Research paper on the application measures of scientific English

Research paper on the application measures of scientific English

Translation refers to the process of transforming the original text into another language text, and retaining the content, formal features and functions of the original text to the maximum extent. The key is to maintain the equivalence between the source language and the target language. The object of scientific and technological translation is usually scientific and technological documents, and its greatest feature is accuracy, so the translation of these documents also requires accuracy and logic. The most striking features of EST translation are objectivity, standardization, stylistic form, syntactic norms and pragmatic attitude. Objectivity means that the translator can't change his original ideas, omit information or add comments in the process of translation, but must accurately translate the original text into the target language; Normalization means that translators usually use some technical terms and more formal language; Seeking truth from facts means that EST translation must be close to real life, and it is necessary to accumulate new terms in EST. As for the standard of EST translation, there are two widely accepted principles, namely, faithfulness or accuracy and fluency. In the process of translating EST, translators need to master enough knowledge of EST and relevant background knowledge of EST, and use standardized, professional and logical target language to convey information to readers. According to the basic characteristics of EST in vocabulary and grammar, the author puts forward a series of principled application strategies.

Application Strategies Based on Lexical Features

Mastering the relevant knowledge of English lexicology and word formation, being familiar with the relevant professional background, and paying attention to strengthening the language application ability such as reading comprehension or translation are helpful to the study and application of EST. However, the contribution that a pure English major can make to the application of EST is very limited. Only when professionals have a certain level of professional English and combine their own professional knowledge base can they give full play to the role of EST. Generally speaking, there are two ways to translate scientific English words: literal translation and variation translation. Literal translation includes transplantation, transliteration and formal translation, in which transplantation is to find out the morphemes of a word and combine them; Transliteration refers to translating words according to their English pronunciation; Transliteration is to describe an object according to the meaning of English words. Different translations include deduction, extension and interpretation, in which deduction is based on contextual meaning and dictionary annotations, while extension and interpretation are based on semantic extension. The application of modern English lexicology in EST is mainly reflected in how to China it. Generally speaking, the Chinese translation of scientific English words should not only conform to the expression habits of technical terms, but also be acceptable to ordinary readers. Therefore, when translating expressions, we must correctly understand and concisely express semantics according to the context, and respect the established universal expressions as much as possible. Take the sinicization of common computer English words as an example: a) different translations, such as Explorer, mean "explorer", but we actually call it "browser"; Click means "tick", but it is used to be translated as "click"; B) Literal translation, such as motherboard and floppy disk; C) transliteration, such as Hacker (), Clone (clone); D) Pay attention to transliteration and free translation, such as the Internet; E) There is no translation, such as CD(CompactDisk) translated into "CD" or no translation, and it is directly represented by CD. Similarly, there are ADSL (Telecommunication Broadband) and ISDN (One Line Communication).

Application Strategies Based on Grammatical Features

Grammatically, EST is characterized by using the simple present tense in tense, using the passive voice in voice, using long sentences, nominalized structures and non-finite verbs in syntax, and adjective phrases are widely used as attributes later. The following will discuss the principled translation strategies based on these grammatical features.

(1) Translation Strategies of Passive Voice Passive voice is a grammatical means to express the relationship between the predicate and the subject in a sentence. Passive voice is widely and frequently used in EST, and sometimes it is even considered necessary. For example, in scientific English writing or experimental reports, the subject of action is not important or the process and principle of action are the most important. Scientific and technological literature emphasizes detailed narration and reasoning, and readers' attention is also focused on the ideas and contents of the text. In order to show objectivity, passive voice is widely used in EST. According to different contexts, passive sentences can be flexibly translated into active forms or kept in passive forms. In Chinese, the passive voice is usually expressed by passive verbs such as "ba" and "Bei". At the same time, due to its flexible syntax, Chinese uses the passive voice less than English. Therefore, in translation, according to the habits of two languages, we can change the pronunciation from two aspects: sentence patterns and auxiliary words, so as to express the original intention smoothly. When translating the passive voice of EST into Chinese, there are mainly the following strategies: 1. Chinese translation of passive voice. A. Keep the original subject unchanged, because there are more verbs with passive voice in Chinese than in English, so the passive voice is more widely used in English. When translated into Chinese, verbs can express passive voice without changing the subject. B. turn the original subject into an object. Sometimes it is necessary to translate the passive voice of English into the active voice of Chinese in order to better conform to the expression habits of the latter. At this time, the subject in the original sentence becomes the object in the translation, and phrases such as the sender of action and appositive as modifiers in the original sentence are also translated into the subject accordingly. C. add appropriate subjects to the translation to make Chinese fluent. Some Chinese verbs cannot be used in the passive voice. At this time, the subject of the original sentence needs to be added after it becomes the object of the translation. 2. The passive structure is transformed into a sentence without a subject. The subject of the original sentence becomes an object in the translation, and there is no subject in the translation. 3. The passive structure remains unchanged. This transformation can be divided into two situations: a. In order to emphasize the passive meaning of the original sentence, the passive voice can be maintained by adding passive verbs such as "Bei", "Bei", "Yi", "De" and "Bei" when translating into Chinese. B. translate the subject and predicate together into the subject of Chinese. 4. Chinese translation of sentence patterns ". It+passive voice+that ". This structure is widely used in English for Science and Technology, and it has become one of the remarkable features that distinguish it from other English styles. For example, "Itcanbeforeseenthat" (predictable), "It can't be defined as ..." (undeniable). This kind of sentence can usually be translated into impersonal or uncertain subjective sentences.

(2) Translation Strategies of Nominalization Structure English is static, and nouns are often used instead of verbs; Chinese is dynamic, and more verbs are used in the same sentence. English, as a comprehensive language with rich vocabulary, has many strict rules on predicate verbs to limit its variant forms. For example, a sentence can only have one predicate verb, so many nouns in English are derived from verbs, and nominalization structures are widely used. Compared with general English, nominalization is used more frequently in EST. Because the semantics of nominalized phrases containing multiple words are usually complicated, their translation should also go beyond their superficial structure. Using as few words as possible to accurately express meaning is an important principle in EST translation. In the original English text, nominalization is used to simplify the sentence structure, so different translation methods should be adopted in different situations. For example, "arch-imed first discovered the principle of the placement of watersbysolids", in which "displacement to fwaterbysolids-ies" is a nominal structure, which not only simplifies appositive sentences, but also emphasizes the fact of "drainage". Therefore, when translated into Chinese, it should also be used as a noun form, that is, "solid drainage principle" to simplify the sentence. Another example is "If you use firebricks around the walls of sofa bombers, the heat loss can be greatly reduced", which can greatly reduce the heat consumption. EST explains the principle of nature, so we should avoid using the first person and the second person in translation, and put the theme information at the beginning of the sentence. With the nominalization of verbs in EST, prepositions are widely used in the form of "verb+object+preposition" or "preposition+object+preposition". 1 ".Verb+object+preposition" structure, such as makeuseof, keepwatchover, give away-deny of. From these phrases, we can see that the verb meanings in Chinese all come from nouns that act as objects in the original English sentences. The verbs in the original sentence are called "empty verbs", including have, make, do, take and get, and their syntactic functions are more important than thematic functions. In English-Chinese translation, more attention is paid to nouns that can be rewritten into Chinese concepts in the original sentence. 2 ".Preposition+Object+Preposition" structure. Prepositions are very active and can express the meaning of verbs and nouns. In nominalization, hollow verbs are replaced by prepositions, such as inaccordancewith (according to), onac-counto(f based on reason), bymea anso (f relying on), inproportionto (proportion) and so on. For this form, we should pay attention to the nouns after the first preposition and translate them into corresponding Chinese.

(3) Translation Skills of Complex Long Sentences When expressing complex concepts, EST is more widely used than long and difficult sentences in ordinary English, because EST aims to express a logic and describe a process. Definitions, rules, conclusions, concepts or skills expressed in EST must be precise, so sentences usually have many modifiers and additional elements, which makes them lengthy and complicated. The translation of long and difficult sentences may be the most difficult task in English-Chinese translation, and the key lies in accurately understanding the logic and structure of the original sentence. The method often used in translation is to break a long and difficult sentence into several short sentences, that is, to clarify the idea and level of the original sentence, and then reorganize the Chinese components to make them conform to Chinese expression. To translate long and difficult sentences, we should first read the whole text extensively to understand the structure and theme of the article; Then, analyze the syntax, determine the relationship between clauses, and fully understand the whole sentence; Finally, translate long and difficult sentences into accurate and readable Chinese sentences. To sum up, there are three main ways to translate long and difficult sentences, namely, sequential method, reverse order method and split method. (1) sequential method. If the narrative level of long sentences is sequential and similar to Chinese, the original sentences can be translated in order, and some conjunctions can be added or deleted according to different situations. (2) Reverse order method. When the structure of long sentences is opposite to that of Chinese, the original sentences should be translated in the opposite order. In most cases, the sentence structure in English is opposite to that in Chinese. Therefore, in EST translation, the reverse order method is used more frequently. (3) Split method. Sometimes, the relationship between the main sentences or words modified by prepositions or participle phrases is not inseparable, and each component has its own independent meaning, so long and difficult sentences can be divided into several units and reorganized according to the Chinese meaning.

Strategies for improving the translation level of scientific English

The translation principles and strategies based on the main vocabulary, grammar and other characteristics of EST have been discussed. Finally, the author summarizes some general principles and strategies to improve the translation level of EST. 1. Translate lexical meanings accurately. Based on the characteristics of EST vocabulary, translators must be careful in the process of translation. They must not ignore the professional meanings of widely used scientific and technological words, nor can they regard common words as scientific and technological English words. For example, "lightshow" should be translated as "light display" instead of "light exhibition". Translators should pay attention to the special scientific vocabulary group and the word formation of modern English, and constantly learn the newly created scientific English vocabulary and its translation skills. 2. Be familiar with common sentence patterns. For common sentence patterns in EST, such as passive sentences and "it ..." structure, we should master their characteristics and translation skills skillfully. For another example, EST pays attention to the logic of the text, and often uses participle conjunctions such as "suppose that" and "provided that (t (t as long as)", so translators need to be familiar with and master such sentence patterns. 3. Analyze the level of the text and understand the meaning of the text. The key to EST translation lies in a comprehensive understanding of the text. Only by grasping the meaning of the text can translation be easier, and most translation errors are due to the translator's incomplete understanding of the text. However, as Nida said, understanding is not only the function of knowing the meaning of words or identifying grammatical structures. In order to analyze and understand the text comprehensively, the translator should grasp the following points: a. The meaning of a sentence includes three levels, namely, meaning, grammatical relationship and thematic relationship; B have a clear understanding of formal words (such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) and structural words (prepositions, conjunctions, articles, relative pronouns and relative adverbs); C. the function of distinguishing grammatical structures; D. Translate according to the sentence or text function and reset it in translation. 4. Improve the level of Chinese. When translating EST into Chinese, the translator should not only have the ability to fully understand the English text, but also improve his Chinese level, that is, he should be proficient in both Chinese and English. Conclusion Based on the analysis of lexical and syntactic features of EST, combined with the theory of cognitive linguistics and its research results, this paper puts forward targeted application strategies of EST to highlight the subjectivity and cognitive ability of translators, so as to improve the application level of EST writing and translation of scientific researchers.

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