2020, with science and technology as the guide, we will continue to improve the national geological disaster monitoring information system, combine meteorology, hydrology, earthquake and other related factors to build an information system with multiple professional fields and multiple information processing technologies; comprehensive Improve the level of geological disaster monitoring information in my country, meet the needs of society and the public for geological disaster information, and realize important decision-making functions such as remote consultation and emergency command.
The construction of the geological disaster monitoring and early warning information system relies on geological disaster monitoring agencies at all levels. It has the characteristics of unified requirements, unified processes, and hierarchical management. It is a systematic project closely integrated with modern computer technology. This book comprehensively discusses the construction of the entire geological disaster prevention and control information system, including the geological disaster monitoring and early warning information system, in Chapter 11 (Research on the Construction Planning of the National Geological Disaster Prevention and Control Information System), and will not go into details in this section.
7.3.5 Construction of emergency response mechanism and remote consultation emergency command system for sudden major geological disasters
(1) Construction of emergency response mechanism
From Starting from now (2004), the country and provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) must establish a provincial land and resources administrative department as the command center, with the geological environment monitoring station (hospital, center) as the main body, and prefectures (cities, states), counties ( A geological disaster monitoring, early warning and emergency response system for the coordinated operation of municipal and district land and resources administrative departments and local professional teams.
1) The emergency response system must be equipped with necessary emergency equipment. Before the flood every year, hazard inspections are conducted in the major counties (cities) with geological disaster hazard points in the disaster prevention plan, focusing on inspecting disaster prevention and reduction measures, group Test whether the mass prevention network and monitoring responsibility system are in place, conduct dangerous inspections of major disaster hazard points, strengthen monitoring during floods, and conduct re-inspections after floods.
2) When detecting dangers and receiving reports of dangers, they can rush to the scene in the shortest possible time and carry out danger appraisals. At the same time, they can conduct dynamic monitoring and analysis of disasters in a timely manner, predict the development trend of disasters, and based on the causes and causes of disasters, Type, scale, scope of influence and development trend, delineate disaster risk areas, set up warning signs in danger areas, determine early warning signals and evacuation routes, organize the evacuation of people and important property in the danger areas, and when the situation is critical, compulsorily organize disaster evacuation.
3) After receiving reports of extremely large and large geological hazards, the headquarters office, together with relevant departments, quickly organizes an emergency investigation team to rush to the scene to investigate and verify the danger, and propose emergency rescue measures.
(2) Construction of remote consultation and emergency command system for sudden major geological disasters
With the increasing scale of national economic construction and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, geological disasters The losses caused are becoming increasingly prominent. The prevention and control work of geological disasters must respond promptly to major geological disasters, put forward scientific decision-making opinions, and direct emergency response work in a timely manner.
The remote consultation and emergency command system for sudden major geological disasters is aimed at the forecast and emergency command of sudden major geological disasters. Based on the establishment of a comprehensive database of geological disasters, it is built to connect the land and resources supervisors of the State Council. The networked multimedia environment and geological disaster emergency data transmission environment for remote consultation and emergency command between departments, geological disaster data centers and key geological disaster areas have formed a set of information-based remote consultation and emergency command workflow for geological disasters.
The main work contents are as follows:
1) Extract, process, organize, integrate and analyze information related to major geological disaster forecasting and emergency command, and establish a comprehensive geological disaster database. The information content includes geographical and geological background data; meteorological analysis data; geological disaster investigation and monitoring data; geological disaster situation information; disaster relief condition information, etc.
2) Establish a geological disaster information release platform. Develop and construct dynamic information release systems, spatial information extraction and release systems, and multimedia information release systems related to major geological disaster information forecasting and emergency command.
3) Build a network and multimedia operating environment for remote consultation and emergency command of geological disasters.
Including multi-point, multi-level video conferencing systems, large-screen display systems and related audio-visual and telephone systems; network information transmission systems between the country and key geological disaster areas; building a rapid transmission environment for emergency survey data in key geological disaster areas.
4) Research and formulate a set of working specifications for remote consultation and emergency command systems for geological disasters. Analyze the characteristics of geological disaster remote consultation and emergency command work, propose a working model for geological disaster remote consultation and emergency command system, and establish a set of relevant work specifications.
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