The history of Shanghai before liberation

Shanghai Local Chronicles Office Shanghai Tong Website Shanghai Geography Database Shanghai Encyclopedia

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Opium After the defeat of the war, on August 29, 1842, the Qing government ordered the surrendering factions Li Ying and Iribu to sign the Treaty of Nanjing with the British plenipotentiary Pottinger. The third paragraph of the "Treaty" stipulates: "From now on, the Great Emperor (Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty) grants permission to the British people and their families to live in five ports on the coast of the Qing Dynasty, including Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai, and trade without restrictions "Hinder." Then, under the pretext of "sorting out the aftermath," the British signed the "Treaty of Humen" with the Qing government on October 8, 1843. Paragraph 9 of the "Treaty" stipulates: "It was stated in the Ten Thousand Years Peace Treaty (referring to the "Treaty of Nanjing") that the British were allowed to bring their dependents to live in the five ports of Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai...but the Chinese The official must agree with the British officer on the location, the house and the base to be used according to local conditions, and the British will be allowed to lease it." On November 8 of the same year, the first British consul in Shanghai arrived. In accordance with the "Treaty of Humen", he requested Mu Jiu, the Shanghai Taoist official, to set aside a piece of land as a "residency" for the exclusive use of British expatriates. Gong Mujiu actually thought that Huayang's separation could avoid "disputes" and acquiesced to Bafur's request. Accordingly, Bafur issued a notice on November 14, announcing that Shanghai would officially open as a port on November 17, 1843.

For more than a hundred years after Shanghai was forced to open as a port, imperialist powers invaded Shanghai one after another and competed to set up concessions in Shanghai. First, the United Kingdom established a concession in Shanghai in 1845, and then the United States and France also established concessions in Shanghai from 1848 to 1849. Later, the British and American concessions were collectively known as the "public concession." For more than a century, Shanghai became an "adventurer's paradise" for foreign invaders.

In 1853, the Shanghai "Small Knife Society" responded to the Taiping Revolution, held an armed uprising, opposed imperialism and the feudal dynasty of the Qing government, occupied Shanghai City, and persisted in the struggle for eighteen months.

During the May 4th Movement in 1919, Shanghai workers, students and people from all walks of life held city-wide strikes, school strikes, and market strikes, which fully demonstrated the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic spirit of the Shanghai people.

On July 23, 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held at No. 106 Wangzhi Road (now No. 76 Xingye Road), Shanghai. Representatives attending the conference included Mao Zedong, He Shuheng, Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, Wang Jinmei, Deng Enming, Li Da, Li Hanjun, Zhang Guotao, Liu Renjing, Chen Gongbo, Zhou Fohai and Bao Huiseng, a representative appointed by Chen Duxiu. Representing 53 party members across the country. On the evening of July 30, No. 106 Wangzhi Road was searched by the French Concession patrol house. On the 31st, the conference was moved to the Nanhu cruise ship in Jiaxing, Zhejiang to continue.

The May 30th tragedy occurred. On May 30, 1925, more than 10,000 workers and students in Shanghai protested on Nanjing Road against the illegal arrest of workers and students by the concession authorities. British patrolmen shot and killed more than ten people and injured countless others. This was known as the "May 30th Massacre."

Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions was established. The time is May 31, 1925.

Three armed workers’ uprisings. On October 24, 1926, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Shanghai workers held the first armed uprising simultaneously in Zhabei, Nanshi, and Huxi. However, due to lack of preparation, they were suppressed by warlords and failed. On February 22, 1927, 360,000 workers in Shanghai went on a general strike. At 6 p.m., the general strike turned into the second armed uprising of Shanghai workers, but it failed again because the uprising was launched too late. On March 21, Shanghai workers staged their third armed uprising. The battle was carried out in seven districts: Zhabei, Nanshi, Hongkou, Pudong, Wusong, Hudong and Huxi. After fierce fighting, the uprising won. The Provisional Municipal Government of Shanghai Special City composed of Luo Yinong, Wang Shouhua and others was established. People were immediately sent to New Longhua Station to welcome the Northern Expeditionary Army to Shanghai.

Chiang Kai-shek launched the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup. On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek instigated Huang Jinrong, Du Yuesheng, Zhang Xiaolin and other hired thugs to pose as workers and attack the workers' picket team headquarters, launching the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup. Zhou Fengqi's troops of the 26th Army used the excuse of "workers' internal strife" to forcibly disarm the workers' picket team and killed and injured more than 300 workers.

The next day, more than 100,000 workers petitioned for the release of arrested workers and the return of weapons. They were suppressed by the army near Sanli, Baoshan Road, Zhabei, killing and injuring hundreds of people. Immediately, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the closure of the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions and massacred workers and Communist Party members.

Farmers staged armed riots. From 1927 to 1930, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, farmers in the suburbs of Shanghai held protests in Xisha (Chongming County, August to November 1927), Fengjing (January 1928), and Liuli Township (Jiading County, Jiading County, There were six peasant armed riots in March and April 1928), Zhuangxing (Fengxian County, January 1929), Xinjie (Jinshan County, February 1929) and Nicheng (Nanhui County, August 1930).

On January 28, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in Songhu. On January 21, 1932, Murai, the Japanese Consul General in Shanghai, issued an ultimatum to Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng on the pretext that a Japanese monk went to Sanyou Industrial Co., Ltd. to pick a fight and was beaten. The Chinese side was given a deadline to respond before 6 p.m. on the 28th. At 1:45 pm on January 28, Wu Tiecheng responded to the Japanese Consul General, accepting all four requests. At 4 o'clock, the Japanese Consul General informed the consular delegations of various countries stationed in Shanghai that he was satisfied with the Shanghai Mayor's reply. At 11:30 p.m., the Japanese invaders suddenly attacked Zhabei. The 19th Route Army rose up to fight. Jiang Guangnai and Cai Tingkai walked to Zhenru Station at night to set up a temporary headquarters to command the operation. The Anti-Japanese War broke out in Songhu on January 28th. In February, the Anti-Japanese War in Songhu raged. The Communist Party of China issued a resolution on the January 28th Incident, calling on workers, peasants and soldiers to revolt and engage in national war. On March 1, the Japanese army's land, sea and air force invading Shanghai reached more than 90,000 people. On the same day, a general offensive was launched against Zhabei, Jiangwan, Miaohang and Wusong. The actual number of Chinese defenders in Shanghai was less than 50,000, and they were alone and without support. At 21:00, the headquarters of the Nineteenth Route Army ordered the entire army to retreat to the second line of defense between Huangdu-Fangtai and Jiading-Taicang. On March 20, according to a preliminary survey by the Central Statistics Office of the National Government: the city's losses during the January 28 War of Resistance in Songhu exceeded 1.5 billion yuan, 180,000 residents were damaged, and 18,000 people were killed, injured, or missing.

The commander-in-chief of the Japanese invaders in Shanghai was killed in a bombing. On April 29, 1932, the Japanese invaders held a Japanese Tenchang Festival celebration and military parade in Hongkou Park. North Korean anti-Japanese patriot Yin Bongji threw a grenade at the rostrum. General Shirakawa Yoshinori, the commander-in-chief of the Japanese invaders in Shanghai, was seriously injured and died, and many others Injuried.

An all-out war of resistance broke out. On August 9, 1937, two Japanese soldiers drove into the Chinese military airport in Hongqiao to provoke them and were shot dead on the spot. At 9:15 a.m. on August 13, Japanese warships bombarded Zhabei with heavy artillery. A small group of Japanese Marines fired at the security team stationed near Xibaoxing Road. The Chinese defenders resisted. The August 13 Songhu Anti-Japanese War began. All-out war broke out. On August 20, the Chinese government established a base camp headed by Chiang Kai-shek, and designated the south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu (including Beijing and Shanghai) and Zhejiang as the third theater. The Corps' defense area was divided into: north of the Suzhou River and west along the Huangpu River, belonging to the Ninth Army. Zhang Zhizhong is the commander-in-chief; south of the Suzhou River, Pudong and the left bank of Hangzhou Bay belong to the Eighth Group Army, with Zhang Fakui as the commander-in-chief. On September 12, the Nationalist Government troops abandoned their first line of defense. On September 21, the defense of the Shanghai theater was adjusted and divided into three combat armies: the right wing, the center and the left wing: Zhang Fakui, commander-in-chief of the right-wing army, was in charge of the Eighth and Tenth Group armies; Zhu Shaoliang, commander-in-chief of the central army, was in charge of the ninth and tenth armies. Eighth Division; Chen Cheng, commander-in-chief of the left-wing army, has jurisdiction over the 15th Group Army and the 19th Group Army. On October 27, the Nationalist Government troops abandoned all positions east of Nanxiang and on the north bank of the Suzhou River. On November 5, the Japanese invaders landed near Jinshanwei on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay, and the Nationalist Government defenders were trapped in a pincer attack. By November 8, the commander of the Third Theater Command issued a transfer order to the Shanghai Theater Troops. On November 12, Shanghai fell.

The "Eight Hundred Warriors" guarded the Sihang Warehouse. On October 27, 1937, Xie Jinyuan, attached to the 524th Regiment of the 262nd Brigade of the 88th Division of the National Government Army, was ordered to lead the 1st Battalion of the regiment (actually 452 people, known as the Eight Hundred Warriors) to defend the Sihang Warehouse in Zhabei. Cover the retreat of the main force. After fighting the enemy for four days and nights, the mission was completed, and the remaining 398 people were ordered to retreat to the concession. On April 24, 1941, Xie Jinyuan was assassinated in Gujun Camp. More than 100,000 people came to express their condolences.

Shanghai was liberated. On May 12, 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation Army began to launch an attack on the outskirts of Shanghai. On May 23, the 9th and 10th Corps began their general attack on Shanghai. Two days later, the People's Liberation Army occupied all the areas south of the Suzhou River. A red flag was planted at the top of the Yongan Company building to welcome the People's Liberation Army into Nanjing Road.

A giant slogan more than 30 meters long "Welcome the People's Liberation Army to Liberate Shanghai" sewn by the underground organization of the Communist Party of China was hung on the sixth floor of Jianghai Customs. On May 27, Shanghai, China's largest industrial and commercial city and financial and trade center, was completely liberated. On the same day, the Shanghai Military Control Commission of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was formally established.