Handwritten newspaper topic about bridges

1. Bridges in Ancient China (Pan Hongxuan)

According to historical data and investigation, in primitive society, my country had single-plank bridges and wooden beam bridges made of several rows of logs. As early as the Warring States Period, single-span and multi-span wooden and stone beam bridges have been commonly constructed in the Yellow River Basin and other areas. The Lan Bridge, built over 300 BC on the Lanyu River in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, is a representative example of multi-span wooden beam and wooden column bridges. "The Book of Songs, Daya, and Ming Dynasty" records for the first time that King Wen of Zhou married a wife and built a pontoon bridge on the Wei River exclusively for the emperor's use. Nearly twenty floating bridges were built on the Yangtze River and Yellow River. The first floating bridge on the Yellow River was built near Linjin Pass in 541 BC. It was built by the descendant of Qin Jinggong's mother-brother. He was afraid of being killed by Jinggong and fled to the Jin Kingdom in a car. The first Yangtze River floating bridge was built by Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty in 35 AD. The bridge was located on the river between Yichang and Yidu.

The suspension bridge was first created in my country, and the slings developed from rattan ropes and bamboo ropes to iron chains. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there was an iron chain suspension bridge, more than 800 years earlier than in the West. The arch bridge was built in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Its variety of forms and beauty of shape are rare in the world.

Ba Bridge, Luoyang Bridge, Anping Bridge, Hudu Bridge, Shaoxing Bazi Bridge, Yinping Bridge, Chengyang Bridge, etc. are representatives of wooden and stone beam bridges. Baqiao in Xi'an was built in the Han Dynasty. It is a wooden beam and stone pillar pier bridge. It uses four sections of circular stone pillars connected with mortises and tenons (with a stone pillar in the middle) to form a stone pillar. Six stone pillars form a light bridge pier, and wooden piers are added on the pier. Beams and laid limestone slab bridge deck. He is the founder of Shizhu Pier.

“The bridges in central Fujian are the best in the world” is a true portrayal of the large number of stone beam bridges built in central Fujian during the Song Dynasty (especially the Southern Song Dynasty). In the 150 years of the Southern Song Dynasty, more than 70 stone beam bridges were built, including four or five long bridges over five kilometers. Anping Bridge, known as "There is no bridge like this in the world", was built in the Song Dynasty from the eighth to the twenty-first year of Shaoxing (1138-1151). It is about 2.5 kilometers long, so it is also called Wuli Bridge. It is built of granite. It is the longest existing ancient bridge in my country. The Hudu Bridge (also known as Jiangdong Bridge) was built in 1240. Its largest stone beam is 23.7 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, 1.9 meters high, and weighs more than 200 tons. Even today, it needs to be mined and transported. , it is also very difficult to erect such stone beams. In May 1979, relevant departments in my country discovered the oldest existing stone beam bridges - the Jinjiang County Bridge and the Small Bridge. Both bridges were built during the Taiping and Xingguo Period of the Northern Song Dynasty (976-984). Shaoxing Bazi Bridge is an urban stone beam bridge from the Song Dynasty. The layout is very clever, which not only ensures water and land transportation, but also does not demolish houses or change streets during construction. Chengyang Bridge is located on the Linxi River in Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi. It is a wooden beam bridge with four spans of stone piers and outstretched arms. It was built in 1916. It is 64.4 meters long and divided into four bridge holes. Each hole has a clear span of 12.2 meters and a width of 12.2 meters. 3.4 meters, 16 meters high. On the five bridge piers, there are pagoda-shaped and palace-shaped bridge pavilions in the national style. The eaves of the bridge pavilions rise layer by layer, like wings about to fly, magnificent and spectacular. The entire bridge construction does not use a single iron nail or other iron parts. It uses tongue-and-groove joints or bamboo spikes, but the structural connection is very strong. The exquisite bridge construction technology of Chengyang Bridge fully demonstrates the outstanding wisdom and creativity of the Dong people in my country.

The Zhupu Bridge in Guan County, Sichuan is a representative bamboo cable bridge. It is located at the entrance of the famous Dujiangyan. It has two inner and outer bridges across the Minjiang River. It is 340 meters long and has 8 holes. The maximum span of one hole is 61 meters, its 24 5-inch thick bamboo ropes are woven from thin bamboo strips. At both ends of the bridge and in the stone chamber in the middle, equipment such as bamboo ropes and wooden winches are placed. The bridge was built before the Song Dynasty and has been destroyed in various dynasties. build. The Dadu River Cable Bridge in Luding County was built in April 1706. It has a clear span of 100 meters, a clear width of 2.8 meters, and the bridge deck is 14.5 meters away from the low water level. Thirteen iron chains and nine bottom cables were used to bear the load, and two were placed on each side as handrail cables. Each iron chain is made up of an average of 890 flat rings and weighs about one and a half tons. During the Long March of 1935, the Red Army captured the Luding Bridge and created a miracle that shocked the world. It has been exhibited many times at international bridge exhibition events. According to surveys, there are more than one iron chain bridge or iron eye pole bridge with a span no less than that of the Luding Bridge in the mountainous areas of Sichuan and Yunnan. Due to its simple structure, economical use of materials, and the local people’s construction experience passed down from generation to generation, this type of bridge has not only not been eliminated after liberation, but has also developed.

Zhaozhou Bridge, Baodai Bridge, Marco Polo Bridge, Feng Bridge, Yudai Bridge and Seventeen-hole Bridge in the Summer Palace in Beijing are all outstanding representatives of arch bridges. The Zhaozhou Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei Province is the world's first open-shoulder arch bridge using bow-shaped arches. Europe did not adopt bow-shaped arches until more than 700 years after the Zhaozhou Bridge was built.

After liberation, the bridge construction industry made great achievements. The successful completion of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge in 1968 marked that my country's bridge construction industry had reached an advanced level.

(Selected from "Travel World" Issue 3, 1980)

2. Bridge Aesthetics (Fan Fan)

Bridges are mainly used for traffic loads and crossing obstacles. This is its basic function, so the bridge must first meet this requirement. If it is a dangerous bridge that cannot be used and is crumbling, there is no beauty to talk about. Therefore, the shape of the bridge structure should show strength, stability, continuity, spanning ability, etc., to show the guarantee of function. This naturally arouses people's sense of beauty. For bridges with different purposes, such as garden, city, highway, railway bridges, etc., or when the same purpose is used but the environmental conditions are different, the shape of the structure and various ancillary facilities should accurately and clearly show that they meet the use requirements and can Just right. This is also a factor of beauty. As for all bridges, the functional requirements for transportation and the requirements for appreciation are not equal in importance. They vary depending on factors such as the purpose of building the bridge and the environment in which the bridge is built, and are expressed through the shape for people to understand. . For example, road bridges in desert wilderness and garden bridges in bustling cities should each choose a suitable type "tailor-made".

The correct aesthetics of bridges is the integration of function, technology, economy and aesthetics, which have the same functions and beauty is contained in them.

3． Ten Principles of Bridge Beauty (Fan Fan)

Many people have long been concerned about the beauty of bridges, and have put forward many ideas and measures. Regarding the morphological rules, aesthetic standards, etc. of bridge beauty, from some literature It is revealed that there are many inconsistencies in their views and classifications, and it can be said that there are divergent opinions. With reference to these materials and some principles commonly used in bridge engineering in my country, the following ten principles of bridge beauty are drawn up in a simple and clear form, and examples of bridges are listed and discussed respectively. These ten are: 1. Environmental coordination; 2. Master-slave and symmetry; 3. Rhythm; 4. Balance and stability; 5. Unification; 6. Proportion and scale; 7. Continuous and light and dark matching; 8. The lines of force are bright and clear; 9. Color; 10. style. These laws can also be said to be the laws to achieve "coordination".

(The above two materials are selected from "Bridge Aesthetics", People's Communications Press, 1987 edition)

4. A Talk about Bridge Names (Mao Yisheng)

Everything has a name, and some even have proper names, just like people have names. Since it is a name, it must be well named. Our country's modern bridges have been influenced by the West, and they are always named from a geographical point of view. As long as you can point out its location so that people can see it at a glance, that's enough. On railways and highways, mile markers are used as names, just like the "345,678 kilometers bridge" on such and such a road, which is really unwavering. However, the names of bridges in ancient my country were not like this. It always has a literary flavor that makes people feel emotional and unforgettable after seeing it. It may be chronicle and lyrical, arousing deep thoughts and daydreams; or it may be poetic and picturesque, making the heart relaxed and happy. In this way, through careful naming, the history, role or influence of a bridge is immediately apparent, making it easy to spread. The "worth" of the bridge has also increased as a result. Once a bridge becomes famous, its names will also increase. In addition to its official name, it also has common names, aliases, etc. Just like a person's name, in addition to its scientific name, it also has aliases, small characters, etc. Some were formed naturally and gradually among the people, while others were used by scholars to inscribe their own names. In short, it has become a custom to inscribe bridge achievements and it is also a feature of ancient Chinese culture.

The title of the bridge does not have many characters, just like the name of a person, it is usually two characters, sometimes only one character. Only one or two characters can show the characteristics of the bridge, which is the wonderful use of Chinese characters. This is due to the many allusions in our country's history and the rich idioms in literature. The wealth in literature and history greatly adds glory to the name of the bridge. However, there are many bridges, and allusions and idioms about them also serve literature and history. For example, in "Historical Records", the phrase "faith is like a tail life" comes from the allusion of bridge, and in "Afang Palace Fu", the phrase "long bridge lies on the waves" comes from the idiom of bridge. If the name of the bridge is well inscribed, it will make a contribution to literature and history. The name of the bridge is so important.

Now let’s introduce some bridge names to get a glimpse of the richness of our country’s bridge literature, which may be unparalleled in the world. Let’s talk about single names first.

The more famous ones include: "Lanqiao" on the Lanxi River in Lantian County, Shaanxi, "it is said that there is a fairy cave there, which is where Tang Pei Hang met Yunying"; "Fengqiao" is in Suzhou, and Tang Zhang Ji's "Fengqiao Night" "Moor" poem; "Broken Bridge" in Hangzhou West Lake, Zhang Hu's poem in the Tang Dynasty: "Broken Bridge with moss and moss", Mo Zhong in the Ming Dynasty had the poem "Broken Bridge with Remaining Snow" and so on. However, the single-name bridge often refers to it in general, but it may be a proper name. Some of them are named after the material, such as "Stone Bridge". Emperor Wen of Liang Jian wrote a poem "Stone Bridge": "When I write about the rainbow, I want to drink. "The stars look real"; "Iron Bridge", Wu Zhaoyuan of the Ming Dynasty wrote the poem "Crossing the Iron Bridge": "A group of treasure rafts are crossing, and the golden ropes are eight ways open"; "Bamboo Bridge", Du Fu's poem "Viewing the Construction of Bamboo Bridges", etc. Some indicate the location of the bridge, such as "Mountain Bridge", Liang Jian Emperor Wen's poem: "Lying stone vines are used as cables, mountain bridge trees are used as beams"; "Jiang Bridge", Tang Du Fu's poem: "Mountain counties close the market early, Jiangqiao spring "Gathering Boats"; "Wild Bridge", a poem by Liu Changqing of the Tang Dynasty: "The wild bridge is broken by the rain, and the stream flows to the fields" etc. Some specify the shape of the bridge, such as "square bridge", a poem by Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty: "If you want to ask about a square bridge, the square bridge is like this"; "slant bridge", a poem by Ouyang Xiu in the Song Dynasty: "The waves are willow-colored and the blue is misty, the slanted bridge in Quzhu "Hua Ge Tong"; "Hua Bridge", a poem by Fan Yuqiu of the Song Dynasty: "The painting bridge hangs outside the willows as promised, reflecting the setting sun with a touch of red"; "Zhu Bridge", a poem by Zheng Gu of the Tang Dynasty: "The Zhu Bridge goes straight to Jinmen Road, and the pink battlements "Gaolian Yulei Cloud"; "Overpass", there are both Baodezhou, Taiyuan, Shanxi and Dali, Yunnan. Dali's "The lower part is broken and the upper part is connected, and the stone beam spans it. The two rocks are splashed with water and beads, just like plum blossoms. People call them the unforgettable plum blossoms." wait. Some are related to bridge scenery, such as "Flower Bridge", which is found in Ningde County, Fujian, Changyang County, Hubei, and Guilin, Guangxi. Guilin is known as "Flower Bridge Misty Rain"; "Liu Bridge", in the West Lake of Hangzhou, was created by Bangyan of Song Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty. Words: "When the water rises, the fish will fall over the willow bridge" etc. Some are more special, such as "Grass Bridge" outside You'anmen Gate in Beijing; "Xi Bridge" in Dongping County, Shandong Province. "It is said that Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty sealed his eastward seal on Mount Tai, and used mats to spread out while driving by"; "Gua Bridge" , Fuyang County, Zhejiang Province, "it is said that Sun Zhong set up a melon on this bridge"; "Duck Bridge" is in Shaanxi City, Shaanxi Province. "Jinqiao" was in Shangdang, Shanxi, and Tang Panyan wrote "Jinqiao Fu". There are even more weird things, such as the "hidden bridge". In Jianping County, Anhui, "it is said that soldiers ran to Wu and took shelter in the mountains. The pursuers came here, and the clouds protected them. When the soldiers reached the bridge, the sky was dark"; "Ghost Bridge" , "Beginner's Notes" "There is a ghost bridge above"; "Red Bridge", on the North Canal of Jinshui River in Taiyuan, Shanxi, "Taizong of the Song Dynasty chiseled Wolong Mountain, and the blood flowed out to form a river, so it was renamed today", etc.

It is most common and standardized to use two characters in the name of a bridge. There are many bridges with single names, and there are many more bridges with double names. Just imagine, every bridge has a name. How many bridge names would there be in our ancient country! However, among the thousands of single and double names, there are not many that are repeated. If all the bridge names were collected , compiled into a "List of Bridges in China", it should be grand enough.

Now let’s give some examples of double names to illustrate the richness and variety of bridge names. According to the reflected content, a "Bridge Directory" can be divided into five chapters.

The first chapter is "Praise". First of all, it praises the function of bridges, such as "Anji Bridge", that is, "Zhaozhou Bridge", a "big stone bridge" on the Nanhe River in Zhao County, Hebei Province, which is unique and "a trace of Sui craftsman Li Chun"; "Anqiao", also known as "Luoyang Bridge", is used to cross the sea in Quanzhou, Fujian. "It is easy to get away by boat, and the people are in danger." "Anping Bridge" was built in Jinjiang, Fujian Province in the 22nd year of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty. It is 2070 meters long and is commonly known as "Wuli Bridge". It has the old saying "There is no bridge in the world." "This bridge" legend. Secondly, there are those that praise the people who built bridges, such as "Jima Bridge", which was "built by the resident daughter Jima in Xiaogan County, Hubei Province"; "Couple Bridge", which is the bamboo cable bridge in Guan County, Sichuan, was built by He Xiande in the Qing Dynasty and was not completed. His wife continued to build it; "Ge Jing Bridge" was built in Pingyue, Guizhou, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. "It was built repeatedly by water, but the third building was completed, and a huge amount of money was spent, all the family assets were exhausted."

The second chapter is "Chronicle", which records the stories passed down about the bridge. For example, the "Wanli Bridge" is located outside the south gate of Chengdu, Sichuan. "In the past, Kongming paid a farewell fee to hire Wu here, saying that the journey of thousands of miles began here." Lu Gong of the Tang Dynasty wrote "Ode to Wanli Bridge", Lu Dafang of the Song Dynasty wrote the poem "Wanli Bridge", Du Fu's poem: "The West House of Wanli Bridge, the North Village of Baihuatan", and the poem of Zhang Ji of the Tang Dynasty: "There are many restaurants beside Wanli Bridge, and tourists love to go there." Who will stay at home?"; Su Shi's poem of the Song Dynasty: "I want to go back and look for the Wanli Bridge, the water is splashing in the wind and the leaves are rustling at dusk"; Lu You's poem of the Song Dynasty: "The carved saddle sees off guests at the Shuangliu Station, and the silver candle looks at the Wanli Bridge with flowers."

"Maqiao", also known as "Shengxian Bridge", is located in the north of Chengdu, Sichuan. Sima Xiangru of the Western Han Dynasty did not want to be poor and lowly, and determined to be an official. "The title of Zhu Yun says that if a man does not ride in a carriage, he will never cross this bridge again." Tang Cen's " The poem "Shengxian Bridge": "I was riding a carriage, but I was returning from the bridge." Song Jingbo's "Ma Qiao Ji" said: "The bridge is built in the name of a horse, so the traces of Chang Qing will not be lost." "Lanting" Bridge", in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, "where the King of Jin's right army repaired the river, under the bridge there were fine rocks and shallow lava, and the sound of water continued day and night." "Ear-washing Bridge" is located in Ruzhou, Henan. It is said that Yao wanted to cede the world to Xu You. Xu You thought he was noble and thought that hearing this would dirty his ears. The bridge is located at "the place where Xu You washed his ears". "Hudu Bridge", also known as Jiangdong Bridge in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, "Jiangnan Bridge, Hudu Bridge is the first, and it was planned to be built in the past.