Cultural Heritage —— Making Techniques of Tibetan Black Yak Tent in Qinghai

? In the process of studying the historical development of human nature, we can know that the Tibetan people living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have survived and multiplied in this harsh environment with an average altitude of more than 4,000 meters for several years. In the long-term struggle with nature, they created a special nomadic culture with their diligence and wisdom. As the most symbolic cultural heritage of Tibetan people, the black ox hair tent has extremely important cultural value in the whole Tibetan culture. It is one of the original ecological civilizations of nomadic people living in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

? Black cow hair tent is made of black cow hair film, referred to as black tent. As a traditional handicraft, it has a history of more than 2,000 years and has certain significance. Tibetan black ox hair tent, 20 10 was listed in the provincial intangible cultural heritage project list.

? Generally, it is sewn into two rectangular pieces, which are connected by a buckle in the middle. Tibetans pay great attention to the terrain when they live, and generally choose auspicious and flat places to set up tents in the water and shelter from the wind. When closing an account, each household has its own emphasis on which direction the door is facing, and generally it is appropriate to face the low potential and leeward direction.

The so-called "black ox hair tent" has 9 long traction ropes, 9 tent poles, 30 large and small wooden pegs, 16 large and small wooden buckles and 6 V-shaped traction ropes. There are eight 36-meter-long three-strand twisted wool ropes in the tent, which are used to fix the top, front, back, left and right sides of the tent. The tent has four corners, the lining length is1.6m, and there are four "face ropes" * * *; At the top of the tent, there are four "face ropes", each about 2 meters long, and two "face ropes" about 4.8 meters long. 1 noodle ropes are arranged on the back of the tent, each of which is about 4 meters long; 1 noodle rope is fixed on the front, back, left and right vertical side curtains of the tent, which is about 4.8-6 meters long. The top of the tent is made of 65,438+02 black cow hair palm seeds, and the front and back of the tent are made of 65,438+06 palm seeds, two of which are used as vertical edges. The total length of the black tent is about 6-7 meters. The skylight of the "black tent" has a 1 root purlin beam, and the spine joints of cattle at both ends of the beam are used as the tower connecting mechanism, and the beam is supported by two long rods, and the beam becomes the backbone of the tent. There are 6 equidistant connecting ropes from the rear pole of the rectangular skylight to the back of the tent, and 5 equidistant connecting ropes from the front pole of the skylight to the tent lintel. Each of the four corners of the tent has 1 "corner" tent poles. The skylight of the tent has a skylight cover, which can cover the skylight on cloudy days and lift the skylight cover on sunny days. Black and white curtains of brown children and white cloth are hung side by side on both sides of the door of the "black tent", which is called "You Guo" in Tibetan.

With the continuous progress and development of human history and society, the living environment of nomadic people has also been greatly different and diverse, but living tents are still a major feature of nomadic people all over the world. Nomads in East Asia, South Asia, Europe and America mainly live in tents. Therefore, from a gender perspective, tents have a very long history. According to the characteristics of different natural environments, there are various forms of tents, and tents made by different nationalities also have their strong national characteristics.

The tents commonly used by Tibetan nomads who have lived in Qingyuan area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for generations are all black ox hair tents. Black ox hair tent has a long history, reasonable structure and unique shape, and its shape contains rich Tibetan life universe, natural universe and religious and cultural concepts. Black cow hair tents are mostly made of cow hair and yak hair, with various styles, complicated workmanship and various types. In the process of compiling the black cow hair tent, herders mainly use black cow hair as the material and fluff as the bottom, twist the cow hair and fluff into quality line and bottom line respectively, and then spin a long brown cow hair with a self-made brown knitting machine. The width of the brown mouth is about 1 ft, and the length varies with the length of the tent. Tents made of this material have played an important role in the production and life of Tibetan people. They are durable, warm in winter and cool in summer, and easy to carry, and save a lot of manpower and material resources. The herdsmen's practice of turning waste into treasure on the spot is in line with the green environmental protection concept advocated today.

There are many talented handmade artistic creations and unparalleled artistic skills in the black ox hair tent, which can deeply touch human hearts and emotions. We can vividly see the historical events at that time, people's living conditions and lifestyles, the living customs of different groups, their thoughts and feelings, artistic creation methods, artistic characteristics and artistic achievements, showing the industrious and simple Tibetan people's strong awareness and courtesy of protecting the natural environment.

Because the production of black tents is professional and the traditional technology is passed down from mouth to mouth, every link and step needs to be grasped with rich experience. Young people are unwilling to learn, and this art is difficult to master, and there is no successor. The traditional skills of making black tents are facing survival crisis, the handicraft skills are backward, the tradition is losing, and the original multi-flavor characteristics are dying out step by step, making the characteristic handicraft skills unsustainable. With the rapid development of the circulation field, modern materials are greatly increased, and people's choices of lifestyle are diversified, which is gradually changing the traditional skill culture, folk customs and space.