What are the subjects and predicates in Chinese?

What are subject, predicate, object, object complement, adverbial and attribute?

Subject is the person or thing to be expressed and described in a sentence, and it is the subject of sentence narration. It can be assumed by nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, infinitives, gerunds and subject clauses.

Predicates are used to explain what actions the subject has taken or what state he is in. Predicates can be served by verbs, usually after the subject.

The object is the object or receiver of the action, usually after the transitive verb or preposition. Objects can be nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, infinitives, gerunds, object clauses, etc.

Attribute: Words used to describe the nature and characteristic range of nouns, pronouns, phrases or clauses are called attributes, which can be acted by nouns, adjectives and words and phrases that function as nouns and adjectives. If the attribute is a single word, it is placed in front of the modified word, and if it is a phrase, it is placed behind the modified word.

Adverbial: Words describing the time, place, reason, purpose, result, condition or accompanying situation and degree are called adverbials. Adverbs, phrases and clauses can all act as adverbials.

Complement is the component of complement predicate's result, degree, trend, possibility, state and quantity.

Complement and predicate are the relationship between complement and complement, explanation and explanation, and they are supplementary explanations of verbs or adjectives, which can answer questions such as how, how many times, where, when and what results. Complements are placed after the head language, except directional verbs, quantifiers, subject-object structures and some adjectives, which can be directly used as complements. Complements are often used as adjectives, quantifiers, directional verbs and subject-object structures, and various relative phrases are also often used as complements.

Formula:

Subject and object, definite complement, clear branches and leaves.

Attribute must precede subject and object, the former is a form and the latter is a complement.

Adverbials are sometimes preceded by commas.

adverbial modifier

Adverbials are elements that modify restrictive predicates. The main function of adverbs is to act as adverbials. Adjective phrases, time nouns, locative words, will verbs and prepositional phrases are also often used as adverbials. Adverbials can also be divided into descriptive adverbials and restrictive adverbials. The order of adverbials from far to near is generally: nouns, adverbs, locative phrases and object-object phrases indicating time; Preposition phrases, orientation phrases, nouns and pronouns that indicate places; Adverbs expressing mood and relevance; Adverbs and prepositional phrases expressing conditions, methods, scope, purpose, objects and concerns; Adjectives and verbs expressing modality.

subject

The subject is the part stated in the sentence. Most notional words and phrases (except object phrases) can act as subjects. Among them, nominal words are the most common subjects. Predicates can also be used as subjects, but they are not common and have limitations. The predicate of a sentence with a predicate verb as the subject generally has the nature of judgment, evaluation and description. The meaning types of subjects are complex, which can be divided into: agent subject, patient subject, tie subject, and subject, tool subject, place subject, scope subject, relationship subject, purpose subject, reason subject, description subject, etc.

Central language

The title is the part of attributive and adverbial modification. General attributives modify restrictive noun components; Adverbials generally limit predicate components.

In addition to the sentence components mentioned above, there is an independent language that has no structural relationship with other components. Flexible position, can be at the beginning, middle and end of a sentence. Including parenthesis, echo, exclamation, onomatopoeia and so on.

predicate

Predicate is used to state the subject, that is, to judge, explain and describe the subject. Most notional words can be used as predicates, so can verbs and adjectives. Bare verbs and adjectives are rarely used as predicates. They are usually accompanied by other words. Nouns as predicates are limited to explaining relatively short sentences such as weather, date, solar terms, place and occupation. Noun words as predicates are generally used to explain the age, origin, appearance, character or situation, price, etc.

attribute

An attribute is a component that modifies a subject or an object. General notional words can be used as attributes, which can be divided into descriptive attributes and restrictive attributes according to their meanings. The former plays a descriptive role while the latter plays a distinguishing role. When a sentence has multiple attributes, it will encounter the problem of ordering. Generally speaking, the position from far to near is: nouns, pronouns and phrases indicating possession and time and place; Demonstrative pronouns and quantitative phrases; Verbal words, subject-object phrases; Adjectives; A noun representing an attribute.

supplement

The meaning types of complements include: result complement, trend complement, possibility complement, state complement, degree complement, quantity complement, subject-object phrase complement and so on.

target

The object part is the object dominated or stated by the predicate verb. Generally speaking, the object is also acted by nouns. Verbs and verb phrases can also be used as objects, but there are requirements for predicate verbs. Some verbs specifically require the driving of part-of-speech objects, such as "to be, to experience"; Some verbs can take both nominal and part-of-speech objects, such as "love, progress". Adjectives as objects generally need predicate verbs to express subjective feelings or present meanings, such as "hate, restore". Subject-predicate phrases as objects generally require predicate verbs to express speech activities, psychological activities, sensory meanings and display meanings, such as "emphasizing and proving". The meaning type of object is similar to that of subject, including patient object and agent object.

Subject, predicate and adverbial complement all speak sentence elements ~

classical Chinese

There are the following situations in inverted sentences: (The following is a summary of accuracy. I hope you study hard)

I. verb inversion (predicate preposition or subject postposition)

Second, the attribute is postpositioned (the attribute is placed after the head word)

Third, the prepositional object (the object is placed before the verb predicate or preposition)

Fourthly, prepositional object phrases are also called adverbial postposition (adverbial after verb predicate)

First, verb inversion.

There are three kinds of subject-predicate inversion sentences: interrogative sentences with strong tone; Strong sigh; Old poetry and rhythm harmony.

Second, the attributive postposition

Attributive postposition has the following four situations:

1. Center+Attribute+Zhe

(1) The plan is undecided, and asking for help can make people report to Qin, but they have not got it. (Ask someone who can report to Qin)

The young busybody in the village domesticated a worm. (Village busybodies and teenagers)

2. Center+Zhi+Attribute, and "Zhi" is the sign of attribute postposition.

(1) Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. Earthworms have no claws, but they have strong bones and muscles

(2) If you live in the temple, you will worry about the people, and if you are far away, you will worry about the monarch. (if you are in a high temple, you will worry about the people; If you are far away, you will worry about your king. )

3. If the head word+zhi (er)+attributive+,"zhi" is the sign of attributive postposition.

The stone is loud, and it is everywhere. There are loud stones everywhere. )

(2) Fourth, the poor in the world have no complaints. (these four, the poor people in the world have no complaints about these four, the world.

The poor have no complaints)

Third, the prepositional object (key)

In ancient Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition was usually placed after the verb or preposition, but under certain conditions, the preposition object.

1. Pronoun object and preposition object in negative sentences.

(1) Ancient people were not bullied. (Don't lie to me)

I am willing to take care of you when you are three years old. (Malcolm cares about me)

2. In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects, that is, prepositional objects.

(1) king fuck? What is the king doing here? )

2 Is Pei Hongan there? (Pei Gong is in an)

3. Use "Zhi", "Zhi Wei" or "Shi" to refer to the prepositional object. When using this preposition object format, you can also add "Wei (Wei)" before the object to form the format of "Wei (Wei)" or "Wei ... Zhi ..." to emphasize the greater role of the object.

(1) Live every day for every month, and take soil. The sun lives in the moon, and the earth falls-the sun and the moon once shone, and the bare land was exposed after the sun left.

(2) The death of the king was not compassionate, and ministers were worried. (Worried ministers)

4. Preposition objects in prepositional phrases

(1) Otherwise, why at this point? How did you get here? )

(2) The whole stone is used as the bottom. (Based on the whole stone)

4. Postposition of prepositions and object phrases (adverbial postposition)

Preposition structure is an object-object phrase. In classical Chinese, the object-object phrase composed of "one" and "Yu" is a common adverbial in sentences. There are the following situations after prepositional phrases:

The first kind: the preposition "Yu" is mostly in the position of complement in classical Chinese. When translated into modern Chinese, most of them should be moved to the front of verbs as adverbials, except for a few that are still used as complements.

It's urgent, please order General Sun for help. (ordered to ask General Sun for help)

The poor talk to the rich ... (the poor talk to the rich)

Second, the preposition "one" is also a complement in classical Chinese. In modern translation, it is usually moved to the front of the verb as an adverbial.

(1) shaped like a wine bottle, decorated with mountain turtles, birds and animals. (Decorated in the shape of mountain turtles, birds and animals)

2 tell stories. (Tell me something)

The third kind: when the preposition "Hu" is used in the complement position, "Hu" is connected with "Yu". When translating, the composition can be decided according to the situation, and the structure of the word "Hu" can be used as adverbial or complement.

(1) Before I was born, my smell was solid. Even in my last life, my knowledge of Taoism was solid. )

(2) The name will be remembered by later generations. (Almost known to later generations)

Hope to adopt