Write a 730-word composition on the theme of infectious disease prevention and control and food safety.

In view of the present situation of food safety in China, this paper analyzes the causes of potential safety hazards and thinks about the countermeasures. Food refers to all kinds of finished products and raw materials for human consumption or drinking, as well as articles that are traditionally both food and medicine, but do not include articles for therapeutic purposes. With the globalization of economy, food hygiene and safety have become a hot topic of great concern. In recent years, some countries and regions in the world have witnessed vicious food safety incidents. With the extensive use of chemicals and new technologies in food processing, new food safety problems have emerged. Although modern science and technology have developed to a considerable level, food-borne diseases have not been effectively controlled in both developed and developing countries, which still seriously endanger people's health and become one of the most concerned health problems in the world today. Therefore, in terms of the seriousness of food safety itself, it is still a top priority to attach importance to and vigorously solve this problem. Key words: Current situation of food safety hazards and suggestions on food-borne diseases supervision 1. Foreword There is a saying in China: Food is the most important thing for the people. Food is the most basic material condition for human survival and development. China has another saying: Illness comes from the mouth. Unsafe food quality will affect people's health. Food safety is related to the life, survival and continuation of all mankind, and it is an important subject of human development. It is precisely because of the great potential of the food market that with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, China's food processing industry has made unprecedented development in recent years, making various new foods emerge one after another. Every day, as long as we turn on the TV and read the newspaper, we can see a large number of various food advertisements. On the street, whether it is shopping malls, supermarkets or even street stalls, food occupies the main share of the market. Recently, with the further improvement of transparency in all walks of life, food quality problems have been frequently exposed by the media, which directly leads to the safety of the food industry becoming a major theme that people are most concerned about. Nowadays, food safety has become a "big worry" for consumers in China, which is related to the health and safety of consumers and even the next generation. This is one of the most important threats to public health. Therefore, paying attention to food safety has become an important aspect to measure people's quality of life, social management level and national legal system construction. While seeing the food safety problems in the world, we should understand the problems and deficiencies in China's food safety legal system. Relevant government departments at all levels should attach great importance to this issue, further strengthen and improve China's food safety legal system and keep pace with the times, which is particularly important and urgent at present. Second, the current situation of food safety in China for a long time, reports on various inferior foods have almost become a major topic that we can see in the media every once in a while. For example, inferior milk powder, inferior flour, inferior rice, inferior bean products, dyed white stripes, water-injected meat, Sudan red and the melamine incident that is now raging, we can make a long list. These frequently exposed food processing shady scenes are no longer unfamiliar to consumers. Supervision departments at all levels have never stopped law enforcement inspections, and they will intensify law enforcement inspections before major festivals such as New Year's Day and Spring Festival every year. In 2007, they also conducted a nationwide survey on food safety hazards. People's Republic of China (PRC) Food Hygiene Law, People's Republic of China (PRC) Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Law and Guangdong Edible Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Regulations have been formulated one after another. It can be seen that China has an iron wrist in rectifying food safety. However, it is puzzling that in recent years, regulatory authorities at all levels have not made great efforts, but inferior foods are still emerging one after another, just like foods containing melamine are constantly exposed, which seriously threatens people's lives and health and makes us feel nervous from time to time. At present, there are five major problems in the field of food safety in China: food-borne diseases caused by microorganisms, pesticide residues and veterinary drug residues in planting and breeding, weak awareness of law-abiding by producers and operators, food safety problems brought about by the application of new food production technologies, and environmental impact on food safety. These problems have led to the unbalanced development of food production industry in China. Two major food safety incidents occurred in China, which are still worrying. Once, an epidemic of hepatitis A broke out in Shanghai in early 1988, and people ate the polluted Scapharca subcrenata. At that time, there were 3 10000 patients, which caused many deaths, restricted Shanghai residents' travel (referring to other places), and food exports returned, resulting in heavy economic losses. The other is the avian flu that occurred in Hong Kong in June, 5438+February, 0997 +65438, which had a great impact on China's poultry export. In recent years, major food safety incidents that endanger people's health and even life have occurred frequently, and their number and degree of harm are on the rise. For example, 200 1, the case of adding "white sugar" to white sugar in Zhejiang Province; Chongqing "Maofashui" soy sauce case; Cases of inferior rice in Guangdong province; Poisoning of puffer fish in Jiangxi province; Unknown mutton case in Inner Mongolia; Tianjin infusion bottled soy sauce case; Jiangxi province sick and dead pork processed food case; Chongqing illegal processing of fake and shoddy food case; Eating pork containing clenbuterol (clenbuterol hydrochloride) caused more than 60 cases of food poisoning in Hangzhou and more than 0/00 cases in Xinyi County, Guangdong Province. Then today's malachite green, Sudan red, big-headed baby, melamine case and so on. In addition, incidents of food poisoning caused by fake wine, pesticide residues and the addition of prohibited substances in food or feed have occurred from time to time, resulting in deaths and a large number of people being hospitalized collectively. According to experts' estimation, the total number of people involved in food poisoning reports in China is 20,000-40,000 each year, but this figure is less than one tenth of the actual number, which means that the number of people suffering from food poisoning in China is about 200,000-400,000 each year. Judging from various cases and figures, it is enough to shock us. This time bomb is around us and will explode at any moment. Therefore, it is urgent to rectify food safety, improve food safety factor and make us eat safely and safely. Third, the main factors of hidden dangers in food safety Looking back carefully at this series of food problems, it is not an accidental coincidence, but the result of the interaction of many social, economic and moral factors under the current special conditions. First of all, improper operation of agricultural products planting and food processing, abuse of pesticides and fertilizers, pollution in processing, etc. In addition, China is currently in the transition period from a planned economy to a market economy, and the original system is obviously "insufficient" in the new economic situation, which provides an opportunity for some lawless elements to make use of the blind spots and loopholes of the current law to create a large number of fakes to seek illegal interests. At present, the public's indifference to the concept of food safety has greatly aggravated the danger of food safety. In addition, the moral concepts of "money first" and "interest first" in current society undoubtedly deepen the harm of counterfeiters. Looking at various reasons, we can easily find that the current food safety problem is not an isolated phenomenon, but closely related to our current special social environment. (a) analysis of the causes of food safety hazards from the aspects of disease and poisoning; 1. Harmful substances such as fertilizers and pesticides remain in agricultural products. Due to excessive application and improper use of pesticides, food poisoning incidents caused by pesticides occur frequently every year in China, especially organophosphorus poisoning left in vegetables. After being absorbed by the human body, the residual organophosphorus in vegetables is transported to various organs of the whole body through blood, leading to poisoning and even life-threatening in severe cases. The phenomenon of excessive organophosphorus residues in agricultural products in China is more prominent. In addition, a large number of chemical fertilizers are excessively or unreasonably applied to crops every year in China, which makes the residue of chemical fertilizers in the soil heavier and heavier. Vegetables produced by improper application and abuse of chemical fertilizers are no less threatening to human health than pesticide residues in vegetables. Nitrate itself is not toxic, but it will be reduced to nitrite under the action of bacteria in human oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. When nitrite accumulates in large quantities, it may cause poisoning, and long-term intake may induce canceration of digestive tract system. Epidemiological experiments have proved that nitrate, nitrite and amine compounds inherent in food are precursors of nitrosamines, and the carcinogenic time of nitrosamines is shortened with the increase of human intake. 2. Harmful substances such as antibiotics and hormones remain in poultry, livestock and aquatic products. In order to prevent and treat diseases of poultry, livestock and aquatic products, a large number of chemical drugs such as antibiotics and sulfonamides are used, which often leads to drug residues in animal tissues. Veterinary drug residues include both the original drug and the metabolites of the drug in animals. In food, potential health and safety problems will increase due to the side effects of drugs themselves or the growth of drug-resistant bacteria population. In recent years, clenbuterol hydrochloride stimulant has been widely used in China because it can make poultry and livestock produce enough clenbuterol, which leads to more consumers who eat food containing clenbuterol residues, and even death. 3. Heavy metal pollution Heavy metal pollution has a very serious impact on food safety and belongs to the category of chemical pollution. It is considered that cadmium pollution is more serious, followed by mercury and lead. Most metals accumulate in the body and have a long half-life, which can produce acute and chronic toxic reactions, and may also be teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic. At present, lead pollution among children in China is serious. Excessive use of food additives may cause harm to human body. After testing by the quality and technical supervision department, the whitening agent "benzoyl peroxide" added to the flour exceeded the standard by 5 times; Benzoic acid used in kimchi exceeded the standard by more than 20 times; The chemical synthetic sweeteners used in drinks exceed the standard many times, and so on. 5. Toxin pollution Toxin pollution is an extremely serious food safety problem at present. Toxins mainly come from nature. For example, in recent years, there have been frequent incidents of "poisoned rice" in China, which is aflatoxin pollution. 6. Abuse of non-food processing chemical additives in the process of food processing and manufacturing, illegal use and addition of chemical substances beyond the permitted scope of food regulations (mostly harmful to human health). For example, improving the taste of rice noodles and yuba, using "hanging white block" (a chemical raw material, scientific name is hanging white block) and so on. 7. Using inferior raw materials in food manufacturing and using inferior raw materials in food processing has caused great hidden dangers to food safety. Such as: processing cooked meat products with dead livestock and poultry; Processing fried food with "waste oil" 8. Fake and shoddy food In recent years, fake and shoddy food has been rampant in some areas, especially in rural areas. Such as: soy sauce and vinegar mixed with chemical synthetic substances; Use industrial alcohol to make fake wine, and use methanol to fake white wine. 9. The raw materials and processing degree of food with improper control of pathogenic microorganisms determine that it has certain microbial growth conditions. A little carelessness in food processing, manufacturing, packaging, storage and transportation will lead to a large number of microorganisms. Most collective food poisoning in China is caused by microorganisms. In China, pathogenic microorganisms that are easy to cause food poisoning mainly include pathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and so on. Food poisoning caused by pathogenic microorganisms occurs every year, especially in summer and autumn when the temperature is high. 10. Deteriorated food is basically the main component of animal and plant biological tissues. These substances will undergo a series of chemical and biological changes under certain conditions, resulting in various substances harmful to human body. Such as spoiled fresh milk, yogurt, fresh meat and so on. 1 1, the emergence of potentially dangerous biotechnological products of genetically modified foods also brings security problems. Nowadays, genetically modified food has already been put on people's table, and there are also potential dangers: it may damage the human immune system (marker gene); May produce allergic syndrome; May be toxic to humans; Harmful to the environment and ecosystem; It has unknown harm to human beings and the human body. (2) Analyze the factors of food safety hazards from the aspects of food safety supervision and the quality of operators. Although the government has always attached importance to food safety and made a lot of efforts, food safety is restricted by social and economic development, scientific and technological progress and people's living standards. At present, there are still various problems in China's food safety. Among them, the problems in food production and processing are the most serious. Most food processing enterprises are relatively small in scale. Of the more than 7.5 million small food processing workshops and stalls in China, 80% are manual workshops, with less than 10 people. The technology is backward, the sanitary conditions are extremely poor, 20% ~ 30% do not meet the industry standards, the phenomenon of excessive use of food additives is more serious, and the food nutrition index can not meet the requirements. In addition, the food circulation is disorderly. There are more than 3.5 million food enterprises in China, most of which are individual businesses. They lack the necessary grain storage and transportation facilities and are backward in management. Some food wholesale markets lack effective safety testing methods and quality control measures. Food hygiene conditions in food consumption are poor, some catering operators are not qualified to operate, almost all catering departments will not carry out scientific inspection of food raw materials, and lack control measures for disease prevention. 1, the asymmetry of market information and the existence of incomplete information lead to immoral behavior and market chaos, leading to market failure. In the market economy, producers and operators pursue the maximization of benefits and consumers pursue the maximization of utility. Only when they get enough information about food characteristics can they realize the effective allocation of social resources. However, due to the characteristics of food safety and quality, buyers and sellers in the food market are also faced with the problem of incomplete food safety information, but in contrast, food producers, processors and sellers know more about food safety information such as pesticide residues and microbial pollution than consumers. Driven by the principle of maximizing personal interests, food producers and operators with information advantages will consciously or unconsciously use their own information advantages to provide false, omitted, outdated or misleading information, and even take immoral measures to produce and sell those fake and shoddy products to customers. Consumers are always at a disadvantage in the possession of information such as the right to know and the right to choose, and it is difficult to make a correct judgment on the safety of the selected food, which may lead to the failure of the "survival of the fittest" mechanism in the market economy, and the phenomenon that low-quality and inferior foods expel high-quality and high-quality foods will eventually lead to disorder in the food market. 2. The externality of food safety is due to the fact that regular manufacturers have not been compensated by external interests, while informal manufacturers have not paid the price for external hazards. In this way, if we only rely on the market price mechanism, without considering the opportunity cost of damage, the behavior of illegal food suppliers can harm others and gain the marginal benefits brought by regular manufacturers. The situation of regular manufacturers is the opposite. The failure of the price mechanism is also the failure of the market. In this case, fake and shoddy products are produced. 3. Conflicts of interest between enterprises and consumers Consumers are in a weak position in conflicts of interest with producers and operators, and some enterprises will inevitably harm the interests of consumers by hook or by crook. In contrast, food producers and operators are organizations with strong economic strength, and it is difficult for individual dispersed consumers with weak economic strength to compete with them. Coupled with the lack of legal knowledge, when their own interests are damaged, they often choose to swallow their words, or most consumers have the idea of "hitchhiking", hoping that others will file a lawsuit first and enjoy it for free. In the end, no one may reflect food safety issues and safeguard their own rights and interests. 4. In the market economy, another deep-seated reason for the disorder of food market order is discontinuity, that is to say, the government's regulation and function are not perfect and the law enforcement is not strong enough. The lack of coordination and continuity in the supervision mechanism, the lack of standardization in the implementation of food safety, the lack of law enforcement and punishment, the restoration of calm after the rectification campaign, the lack of social supervision and problem-solving mechanisms, and the lack of industrial policies to guide the development of the food industry, especially the lack of food science and technology innovation ability, have led to intermittent management of food market order, allowing unscrupulous businessmen to take advantage of loopholes, and the quality of food safety is generally low, which cannot fundamentally solve food safety problems. Four. Suggestions on Strengthening Food Safety (1) Strengthening the supervision of "farmland to table" and strengthening the research of food inspection are the first steps to ensure food safety. In the food safety guarantee system of "farm to table" management, the inspection work should be continuously improved with the revision of standards. As an important means of internal self-monitoring and external supervision and inspection in food raw materials, production and processing, transportation and marketing, testing directly affects the quality and safety of food. With the gradual reduction of the limit value of safety and hygiene indicators in food, higher requirements are put forward for detection technology, and inspection and testing should develop in the direction of high technology, rapid detection, portability and information enjoyment. It is an important measure to improve China's food testing capacity as a whole to establish a systematic food testing institution and gradually socialize, establish a scientific testing quality assurance system and strengthen the testing technology reserve and personnel reserve. (2) Further improve food safety laws and regulations, straighten out the food safety supervision system, strengthen supervision, change and revise outdated laws and regulations in time, and keep pace with the times. All localities can also formulate local laws and regulations that meet the needs of local work according to actual conditions. Facing the current food safety situation, it is suggested to further strengthen the work in the above five aspects on the existing basis: First, strengthen the quality and safety control in the whole process from field to table; Second, strengthen the construction of food safety standard system, scientifically determine the principles and basis of food standards, enhance the operability of standards, and gradually realize the integration of standard system with international practices; Third, strengthen the legal status of pollution-free agricultural products, green food and organic food certification, straighten out the relationship between them, gradually establish a unified food certification and accreditation system, and cultivate a number of food certification institutions with standardized operation, high social reputation and international common rules; Fourth, strengthen the recall system of inferior products to provide legal basis for investigating and destroying unsafe food; The fifth is to strengthen the food safety emergency mechanism. (3) Establishing a smooth food safety information network and a good quality signal transmission mechanism will help solve the market failure of food quality. Most food producers in China have low cultural quality, small production scale and long food industry chain, so it is difficult for information label management to play its role. The government should provide public information, education and training, so that the public can have complete and sufficient information to weigh interests and risks and make choices. Timely release food safety information, regularly release quality sampling results, issue epidemic situation and toxic and harmful pollution alarms, remind the public to take necessary preventive measures, publicize and report reputable enterprises, and accept the supervision of the news media and the public. Establish various food nutrition information databases, and conduct food safety training and education for consumers, producers and food system employees. (4) Improve the level of food safety by various means. Besides legal and administrative supervision, we should also pay attention to the economic and technical aspects. Economic means to improve the degree of organization of production, give full play to the leading role of industrialized enterprises and rural economic cooperative organizations, organize decentralized management entities to strengthen quality control, implement standardized production, and realize scale effect and brand effect; Adjust the processing of agricultural products according to market price and market demand, and rely on the demand of processing enterprises for raw materials and the inspection and supervision of raw materials to drive scattered farmers to form a standardized commodity production base with a certain scale, so that production, processing and sales can come down in one continuous line and form a virtuous circle, thus ensuring that every stage of food processing is safe; Improve the credibility and authority of quality certification, improve the popularity of high-quality products, enable producers and operators to strengthen their sense of integrity, standardize production and business operations, upgrade technical equipment, improve process operation and inspection methods, strengthen food safety control in the process of raw material production, manufacturing, processing, storage and transportation and circulation, and realize the whole process control from farmland to table; Strengthen the economic punishment for food safety incidents, so as to increase the risk cost of illegal manufacturers and fundamentally curb the production of fake and shoddy food. Technical means to strengthen the basic research and tackle key problems in the frontier of food safety management, explore and study the rapid and efficient detection techniques and methods of harmful substances such as pathogens, pesticides, veterinary drugs and chemical pollutants in food, determine the maximum residue limit of harmful substances, and improve the laboratory conditions and personnel level, standard material quality and reference standard level of food safety testing institutions; Carry out basic research and applied research on advanced food safety control technology to promote the transformation of scientific research results into productive forces. References 1, Zheng Huaying, Long. Food safety and control of foodborne diseases. Chinese journal of health laboratory technology, 20022, Xie Min, Yu Yongda, Analysis of Food Safety in China, Shanghai Economic Research 2 1, 2007 3, Food Safety in Li Xinsheng and Development Status of Safe Food in China, Food Safety Problems and Control Measures in Hao Jiming, Ma Liyan, Li Jingming, February 5, 2004, Food Safety Status in China, Yi Xue.