Knowledge points that must be tested in the geography period of senior one.

Both physical geography and human geography should attach importance to the study and application of maps. Only by combining pictures and texts can we better know, understand and master all kinds of geographical things and phenomena, geographical laws and principles, and make geography easy to understand, easy to learn, easy to remember and easy to use. This time, I sorted out the knowledge points that must be tested in the geography midterm of senior one for your reference.

catalogue

Knowledge points that must be tested in the geography period of senior one.

How can we learn geography well?

How to memorize geographical maps quickly?

Knowledge points that must be tested in the geography period of senior one.

(1) alternate day and night

1.( 1) The reason for the day and night phenomenon-the earth is opaque and does not emit light;

(2) The reason for the alternation of day and night is the rotation of the earth.

2. Interpretation of the terminator line: Find a point in the terminator line and cross it from west to east to enter the daytime hemisphere, indicating that the line is a morning line, and vice versa.

3. the relationship between the terminator line and the equator: the intersection is equally divided, so the equator is equally divided throughout the year.

4. The relationship between the terminator line and the sun's rays: vertical and tangent, so the height of the sun on the terminator line is 0 degrees.

5. The included angle between the termination line and the earth axis ranges from 0 to 23 26'.

6. The distribution of solar height: in the daytime hemisphere >; 0, in the night hemisphere

7. Alternate cycle of day and night: one solar day =24 hours.

(2) Calculation of local time

1. Calculation principle of local time:

(1) local time is early in the east and late in the west (both are east longitude, and the greater the longitude, the more eastward; The longitude is the same as that of the west, and the smaller the longitude, the more eastward it is; One east and one west, east longitude is earlier)

② The local time on the same meridian is the same.

③ Longitude changes every 15 (i.e. 1 = 4 minutes) 1 hour.

2. Local time calculation method:

Local time in a certain place = known local time 4 minutes × longitude difference between the two places.

Note: ① Selection conditions of addition and subtraction in the formula: the east of the known land is East plus West minus-plus sign, and the west of the known land is minus sign.

2 calculation of longitude difference: the same reduction but different addition-the two places are both east longitude or west longitude reduction; One is east longitude, and the other is the sum of west longitude.

③ calculation step: determine the longitude difference between the two places; Convert the time difference between the two places; Judging the east-west direction of the two places; Count it in.

3. Calculation of day and night length

(1) Daylight arc: any part whose latitude falls in the daytime hemisphere.

⑵ Night arc: the part of the night hemisphere at any latitude.

⑶ Calculation: ① Day length = longitude ÷15 corresponding to the solar arc;

② Night length = longitude ÷ 15 corresponding to the night arc.

(3) Calculation of time zone

The time zone of the searched place = the time zone of the known place+/-the digital difference between the two places.

Description:

① Calculation of the number of time zones: local longitude ÷ 15, and the quotient is rounded to get the number of time zones.

(2) Time difference calculation: the same subtraction but different addition-the two places are subtracted in the eastern time zone or the western time zone; One is the eastern time zone, and the other is the sum of the western time zones.

③ Selection conditions of positive and negative symbols: East plus West minus (both are eastern time zones, and the more time zones, the more eastward; Both are western time zones, and the fewer the time zones, the more eastward they are; One east and one west, the east time zone is east).

(4) Interpretation methods and steps of illumination map.

1. Mark the rotation direction and judge the termination line.

2. Set the date:

(1) The polar day in the Arctic Circle (or the polar night in the Antarctic Circle) is June 22nd;

(2) The polar night in the Arctic Circle (or the polar day in the Antarctic Circle) is 65438+February 22nd;

(3) The termination line coincides with the meridian, which is March 2 1 or September 23.

3. Time calculation:

(1) Find a special moment:

① The meridian where the morning line intersects the equator is 6 o'clock;

(2) When the intersection of the dark line and the equator is located on the meridian, it is 18;

③ The local time of bisecting the meridian of the solar hemisphere is12;

④ When the meridian in the night hemisphere is bisected, it is 24 o'clock or 0 o'clock.

⑵ Calculate the time according to the principle of longitude difference 15, time difference 1 hour, early in the east and late in the west, increasing in the east and decreasing in the west.

4. Determine the geographical coordinates of the direct sun point.

(1) The latitude of the direct point is determined by the date: vernal equinox-0; Summer solstice-23 degrees 26 minutes north latitude; Winter solstice -23 26

⑵ The meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is the meridian bisecting the solar hemisphere, that is, the meridian with local time of 12.

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How can we learn geography well?

First, cultivate your interest in geography. Interest is the best teacher. If you lack the necessary interest in geography, you must cultivate it in your study and life. For example, in the poem, "The spring breeze is but the Yumen Pass", I have to study it myself. Why did the ancients write such a poem? It is understood that the original "spring breeze" refers to the summer monsoon that affects China. Yumen is located in the non-monsoon area, which is not affected by the summer monsoon, so the precipitation here is scarce and desolate. Only in this way can you stimulate your interest in learning.

Second, correct learning attitude and be proactive. As a student, you should have what a student should look like, don't believe in genius, do yourself well, study in a down-to-earth way, and ask your classmates or teachers if you don't understand. A threesome requires a teacher. Teachers will like to be attached to their students and feel gratified. They are afraid that if they don't understand and wait for their own research, they will build a car behind closed doors, which is likely to accumulate more problems.

Third, carefully preview what you want to talk about before class, so as to be aware of it; Listen carefully and concentrate in class. After class, you should finish your homework carefully and independently, and check for leaks. If you are distracted in class for a while, you may fall behind and make up for it. Sometimes, it may be difficult to break through the knowledge understood in class, and it will take several times after class. At this time, you will get twice the result with half the effort.

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How to memorize geographical maps quickly?

1. Rich association, word-graph comparison

Blind memory and mapping are boring. According to the reflection mechanism of human and animals, the information sources should be properly handled. Multi-channel stimulation is used to obtain the best effect of motor memory and emotional memory. Turn abstract map symbols into concrete images to stimulate association. For example, the regional map of Qaidam basin has mining areas and railways. If a cold lake is woven, fish (fish card) will be fished eastward, firewood (Dachaidan) will go south to Xishan (Xitieshan), sweat (Chaerhan) will cut Golmud, and the train will transport tea cards eastward. When you look at the map, you will soon remember this part of the map.

2. Focus on simplification and signaling.

The information carried by the map should be analyzed, processed, distinguished and reorganized; Improve its accuracy; Narrow the scope and eliminate interference channels. The correct approach should be: (1) based on the schematic diagram, easy first, then difficult. For example, the railway is based on the trunk line, the hub is filled in correctly, and the curve turns into a straight line, so it is easy to master. (2) Sketch the illustrations with monochrome pens and multicolor colored pens, and then compare them with the atlas. In this way, watching black and white before watching color TV can highlight the key points and make up for each other. (3) Strengthen the hard-to-remember content and reveal the key points of the regional map. For example, it can be constantly revealed in legend practice classes and fast map-finding competitions. For example, should the hydropower station be painted upstream or downstream of the reservoir? Does Kiel Canal cross the national border? In which mining area is the midpoint of Shitai Line? How many towers are there in the picture of Angkor Wat? Wait a minute. (4) Grasp the characters and simplify the signal. For example, when studying the ports in the eastern part of North Korea, it is time-saving and labor-saving and easy to remember for students to recite the golden blue gold (policy), Xianxingxing (south) and Wushan (kettle) mountains while looking at the pictures.

3. Look at pictures, remember texts and read literary thoughts.

Mastering map knowledge should focus on discovering features, understanding concepts, revealing laws and clarifying reasons. If you look at pictures without thinking about words, your knowledge will appear fragmented. On the contrary, memorizing the text by rote, the concept of geography has lost the support of specific images, which will inevitably lead to confusion between peaches and plums. In particular, high school students' abstract thinking develops rapidly and their language expression ability is strong. In teaching, students should be trained to write illustrations, extract explanatory points, carry out after-class discussion activities and activate textbook knowledge in maps.

4. Artificial design, graphic meaning

In order to make the relationship between geographical objects in the image clearer, geographical objects are attached to the artificially designed geometric framework. For example, the Yangtze River Delta Industrial Zone, Wuxi, Suzhou, Yixing and Huzhou can be connected into a trapezoid around Taihu Lake on the map. Explain that the location of the five major cities in Britain uses the method of gold thread through the beads, and Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham and London are put into the inverted S shape to explain the location of the five major cities in Britain. Another example: three cities, such as Sydney in the southeast of Australia, form a three-star style; Yuxikou and Wuhu are connected by a river. Graphics can also be used for image description, for example, Y represents the appearance of the Baltic Sea.

In drawing training, according to the principle of combining the whole with the part, the large and small drawings are combined, and the procedure of looking at the drawings first, then simplifying and finally recovering is implemented. That is: first look at the general plan, then develop it, emerge in your mind, and solve your doubts; Then simplify drawing and imitation, and finally open the atlas to verify the restoration. Because all the senses are mobilized to coordinate their actions, map knowledge can be remembered and firmly remembered.

Geographical knowledge is rich in content, practical and widely used. When studying, we should closely combine the surrounding things and phenomena, local and national economic development, current affairs at home and abroad, etc. Make learning closer to the reality of life and more lively and interesting. We should also go into nature and society as much as possible, feel the geographical knowledge and phenomena in life personally, use the knowledge and ability learned in books and classes in field observation and social activities, and cultivate the ability of observing and analyzing, flexibly learning and applying, integrating theory with practice to solve specific problems, and the ability of communication and cooperation, practice and innovation.

Finally, I want to say a question. Some students think that geography is particularly abstract and has little to do with life. I want to say, there is geography everywhere in life, and there is geography all the time, such as rain or shine, day and night changes, the length of the day, the rotation of the button on the washbasin, the length of the shadow in winter and summer, and so on. , all have geographical shadows. Therefore, geography is in our life and it is tangible. It is really not difficult to learn geography well. Let's work together.

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