What is the standard for classifying cultural relics into one or two grades?

Cultural relics are important historical and cultural heritages, and they are historical witnesses. China is an ancient civilization with a long history, splendid culture and rich cultural relics.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the 4th century, the guardians of tombs were colorful. Since ancient times, China has attached great importance to the study of cultural relics, taking different kinds of cultural relics as the research objects, and gradually formed epigraphy, archaeology, Oracle bone inscriptions, Dunhuang studies and so on. In this sense, the study of cultural relics is an ancient subject in China. In this sense, the study of cultural relics is an ancient subject in China. However, in the modern sense, the study of cultural relics is a young subject in China, and its research started late. In the late 197s, some experts and I discussed the establishment of the science of cultural relics. In the long-term professional work of cultural relics and archaeology, as well as the protection and management of cultural relics, I have the opportunity to contact all kinds of cultural relics, and actively learn from experts and scholars and the vast number of cultural relics and archaeologists in this process, so I feel more urgent that cultural relics science should be established to guide the research, work and development of cultural relics and give full play to the role of cultural relics.

Li Xiaodong was born in Ruicheng, Shanxi Province in 1936. In 1961, he graduated from the Department of History of Peking University, majoring in archaeology. Long-term engaged in archaeological research and cultural relics protection and management. Researcher. He used to be the director of Hebei Provincial Administration of Cultural Relics, the inspector of National Cultural Heritage Administration and the head of comprehensive finance department, and now he is the vice president of China Cultural Relics Society. The main work "Cultural Relics".

Grade I cultural relics grading standards

(1) The production relations and their economic and political systems in various historical periods in China, as well as particularly important representative cultural relics related to social and historical development;

(2) particularly important representative cultural relics reflecting the development of productive forces, the progress of production technology and scientific inventions and creations in past dynasties;

(3) particularly important representative cultural relics that reflect the social and historical development of all ethnic groups, promote national unity and safeguard the reunification of the motherland;

(4) particularly important representative cultural relics reflecting the resistance of the working people in past dynasties to exploitation and oppression and famous uprising leaders;

(5) Particularly important representative cultural relics that reflect the relations between China and foreign countries and their mutual exchanges in politics, economy, military affairs, science and technology, education, culture, art, religion, health and sports;

(6) historical events and particularly important representative cultural relics reflecting the Chinese nation's resistance to foreign aggression and aggression;

(7) particularly important representative cultural relics, such as famous thinkers, politicians, strategists, scientists, inventors, educators, writers and artists, and particularly important representative works of famous craftsmen;

(8) representative cultural relics with particularly important values that reflect the living customs, culture and arts, arts and crafts and religious beliefs of all ethnic groups;

Gold-painted lotus-patterned croquet bottles with blue glaze (5 pieces)

(9) Representative rare books with particularly important value in China ancient books;

(1) Particularly important representative cultural relics that reflect the major events in the international * * * proletarian movement and the revolutionary practice activities of outstanding leaders, as well as the internationalist fighters who have made great contributions to the China revolution;

(11) Particularly important representative cultural relics related to major events, important figures, famous martyrs and famous hero models in the modern history of China (184-1949);

(12) particularly important representative cultural relics related to major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders, famous martyrs and famous hero models since the founding of the People's Republic of China;

(13) particularly important representative cultural relics related to major events of China * * * production party and other parties and organizations in modern times, important figures, patriotic overseas Chinese and other social celebrities;

(14) other representative cultural relics with particularly important historical, artistic and scientific values.

Grade II cultural relics grading standards

(1) Cultural relics of great value that reflect the productive forces and relations of production and their economic and political systems in various historical periods in China;

(2) cultural relics of great value that reflect a region, a nation or a certain era;

(3) cultural relics that reflect a historical figure, historical event or are of great value to the study of a historical issue;

(4) a group of cultural relics that reflect a certain archaeological cultural type and cultural characteristics and can explain a certain historical problem;

(5) cultural relics with ordinary historical, artistic and scientific values but valuable materials;

(6) Important folk cultural relics reflecting various regions and ethnic groups;

Bronze wares

(7) Important works of famous artists or craftsmen in past dynasties;

(8) rare books with important value in ancient books;

(9) cultural relics of great value that reflect major events, important figures, famous martyrs and famous hero models in China's modern history (184-1949);

(1) cultural relics of great value that reflect major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders, famous martyrs and famous hero models since the founding of the People's Republic of China;

(11) cultural relics of great value that reflect the major events of China's * * * production party and other parties and groups in modern times, important figures, patriotic overseas Chinese and other social celebrities;

(12) other cultural relics with important historical, artistic and scientific values.

Grade III cultural relics grading standards

(1) The productive forces and relations of production in various historical periods in China, as well as their economic and political systems, as well as important cultural relics related to social and historical development;

(2) cultural relics with relatively important value that reflect a region, a nation or a certain era;

(3) cultural relics that reflect a historical event or person and are of great value to the study of a historical issue;

(4) cultural relics with relatively important values that reflect certain archaeological cultural types and cultural characteristics;

(5) ethnic and folk cultural relics with relatively important values;

(6) works with high artistic level and craft level in a certain historical period, but damaged;

(7) rare books of relatively important value among ancient books;

(8) cultural relics of relatively important value reflecting major events, important figures, famous martyrs and famous hero models in the modern history of China (184-1949);

(9) Cultural relics with relatively important values that reflect major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders, famous martyrs and famous hero models since the founding of the People's Republic of China;

(1) cultural relics with relatively important value that reflect the major events of China * * * production party and other parties and groups in modern times, important figures, patriotic overseas Chinese and other social celebrities;

(11) other cultural relics with relatively important historical, artistic and scientific values.

General grading standards for cultural relics

(1) Cultural relics with certain value that reflect the productive forces and relations of production and their economic and political systems in various historical periods in China;

(2) ethnic and folk cultural relics with certain value;

(3) cultural relics that reflect a certain historical event and historical figures and have certain value;

(4) antique books and materials with certain value;

(5) historical production and living utensils with certain value;

(6) artworks and handicrafts of past dynasties with certain value;

(7) other cultural relics with certain historical, artistic and scientific values.

5. Museums, cultural relics units and other relevant cultural relics collection institutions can use this standard to select and grade their cultural relics collections. Other cultural relics scattered in the society can be graded according to this when they need to be graded.

VI. National Cultural Heritage Administration is responsible for the interpretation of this standard.

Attachment: Examples of grading standards for first-class cultural relics

1. Jade and Stone Age are exact, with excellent texture, artistic and technological characteristics and special important value; Having an exact place of excavation, inscriptions, inscriptions, inscriptions or other important features, which can be used as a dating standard; With obvious local characteristics, it can represent a cultural type, an area or an outstanding achievement of archaeology; A representative work on ethnic relations and Sino-foreign relations that can reflect the style and artistic level of a certain era.

Ding and other bronzes in the Shang Dynasty in the 15th-14th century

Second, pottery represents a certain cultural type of archaeology, and its modeling and ornamentation are of great value; There is an exact unearthed place that can be used as a dating standard; Three-color works with beautiful shapes, bright colors and particularly important values; In the purple sand ware, the shape is perfect, which is a representative work by ancient and modern famous artists.

3. Porcelain with an exact age is of great artistic or technological value; In the chronological or exact unearthed place can be used as a dating standard; Modeling, decoration, glaze color, etc. can reflect the style of the times and strong national color; Famous porcelain, representative works of official kilns and folk kilns recorded in literature.

Fourth, the bronze wares are exquisitely shaped and decorated, which can represent the technical level of craft casting in a certain period; There is an exact unearthed place that can be used as a dating standard; Inscriptions reflect major historical events, important historical figures or high level of calligraphy art; Of particular importance in the history of technological development.

5. Iron products occupy a particularly important position in the history of smelting, casting and forging in China; Iron cultural relics with clear unearthed locations and particularly important values; Ancient utensils with inscriptions or wrong gold and silver, inlays and other exquisite craftsmanship; Iron historical relics used by celebrities in past dynasties or directly related to major historical events.

6. The gold and silver wares are superb in craftsmanship, exquisite in modeling or ornamentation, and of special importance; Gold and silver products with exact date and place or famous money can be used as dating standards.

VII. Lacquerware represents typical craft varieties and characteristics in a certain historical period; Excellent in modeling, ornamentation and carving skills; Masterpieces of famous craftsmen.

cultural relics

VIII. Sculptures with beautiful shapes, exact times, or inscriptions, metal, jade, stone, wood, mud, ceramics, lacquers, tooth bones and other textures with distinctive characteristics of the times and artistic styles, which are of special importance.

9. Stone carvings with an earlier brick age are representative stone carvings; Statue tablets engraved with the year or the owner's mind can be used as dating standards; Stone carvings that can directly reflect social production and life, with vivid expression and beautiful shape; Exquisite technique and rich content of stone relief; An epitaph with great historical or artistic value; Bricks and tiles with exquisite words or decorative patterns and particularly important historical and artistic values.

1. Calligraphy painting A relatively complete painting and calligraphy before the Yuan Dynasty; Before the Tang dynasty, there was a complete written book with annual models; Before the Song Dynasty, there were authors or chronologies in the classics, and the calligraphy level was high; In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were well-known or unknown styles with high artistic level; The handwriting of famous people in the past dynasties with special value; Particularly important art schools or masterpieces of famous painters and calligraphers since Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Xi. The guyan era is exact, with good texture and few remains; Modeling and ornamentation have distinctive characteristics of the times, and the four famous inkstones, such as Duan and Zou, have high technological level; There is an exact place of excavation, or it is circulated, beautifully made and well preserved, which can be used as a dating standard; Used by important historical figures in past dynasties or with high inscription value; Masterpieces of famous craftsmen in past dynasties.

XII. The contents recorded in Oracle bones are of particularly important historical value, and tortoise shells and animal bones are relatively complete; The carved words are exquisite or characteristic, which can play a dating role.

XIII. Seal symbols are official and private seals, seals, seals and symbols with particularly important value; The representative works of the main schools or main representatives in seal cutting in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

XIV. Coins have a particularly important position and value in the history of coin development in China.

15. The horn of the tooth bone is of exact age, which is of special importance in the history of carving art; Reflecting the characteristics of national crafts and the history of technological development; Masterpieces of famous craftsmen or artists in various periods, and ivory products with a long history.

XVI. The age of bamboo wood carving is exact, which is of great value and has a unique style in the history of bamboo wood carving technology, which can be used as a dating standard; Exquisite production and high technical level; The masterpiece of a famous craftsman or artist.

XVII. Furniture Wooden furniture and exquisite funerary wares before Yuan Dynasty (including Yuan Dynasty); Furniture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is made of precious wood such as huanghuali, rosewood, chicken wing wood, iron pear and ebony, with beautiful shape, well-preserved and sophisticated technology; Well-made painted furniture in Ming and Qing dynasties; Furniture used by celebrities in Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times or with great historical value.

XVIII. Enamel products with definite enamel age, distinctive features and high level of modeling, decoration, glaze color and craftsmanship.

XIX. The time of weaving and embroidery and the place of origin are accurate; Typical objects of different weaving and embroidery varieties with particularly important value that can represent the technological level of a historical period; Colorful, beautifully decorated, with typical characteristics of the times; The masterpiece of a famous embroidery craftsman.

2. steles, manuscripts and printed copies before the rare edition of ancient books; Manuscripts and manuscripts written or collated by famous scholars and bibliophiles in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are of great value in a certain discipline; Printed copies (including printed copies, movable type copies, printed copies with exquisite prints, and color overprint copies) and manuscripts with characteristics in book content, engraving level, paper, printing and binding; There are famous scholars and bibliophiles in Ming and Qing dynasties who approved and proofread the inscriptions and postscript, and the contents of which have important academic data value.

XXI. rubbings of rubbings before Yuan Dynasty; The whole rubbings and rare rubbings in Ming Dynasty; Initial extension of refined edition; Qing Dynasty or modern rubbings whose original is important and lost, and whose rubbings are rarely circulated; Fine extension of posts in Ming and Qing dynasties; Before and after the Qing Dynasty, there were rubbings of important inscriptions and postscripts by famous artists in previous dynasties.

22. In the history of weapons development, weapons can represent the ordnance level in a historical stage; Used in important battles or events; Weapons of great value used by famous people in past dynasties.

XXIII. The philatelic products reflect the postal history of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and the Liberated Areas and are scarce in stock; Stamps and philatelic products of special importance since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

twenty-four, documents, promotional materials reflect major historical events, the content is important, with special significance of the official documents or original documents; Leaflets, slogans, posters, extra numbers and good news; Badges, medals, medals, etc.

25. Archival documents reflect the social relations of production, economic system, political system, land, population, territorial changes, major historical events, deeds of important historical figures, and other official files and folk documents.

26. Celebrities' relics are manuscripts, letters, inscriptions, inscriptions, etc. of particularly important value, as well as articles of particularly important significance, of the late China * * * leader of the production party, famous leaders of various democratic parties, famous patriotic overseas Chinese leaders and famous social activists.

Note: Examples of the second and third-grade cultural relics grading standards can be analogized according to the first-grade cultural relics grading standards.

Differences between cultural relics and antiques

Some collectors still have

belt hooks (in the Western Han Dynasty) and gold-plated bronzes

a vague understanding of how to correctly understand the dialectical relationship between cultural relics and antiques, antiques and artworks. "Cultural relics" refers to historical relics.