How to distinguish between flat and oblique in ancient poetry?

What is Pingqi?

Reward points: 0 - Solution time: 2006-4-16 18:47

What does pingchi mean and does it refer to pronunciation.

Asked by: Zhijun - Juren Level 4

Best answer

The writing method of traditional poetry □ Fuwa (1) Tone Traditional poetry pays attention to musicality , easy to recite and sing, easy to remember. Therefore, its writing style emphasizes understanding the rhythm. In the past, some people called it a metrical poem. To understand the rhythm of traditional poetry, you must first start with the tone of the words. The four tones in the past were Ping, Shang, Qu, and Ru; today the four tones are Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang, and Qu. The ancients collectively referred to the three tones of Shang, Lai and Ru as the oblique tones, so the issue of tones can be summarized as distinguishing between the two characters. Some people have done research and believe that the Cantonese dialect (vernacular) is closer to the ancient language, so it is easier for people who know how to speak the vernacular to distinguish the flat and oblique sounds. Ping means smooth, the sound is loud and pleasant, and it can be prolonged, that is, it is like a flat path that can be walked smoothly. "廄" means oblique. It is a word with oblique sound. The sound is awkward and unpleasant, and it is short and short. If you want to lengthen it, it is impossible. To correctly use this method of judging the flat and oblique tones, it is best to compare two or three characters with the same pinyin but different tones, such as Zhong He Zhong, Qi He Qi, Hua He Hua, etc. The former and the latter can be understood as soon as they are read in the vernacular. The obvious difference is: the former is sweet, gentle and belongs to the flat tone; the latter is loud, urgent and belongs to the oblique tone. Those who are accustomed to distinguishing the modern new four tones, namely Yinping, Yangping, Shangteng, and Qusheng, should know that the ancient Rutong characters have been dispersed into the new four tones. Then, the Ru tone characters that have been dispersed into the upper and lower tones are naturally the oblique tone; what is very important to pay attention to here is the original Ru tone characters that have been dispersed into Yinping and Yangping. For example, the characters "jia" and "cha" have the same pronunciation in modern Mandarin and belong to the Yinping tone, but when read in vernacular, there is a big difference. Another example is the word "yi" in modern Mandarin. They have the same pronunciation, but in ancient Chinese, "一" is the character with the Ru tone, and "yi" is the character with the Ping tone, so they cannot be confused. Therefore, people who only understand modern Mandarin but not vernacular must have a reference book such as "Ci Lin Zheng Yun" in hand to correctly distinguish the traditional flat and oblique tones, especially the entering tone characters. In addition to looking up reference books, dictionaries or lexicons, memorizing some ancient famous articles can also correctly distinguish the tones of some difficult words. In the same sentence, Tang poetry is "One, three, five, no matter what, two, four, six are clear." That is to say, the second, fourth or sixth double numbers in a sentence must be in a fixed format and cannot be confused. For example, if the word "painting" mentioned above cannot be determined by other methods and its flat and oblique sounds belong to it, and the phrase "silver candles paint the screen in the cold autumn light, light and small fans flutter on the flowing fireflies" immediately springs up in our minds, then according to the same The sentence pattern of alternate oblique and oblique sentences makes it easy to judge that it belongs to oblique tones. As for what is the rule of alternating oblique and oblique words in the same sentence? This is the main thing we will talk about next time. Traditional poetry writing methods □ Fuwa (2) Sentence patterns The sentence patterns used in rhymed poems and quatrains are mostly composed of phrases with a double word in the front and a single word in the back. For example, "Before the bed/bright moon/light" is a 2/2/1 sentence pattern; "The wind is urgent/the sky is high/the ape is screaming in sorrow" is a 2/2/3 sentence pattern; "Phoenix Terrace/Phoenix Tour" is a 4/ 3 sentence pattern; "In the silent place/listening to the thunder" is another type of 4/3 sentence pattern. The difference between the words is that a large number of word combinations are used with a single word in front and a double word in the back, and this sentence pattern cannot be confused with the double word sentence pattern in different places in different word brands. For example, there are two seven-character continuous sentences in "The golden wind and jade dew meet each other" and "The victory is countless in the world." The former is a double sentence before and after a single sentence, and the latter is a single sentence before and after a double sentence, which is a 3/4 sentence pattern. The same is true for some five-character sentences in the poem, such as "The sudden rush of water is coming down" in Xin Qiji's "Qinyuan Chun·Lingshan Qi Fu", which is a 1/4 sentence structure, which is completely different from the sentence structure of "The moonlight is bright in front of the bed". The flat and oblique tones of rhymed verses and quatrains are generally "no matter what the first, third, and fifth, but the second, fourth, and sixth are clear." That is, in addition to the rhyme rules of the ending words, even-numbered words must have flat tones and oblique tones staggered. For this reason, there are only two situations: Flat, flat, flat. For example, the 24 and 6-digit characters in "The wind is rushing, the sky is high, and the ape is screaming and mourning." The characters with 24 and 6 digits are "Ji, Gao, and Xiao," which are oblique, flat, and oblique sounds respectively; while the characters with 1, 3, and 5 digits are wind, sky, and ape, respectively. They are all flat, but do not hinder the rhythm. This is the meaning of "no matter what one, three or five" means. "Listen to the thunder in the silent place." The numbers 246 and 246 are respectively Wu, Chu and Jing, which are flat, oblique and flat tones; while the characters with numbers 135 are "Yu, Sheng and Ting" respectively, which are flat and oblique tones.

Under normal circumstances, single-digit characters do not matter whether they are flat or oblique, but you should try to avoid "three flat feet" or "three oblique feet". That is to say, do not make the last three characters all flat or oblique. Therefore, the third character in a five-character poem and the fifth character in a seven-character poem sometimes need to be paid attention to. In addition, it is a taboo for poets to commit the crime of "lonely flatness", that is, in the same poem except for the rhyme and rhyme, there is only one flat character. However, the content is more complicated, and there are deeper "remedial" methods. The poet initially You can hold the creative viewpoint of "not harming the meaning with words". The requirements for the flat and oblique tones in words are even stricter. Quite a few long tunes cannot be written according to the poetry writing format of "one, three, five, no matter, two, four, and six." They must be filled in according to the inherent format of the word score, so it is said to be " "Write words according to music score". In this way, it is necessary for people who learn to write words to have a reference book such as "word music score" in their hands. For example, the simplest "Sixteen Character Order", its fixed pattern is "一(rhyme) 1┃--┃┃-(rhyme),--┃(sentence)+┃┃--(rhyme)" one of which is the flat tone , ┃ is a oblique sound, and + is a place that can be flat or oblique. From this point of view, writing lyrics is more difficult than writing poetry. Some beginners think that just by meeting the number of words specified by the word card, it can be regarded as the word. They do not pay attention to the sentence structure and the rules of simplification. They fill in the word at will but add the name of the word card. Who knows that it is ridiculous and generous. Traditional poetry writing method □ Fu Wa (3) The metrical poem from the first to the eighth sentence, the flat "two, four and six are clear", simply speaking, it is the "opposite" relationship: "opposite" means relative, that is to say The second sentence should be the opposite of the first sentence. If the second, fourth, and sixth characters of the first sentence are Ping Zeping, then the second, fourth, and sixth characters of the second sentence should be Ze Ping Ze. "Gui" means to stick, which means that the next sentence is the same as the previous sentence. If the second sentence is "Zhe", then the third sentence is also "Zhe". Pushing down further, the pairs are stuck like this, the fourth sentence is connected to the third sentence, and the fifth sentence is connected to the fourth sentence... Let’s take a look at Du Fu’s poem: “The wind is strong, the sky is high, the apes are screaming in mourning, and the white birds are white in the clear sand of Zhug. Flying back. The boundless trees are rustling, and the endless Yangtze River is rolling in. The sad autumn is always a guest, and the hardships and hardships have caused the frost on the temples. "The word "246" in the first sentence. "Ji, Gao, Xiao" are 廄平廄 respectively. The words "二四六" in the second sentence, "Qing, Bai, Fei", should be "Dui" according to the antithetical rhythm. Contrary to the first sentence, they are "平廄平" , the word "二四六" in the third sentence, "Bian, Mu, Xiao", should be "stick", which is the same as the previous sentence, "平廄平"... The rhythm of the quatrain is to cut the verses in half, and cut the eight lines in half. For four sentences, you can cut off the upper half or the lower half; you can cut off the middle four sentences or the first and last four sentences. For example, "Li Bai was about to travel in a boat when he suddenly heard singing on the river. The water in Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, not as deep as Wang Lun's sending me love." Just like the first and last four lines of Du Fu's poem "Deng Gao" cited above; and "The Yellow River is far away" There is an isolated city among the white clouds. Why should the Qiang flute complain about the willows? The spring breeze does not reach Yumen Pass." It is like intercepting the middle four lines of the poem above, but without the counterpoint. As for the small orders of words, some seven-character and five-character sentence patterns are transformed from quatrains, and there is a certain adhesion relationship between such words. Such as "Lang Tao Sha", "Recalling Wangsun", "Huanxi Sha", "Partridge Sky", etc. However, the difference between most words and lüjue is that they break the original sticky pair relationship and fill in the words according to the unique rules of each word card. Even words with a similar number of characters to Lü Jue are mostly like this. For example, "Sheng Cha Zi" appears to be similar to a five-character quatrain poem in oblique rhyme, but in the book "Tang and Song Ci Rhythms", it contains three kinds of rhymes: the first pattern is all oblique sentence patterns; the second pattern is all oblique sentences; The first and fifth sentences use an oblique sentence pattern, like a poem by the famous Zhu Shuzhen: "Last year on Yuan Ye, the lights in the flower market were as bright as day. On the willow branches above the moon, people met after dusk. On Yuan Ye this year, the moon and lights Still the same. I can’t see the person from last year, and the sleeves of my blue shirt are wet with tears.” The third sentence in the third sentence uses oblique sentences, and there is also a special pattern in the eighth sentence. Due to space limitations, this article just wants to point out that the rhythm of each poem is different. Since it is called a poem, it should not be confused with quatrains of rhymed poetry because some of them are also five or seven words. Traditional poetry writing methods □ Fu Wa 4. Duality Duality is an important form of rhetoric in ancient Chinese. It not only requires the same number of words, the same part of speech at the same position, but also requires the same word structure at a certain position in the sentence. Modern Chinese also talks about parallelism, which can produce the beauty of neat sentence patterns, making it easy to recite and remember. It is a basic knowledge that is indispensable for learning to write poetry.

There are many ancient elementary books on this aspect of knowledge, such as the beginning of "Enlightenment of Rhythm": "Clouds to rain, snow to wind, evening sunshine to clear sky, coming and going birds to swallows, and local birds to singing insects... "Mastering the rules of composition can be said to be a basic technique that requires skillful use in writing traditional poetry. First of all, the three or four lines and the five or six lines of the rhythmic poem are required to be paired, which are called neck couplets and chin couplets respectively. For example, in Du Fu's "Ascend the High", "The endless falling trees are rustling, and the endless Yangtze River is rolling in" and "The sad autumn is often a guest for thousands of miles, and I am alone on the stage after being sick for a hundred years", both of which are very neat antithetical sentences, that is, couplets; Bai Juyi's Five Characters There are also famous poems in rhymed poetry such as "The wild fire cannot be burned out, but the spring breeze blows it again". Since the quatrain is half of the truncated verse style, there is the possibility of a couplet. For example, "The butterflies dance all the time, and the orioles are free to sing" are the last two sentences that appear in the quatrain; "The clear water is beautiful when the water is shining, and the mountains are empty and the rain is also strange" are the first two sentences that appear in the quatrain. There are also a few quatrains, the whole text is composed of two couplets, such as Du Fu's "Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascend to the blue sky. The windows contain thousands of autumn snows in the West Ridge, and the doors are docked with ships thousands of miles away from the East Wu." Among many words Dual sentences should be used at a certain fixed position, which is noted in the word score. For example, in the song "Partridge Sky" that people are familiar with, the lyrics note: "The third and fourth sentences of the first part are often paired with the three and two sentences of the second part." Another example is "Huanxisha", which also has this note on the words: "The third and fourth sentences of the second part are often paired." The second sentence often uses duality." When incorporating antithetical lines into poems, we should strive to make them neatly matched, but we should also avoid making the mistake of "clasping our palms together". What is "Gasho"? The meanings of the first sentence and the second sentence of the couplet overlap, which is commonly known as the Great Gassho; some words have the same meaning, which is called the Small Gassho. If the meaning of the upper and lower sentences of the couplet is coherent and appears in the poem, it is the best work. This can be called a "flowing water couplet", such as the example mentioned above, "The wild fire will not burn out, the spring breeze will blow again." "Sheng" is. In addition, "A bosom friend in the sea is like a neighbor across the world", which is also a well-known masterpiece. Where there should be couplets in the verses and lyrics, if the meaning is difficult to turn into a couplet, the meaning should still be the main focus. Do not damage the artistic conception of the entire poem in pursuit of complete opposites. There are many examples of this kind of success in ancient times. For example, the long-praised saying "The yellow crane is gone and never returns, and the white clouds linger in the sky for thousands of years", which is not completely parallel. Traditional poetry writing methods □ Fu Wa (5) Rhyme Why do poems rhyme? It is nothing more than giving full play to its characteristics of being easy to recite and remember. It has long been concluded that people can make up rhyming songs to improve memory ability. Therefore, traditional poems that have been popular since ancient times are inseparable from rhyme. Rhyming is when a word at the end of a sentence uses the same or similar final. Ancient people compiled these into rhymes, such as one east and two winters, three rivers and seven suns, four branches and five micros, etc. When it came to writing lyrics, the standards were relaxed a bit. The general trend was still to make it easier to recite and remember, such as in the Qing Dynasty Ge Zai's "Ci Lin Zheng Yun" only divides the plain and oblique tones into nineteen parts, which is a more common standard for contemporary people. The rhyme of quatrains in rhythmic poetry is different from the rhyme of ancient style sentences (also called Bailiang style) and indefinite sentence rhyming. Generally, two sentences must rhyme, and single sentences do not rhyme except for the opening sentence; the opening sentence may or may not rhyme. If the opening sentence does not rhyme, the third character of a five-character sentence or the fifth character of a seven-character sentence should pay attention to the correct use of flat and oblique sounds to avoid the appearance of three flat feet or three oblique feet. "An old friend bids farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower in the west. Fireworks are descending from Yangzhou in March. The shadow of the solitary sail is gone in the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River can be seen flowing in the sky." is an example of rhyming in the first sentence; "There are no people in the empty mountain, but the sound of people's voices is heard. Return to the scenery and enter the forest. , "return to the moss" is an example of a non-rhyming sentence. The rhyme of words, like its rhythm, sentence structure, meter, and antithesis, can be said to be ever-changing, but each word card has its own fixed format. It is roughly divided into five categories: the first category is flat rhyme pattern, the second category is oblique rhyme pattern, the two rhyme patterns at the end are common, accounting for more than 90% of the total number of word cards; the third category is rhyme pattern There are more than ten types of conversion patterns between flat and oblique rhymes, including "Nanxiangzi", "Bodhisattvawan", "Qingpingle", "Yu Meiren", etc., such as "When will the spring flowers and autumn moon come? How much do you know about the past!" Two sentences in oblique rhyme, It changed to "The east wind blew in the small building last night, and the motherland couldn't bear to look back in the bright moon" with a flat rhyme, and then changed to "The carved jade bricks should still be there, but the beauty has changed" with a flat rhyme, and finally it changed to "How many do you have?" "Sorrowful, just like a river of spring water flowing eastward" rhymes with flat rhymes, and has been changed four times; the fourth category is flat and oblique rhymes with leaf patterns, including "Moon on the West River" and several other types, such as "The bright moon leaves the branches and the magpies are frightened, and the breeze blows in the middle of the night." Singing cicada.

The fragrance of the rice flowers means a good harvest, and you can listen to the sound of frogs." After rhyming two plain rhymes, the last sentence is cut off in the flat tone, and the oblique rhyme should be the oblique tone in the same rhyme part; the fifth category is the flat rhyme and oblique rhyme in the wrong leaf pattern, with "Happy Meeting", "Jiuquanzi", "Ding Fengbo" and several others, such as "The flowers in the forest have faded the spring red, too suddenly!" Helplessly, the cold rain comes in the morning and the wind comes in the evening! Rouge tears, stay drunk together, when will it be heavy? "Since life grows and hates water, it grows eastward." This word has two oblique rhymes in the passage, namely the word "tears" and the word "drunk". In short, do not take words with changes in oblique rhyme as a more obvious one. Let’s look at the simple words that rhyme with each other (originally published in Zuojiang Daily, changed to a pseudonym

Answer: Charisma Nuan-Assistant Level 3 3-31 13:01

/ question/5526231.html