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First, "Dream of Red Mansions" Cao Xueqin, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty.

Main content: The novel focuses on the love tragedies of Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai.

The description of the rise and fall of Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue shows a broad social life.

Vision, everything, including colorful secular human feelings.

When Cao Xueqin wrote this book, he used the technique of "homophonic meaning". He compared the four sisters of Jia family.

Named Yuan Chun, Yingchun, Tan Chun and Xichun, this is a harmonious "original sigh" sound; Jia Baoyu has it.

When he wandered in the dreamland, the tea that the police fairy asked him to drink was "a thousand red holes" and "a thousand red tears"

Homophonic, and let him drink "Wan Yan with a cup" wine, wine name and "Wan Yan with sorrow" homophonic,

This technique almost runs through the book.

Main events: 1, Wang Fengjie's influence in Tiejing Temple; 2. Lin Daiyu burned the manuscript and broke her infatuation; 3. Gourd

The monk arbitrarily sentenced the gourd case; Grandma Liu walked into the Grand View Garden for the first time. ...

Main characters and personality characteristics:

Lin Daiyu: aloof, naive and straightforward, despising fame and fortune, she is a feudal rebel with Baoyu.

Inverse;

Wang Xifeng: Smart and capable, the actual housekeeper of the Jia family, he tried his best to change the situation and was vicious.

Capable;

Jia Baoyu: a feudal rebel. He hated the way of being an official in feudal society and opposed "men are superior to women"

The feudal moral concept of "meanness";

Xue Baochai: Good looks, smooth muscles and graceful manners. She is keen on "professional economy",

Advise Baoyu to be an official. She abides by feudal women's virtue, and is quite shrewd, and can win people's hearts and get a good reputation.

Compliments from top to bottom.

Second, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Luo Guanzhong, a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.

Main content: The novel focuses on the politics between feudal ruling groups in the Three Kingdoms period.

Military and diplomatic struggles exposed the turmoil and darkness of social reality in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and condemned feudalism.

The tyranny of the rulers reflects the sufferings of the people and expresses their call for a wise monarch and stability.

Strong desire.

Characters and personality characteristics:

1, Cao Cao: bohemian since childhood, but very talented, resourceful and good at improvising.

Xu Shao commented on Cao Cao: "A minister who manages the country well is a traitor in troubled times."

2. Zhuge Liang: a symbol of wise men and wisdom, loyal, honest and frank, meritocratic, modest and prudent,

Serious and responsible, dedicated.

3, Liu Bei: a generation of heroes, generous and benevolent, eager to seek talents. Guan Gong: Loyalty, wisdom and courage.

Related events: 1, Taoyuan Sanjieyi. 2. Burn Chibi. A straw boat borrows an arrow. 4. Kong Ming borrows from the East

The wind. 5. Guan Gong went through five hurdles and killed six generals. 6. Zhuge Liang used an empty city plan ...

Third, "Water Margin": a heroic legend against feudal tyranny.

(Shi Naian) The book describes 108 people headed by Song Jiang in Liangshan Park, Shandong Province at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.

The story of Juyi.

Reading experience: ① The characters are vivid and vivid; (2) This book is divided first and then closed.

The chain structure makes the stories of the novel interlocking, with many clues and clear clues; ③ Language

In fact, the novel uses ancient vernacular, so the language description is vivid and vivid.

Character-typical plot-personality characteristics:

1, Lu (Flower Monk): Punched the town of Kansai, uprooted weeping willows, and caused havoc in the wild pig forest. guard

Such as hatred, chivalrous and brave, rough and detailed, courageous and resourceful, open-minded and reasonable.

2. Song Wu (Walker): Blood Blade Pan Jinlian, fighting Ximen Qing, drunk Jiang Menshen, flying wildly.

Cloud shop, blood spattered on the Yuanyang building, eliminating evil centipede ridge. Advocating loyalty, courage and resourcefulness, revenge and revenge, and

Repaying kindness (insufficient: killing innocent people) is the bloodiest and most legendary among the lower-class heroes.

Characters.

3. Wu Yong (Zhi Duo Xing): I have a fertility class intellectually. Resourceful, resourceful.

4. Lin Chong (Leopard Head): I accidentally broke into Baihutang, Fengxueshan Temple, burning forage field and snowy night.

Liangshan. Martial arts is high, brave and good at fighting, but this person is quiet and obedient and is caught up with Liangshan.

5. Li Kui jy (Black Cyclone): True and False Li Kui jy and Zhongzhou rob the court. Take hatred as enemy, chivalry as righteousness,

Hot-tempered, simple-minded, straightforward and honest.

6. Song Jiang (Timely Rain): Releasing classic works privately, angrily killing Yan Poxi and beating Zhujiazhuang. Fight for others

Righteousness, good at employing people, but always want to win over.

7. Yang Zhi (green-faced beast): Yang Zhi sells knives and outwits the birth class. Smart and capable, rude and arrogant.

Four, "Journey to the West: A Fantasy Mythological World" (Wu Cheng

Well, Ming Dynasty novelist)

Main content: This book mainly tells the story of the Monkey King's disturbance in the Heavenly Palace, the birth of Tang Priest and four disciples.

Stories such as "Learning from the Scriptures" praised the courage and perseverance of the four masters and apprentices, mainly the Monkey King.

The precious spirit is with the Monkey King, Tang Priest, the Monkey King, Pig and Friar Sand.

Protecting Tang Priest's scriptures and other three parts. Go through all the hardships along the way and overcome all kinds.

Ghosts and demons, after 81 difficulties, achieved great success and finally achieved positive results.

Characters and personality characteristics:

The Monkey King: I hate evil. I am not afraid of difficulties. I am persevering and fearless.

Pig Bajie: On the one hand, he is lazy and short-sighted. When he was in trouble, he cried for parting and love.

Taking advantage of petty advantages, being smart and lusting after women often make a fool of yourself and become a funny comedy.

Elephant. On the other hand, he is still loyal and kind. In the battle with the devil, he always waved.

Hello, fighting bravely, is the Monkey King's right-hand man. Moreover, it is quite simple that he can correct his mistakes.

Simple and honest, has its own cuteness.

Friar Sand: I will work hard and be loyal on the way to protect Tang Priest's Buddhist scriptures.

Major events: 1, the Monkey King made a scene in Heaven; 2. Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon; 3. The bus is late;

4. The daughter country was killed; 5, true and false Monkey King 6, outwit Hong Haier; 7, three-tone banana fan, etc.

Reading experience:

This novel is good at telling stories and readable; ② Good at shaping characters.

Yes, its characters such as the Monkey King and Pig Bajie are unforgettable; This book is full of days.

The horse's imagination and bold and strange exaggeration.

5. Robinson Crusoe: a lonely and tenacious adventurer

(Defoe)

Main content: The novel uses the first-person writing method to describe Lu Bin who was born in a merchant family.

Sun is unwilling to be mediocre and yearns for an overseas life full of adventures and challenges.

Sail away from home without authorization to realize the dream of traveling around the world, but every time I go through difficulties and obstacles. novel

The first part describes Robinson's three voyages to buy plantations in Brazil. the second part

It is the main part of the novel, and it is written that Robinson spent 28 years alone on a desert island.

The experience of time. The third part describes his experience after returning from a desert island, mainly the experience he got from Lu.

Lu's experience of encountering wolves on his way back to England from Portugal. Servant: Friday.

Reading experience:

The story is wonderful and bizarre; ② The novel shows that Robinson dares to take risks and pursues freedom.

The characteristics of free life; (3) The description of life on a desert island in Robinson Crusoe is realistic and natural.

Shows the author's extraordinary imagination and artistic expression; ④ First-person narration is adopted throughout the novel.

The way and the plot are completely linked through the confession of the characters; ⑤ The language of the novel is clear and simple.

Vivid.

Personality characteristics of stories related to characters: Robinson built his own house and tried to hunt and grow grain.

Children, domesticated goats, dried wild raisins, groping tables and chairs, pottery made, noodles covered with scarves.

He also made bread, rescued and trained a savage "Friday" and made him a loyal slave.

Servant. In this way, he established his own material and spiritual "kingdom" on a desert island. Dare to take risks

Adventure, the courage to pursue a free and unrestrained life, Robinson's position in the face of life difficulties.

What he did showed his tenacious character and heroic nature, and reflected the rise of the bourgeoisie.

The creative spirit and pioneering spirit of the times. Robinson has become synonymous with adventurers.

6. Childhood: Growing up in Suffering (former Soviet writer Goyle

Base)

Main content: The novel tells the story of Aletha's childhood from three to ten years old. From "me" to my mother

I went to write with my grandfather until my grandfather told me to get along with "human beings", and then I remembered it vividly.

This paper introduces the living conditions of the lower class people in Russia in 1970s and 1980s from 65438 to 2009. For example, write "I" just outside.

When I was at grandpa's house, I saw my uncles quarreling, fighting for property and criticizing the selfishness of ordinary citizens.

Cruel; Write a life in which "I" lived alone with my grandmother after my mother died, and the author portrayed it.

Grandfather's greed and meanness (on the day he paid, lunch was as bad as usual; Pay great attention to it

The concentration of tea given to him; Even the oil of the ever-burning lamp dedicated to the icon is bought separately), damn it.

Generous and kind (all she should pay is good meat; Tears silently at the money earned by "I".

Wait a minute.

Reading experience:

Reading makes people feel sad but not too heavy, making people see light and evil in the dark.

See the light of human nature in kindness and ruthlessness, and feel the great power of people to overcome tragic fate in a tragic atmosphere.

Character image-typical plot-personality characteristics;

1, alessa: Listen to grandma's story, and there are optimistic and simple Xiao Xiaogang and honest old workers.

The "good things" of grigori and the intellectuals who devoted themselves to science gave Aletha strength and.

Help, so that he still maintained the courage and confidence to live in a dark and dirty environment, and gradually became

Grow up to be a strong, brave, honest and caring person.

Grandma: If a bright lamp illuminates alessa's sensitive and lonely heart, she will often talk about it.

Tell him some folk stories that sympathize with the poor and praise justice and light. Kindness, kindness, intelligence

Bright and capable, love life, broad-minded and tolerant.

Grandpa: I often beat my grandmother and children. For example, Alexei was beaten by him for dyeing a piece of cloth.

Kill; Cruel exploitation of workers, hiding usury, encouraging helpers to steal. It means,

Greedy, bossy, cruel

"I": gradually grow into a strong, brave, honest and caring person.

How steel is tempered: idealism and

Student Textbook (ostrovsky, the writer of the former Soviet Union)

Main contents:

Based on Paul's life experience, the novel shows the vastness of Soviet Russia from 19 15 to 1930.

Historical picture scroll and people's hard struggle life.

Reading experience:

This is a novel with lofty idealism; (2) Successfully shaped insurance.

Er & s226 Kochakin, proletarian hero; (3) The characters in novels should be narrated and described.

Mainly, at the same time interspersed with inner monologues, letters and diaries, aphorisms and so on. Let the characters have a boiling passion.

There is meat. The description of scenery, psychology and environment in the novel is also excellent, and the language is concise.

Beautiful and expressive.

Character image-typical plot-personality characteristics;

Paul. Kochakin: I used to be a child laborer, and I was tortured and insulted at the lowest level of society since I was a child. After ...

Under the influence of Zhu, he gradually embarked on the revolutionary road. After that, he experienced a series of lives.

Challenge and make yourself stronger and stronger. Even in the injury mercilessly took away his health, so that he could not.

When he is not lying in the hospital bed, he still does not give in to fate, but writes with tenacious perseverance.

Another way to practice life vows. There is a spirit of dedication to ideals, like steel.

The will and noble quality of tenacious struggle.

Who's Who: Great Men Made by Pain and Suffering (Rome.

Roland)

Main contents:

A famous French humanitarian writer in the first half of the 20th century. This novel tells the story of German musician Bert.

Dove, Italian painter and sculptor Michelangelo, Russian writer Lev? Tolstoy's suffering

The hard and bumpy life praised their noble character and indomitable spirit. Beethoven,

His music was cheered, but his difficulties were almost ignored. At the end of his life, he wrote no.

Rotten ode to joy. Michelangelo, every project, is bound to meet a group of villains.

Jealousy and resentment, like Beethoven, never married and failed to enjoy true love.

He stood with the statue all day until a few days before his death, and finally left a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation. Tolstoy, yes.

Facing the whole aristocratic society, he was excommunicated. At the last moment of his life,

Determined to get rid of aristocratic life.

Reading experience:

Life will inevitably encounter hardships, life is not full of flowers and joy; (2) get

Success must overcome all kinds of difficulties in real life; (3) People's quality should be taken as the standard to evaluate people, not people-oriented.

Judge people by their looks, judge people by their looks.

Nine, "Stars" and "Springs": maternal love. Innocent. nature

It is a collection of poems written by Bing Xin under the influence of the Indian poet Tagore's Birds. content include

Praise for maternal love and innocence, worship and praise for nature, thinking and understanding of life, etc.

Wait a minute.

Ten "Camel Xiangzi": the bitter story of rickshaw pullers in old Beijing (old

She)

Main contents:

This novel tells the bitter story of an ordinary rickshaw puller. Xiangzi is honest, strong and firm.

Strong, like a camel Three ups and downs, Xiangzi lost confidence in life. By the end of the novel Xiangzi

Become numb, down and out, cunning, easy to take advantage of, eat and drink, gamble, give up.

Meat. The novel criticizes the society that doesn't let good people have a way out.

Reading experience:

① Through the changes of Xiangzi, he criticized this dark society mercilessly; The novel shows us.

A portrait, a picture of the world with a strong old Beijing style; be adept in

Mobilizing all kinds of techniques to shape characters has a strong artistic appeal; ④ Creative use.

The spoken language of Beijing residents makes the plain language vivid, lively, lively and powerful.

Full of national style and local characteristics.

Character image-typical plot-personality characteristics;

Xiangzi: Honest, robust, persevering, self-respecting and hardworking; Numb, down and out, cunning

Cheating, taking advantage, eating, drinking, whoring and gambling, giving up on yourself.

Tigress: The garage worker is bold in pursuing Xiangzi. He is bold, provocative and a little abnormal.

Si Liu: Cruel and bossy.

Eleven Flowers in the Morning: Warm Memories and Rational Criticism

Lu Xun's collection of essays recalling different life experiences and experiences in childhood, adolescence and youth. introduction

Including dogs, cats and mice, A Chang and Shan Hai Jing, 24 Xiao Jing, and 5 Xiao Jing.

Cramming club, impermanence, from Baicaoyuan to San Tan Yin Yue, father's illness, Zoba

Remember ","Mr Fujino ","Fan Ainong "and other ten articles. Many articles contain warm memories.

And rational criticism.

Twelve, "Jane Eyre": the duet of life pursuit

Jane? Love is a novel with strong autobiographical elements. Although the story in the book is fictional, it is true.

It is the life, environment and even many details of the heroine and many other characters.

From the real experience of the author and people around him. Author Charlotte? Bronte 18 16 was born in.

A family of priests in the north of England. When Charlotte was eight years old, her mother died young and she was sent to a boarding school.

School. The living conditions there are extremely bad, and both her sisters died of lung disease.

So Charlotte and her sister Emily returned to their hometown and spent their childhood in the desolate Yorkshire mountains.

/kloc-At the age of 0/5, she entered the school run by Miss Wooler and worked as a teacher in this school a few years later.

Later, she became a governess, but she couldn't stand the discrimination of famous ladies and rich women against governesses.

Give up being a governess for a living. She plans to start her own school, so she lives in her aunt's house.

With the support of my mother, Emily and I went to Italy to study French and German. However, since no one came.

Reading, failing school. But her experience of studying in Italy inspired her to express herself.

A strong desire prompted her to devote herself to the road of literary creation.

Jane Eyre, written in 1846, is Charlotte's second novel. She borrowed a background.

The poor young woman's struggle experience expressed her feelings in her chest and deeply touched her at that time.

Readers. This novel was written by Kohler in the autumn of 1847. Bell's pseudonym was published, and then in the following year.

Reprinted twice in a row. This little-known author Charlotte? Bronte, thus entering Britain.

China's famous novelist.

13. Listen to nature: read Tagore

Related exercises

1, Tagore is a great Indian (China) literary master, who wrote more than 50 poems and dozens of books in his life.

China's novels, more than 90 short stories, more than 20 plays and more than 2000 songs and big ones.

The number of paintings. He wrote the national anthem of India, The Will of the People.

Tagore is versatile, but in essence, he is first and foremost a poet. Gitanjali is Tai.

Gore's masterpiece. This is a lyric poem that vividly expresses the poet's religious philosophy.

Settings. The Gardener Collection is a collection of English lyric prose poems about love and life.

Pound, a poet in China, once praised the poems as "the stars in the sky". Crescent Moon is a film about children.

The collection of prose poems with the theme of children's life and interests is regarded as an unparalleled art in world literature.

Treasure. Birds is a collection of philosophical aphorisms. The Collection of Picking Fruits describes the poet.

The mental journey of pursuing and exploring the true meaning of life.

14. Gulliver's Travels: Strange Imagination and Bitter Irony.

Swift (1667— 1745) is a famous British satirical novelist and political commentator.

Theme:

Gulliver's Travels is famous for its outstanding satires in the history of world literature. The novel through Gulliver in

Lilliputian (Lilliputian), Brobdingnag (Adult), Lepita (Flying Island) and Huis.

The Adventure of the Country reflects some contradictions in British society in the first half of the 18th century, and exposes and criticizes them.

Corruption and evil of the British ruling class and the British bourgeoisie during the primitive accumulation of capitalism

Crazy plunder and cruel exploitation.

Main plot and corresponding meaning:

1. Describe the partisan struggle in Lilliput. Divide the camp according to the heel height, "high heels follow the party."

And the "low heel party" conspires to seize power for profit, in fact, it is a dig at the endless struggle between two British people.

Political parties. The story of Lilliputian Lilliputian fighting its neighbors is an allusion to the relationship between Britain and France at that time.

Years of struggle.

2. In big countries, they think that the history of Britain in the past hundred years is full of "greed, partisanship and hypocrisy".

Kindness, treachery, cruelty, anger, madness, resentment, jealousy, lust, sinister and ambition "and its

Consequences

3. The third volume of the novel expresses my concern about modern science and technology by describing five countries, including Feidao.

Doubt, and severely condemn colonial rule.

4. The fourth volume shows the grotesque phenomenon of the inversion of man and beast in a wanton style. In this Wu

In Tuobang, the horse is the carrier of reason, while the humanoid "wild fox" is an evil and dirty animal.

Healthy. Gulliver's dialogue with Hui Jian became a merciless lash to the "human" society.

Artistic features:

Gulliver's Travels not only has profound ideological content, but also has a relatively perfect artistic form.

Type. First of all, Swift described the current situation in Britain with fictional plots and fantasy.

Real. At the same time, he also created colorful fairy tales according to the reality of England at that time.

Fantasy world. Swift's fantasy world is based on reality, and the contradiction of reality lies in

In the fantasy world, it is more concentrated and prominent. For example, after the British coup in 1688, Tory

The party and the Whig Party compete for power and profits and compete with each other, but in fact they both represent the nobility and the bourgeoisie.

The interests of. Swift grasped the essential characteristics of parliamentary partisan struggle and created the height of lilliputian country.

Follow the party and the low-heeled party. Another example is the British rule and exploitation of Ireland, which was created by Swift.

The struggle between people on the flying island and people on the ground. These fictional plots show reality.

More intense, more concentrated, more typical and more common. /kloc-Britain at the beginning of 0/8th century

Although China was more than 200 years ago, we read Gulliver's Travels today, and we read it deeply.

I feel that many of its plots still have practical significance. The satirical art of Gulliver's Travels is outstanding.

Yes, the author's satirical techniques are also varied. In Lilliput, everything has only a normal dimension.

112, Gulliver is like a mountain there. Gulliver became a villain when he arrived in the kingdom of adults.

Little "pet" authors comment on their country through travel notes and the eyes of outsiders. For example, describe small

Partisan struggles between people and countries, dividing camps according to the height of heels, are actually a dig at the struggle between the two parties in Britain; Zhaida

Gulliver, a China country, proudly introduced Britain to the king but was questioned by a series of questions; In Malaysia, horses are rational.

Mothership, and the humanoid "wild fox" is an evil and dirty beast. He exaggerates in a funny way.

Infinite skills magnify the hateful and grotesque images of wild foxes, happy skins and immortals.

He also described life in Lilliput with a serious attitude and detailed and realistic details.

And successfully reflected the reality of Britain at that time. Swift is also good at using seriousness to identify.

It is very ironic to really describe trivial and boring things in one tone.

Reading experience:

The novel is full of strange imagination and fairy tale color; ② Bitter, sharp and profound satire is small.

Soul theory; The satire in the novel contains some pessimism about human nature and human society.

Solution, but behind the sharp pessimistic attitude, it is a bitter and eager worry about the world.

Pregnancy (4) The author of the novel comments on the current situation of his country through his travel notes and the eyes of outsiders.

Fifteen. Education of love

1, formerly known as "Heart" 2, by Germany? Amicus curiae (Italy) 3. Type: diary

Stylistic novels

4. Contents:

Tell a story about the growth of a little boy named Enrico. There are 100 articles in the book, which consists of three parts.

Cheng: Enrico's diary; Enrico's parents teach their children; Nine stories told by the teacher.

5, artistic features: smooth and beautiful, simple and fresh.

Sixteen Aesop's fables

1. Literary value: Aesop's Fables is one of the most widely circulated fables in the history of world literature.

First, for more than two thousand years, it has been deeply loved by people all over the world, especially young people, for its unique life wisdom and artistic charm.

Teenagers' favorite.

2. Summary: The content is very rich, alluding to social reality; Criticism is rich and ruthless; express

The wisdom of working people; Don't be soft on the wicked; We should respect the laws of nature and be cynical.

Relax, hate work, etc.

3. Artistic features: short in length and profound in meaning; Using anthropomorphic techniques, the image is distinct.

4. Wonderful click: tortoise and rabbit race, wolf coming, farmer and snake, Hercules.

There are also the god of wealth, mosquitoes, lions, moles and so on.

5. There is a saying: "The wolf is coming" and "If you can't eat grapes, you will say that the grapes are sour".

Seventeen kinds of "insects"

1, by Fabres (French)

2. Different translations: insect stories or entomological notes (called "the history of insects")

Poetry ")

3. Number of volumes: ten volumes

4. Content: Introduce the little-known life and habits of insects, and let people know the truth about insects.

Life scenes.

5. Artistic value: The Insect Story is an excellent popular science work and a recognized literary classic.

Canon. The writing is vivid, the tone is relaxed and humorous, and insects are endowed with human beings in the author's works.

Character. Insect instinct, habits, labor, marriage, reproduction and death all permeate the author's thoughts.

Thinking about human beings.

Eighteen "Two Wan Li under the Sea"

1, Verne (France)

2. genre: science fiction

3. Two Wan Li under the Sea is the second part of Verne's science fiction trilogy (the first part)

The first part is Captain Grant's daughter, and the third part is Mystery Island, mainly about Nautilus.

The submarine USS, together with its servant Conseil and a whaling ship, followed Captain Nemo here.

A submarine made two expeditions around the world in Wan Li. Nemo is a mystery of unknown nationality.

The character, a desert island who uses the ocean to provide energy, was discovered by Pierre Aronnax.

4. Artistic features: (1) Ingenious conception and thrilling plot. (2) the ingenious combination of science and fantasy

Close.

5. Information link: Verne is called "the father of modern science fiction".

Bacon's prose

1. Introduction to Bacon: Francis? Bacon, English philosopher, thinker and essayist. Ma Bei

Marx called it "the true ancestor of British materialism and the whole modern experimental science", mainly writing.

His works include essays and new tools.

2. Introduction: There are 58 essays by Bacon, covering philosophy and ethics.

Management, the way to deal with the world and so on. Most of them are closely related to personal life and express their works intensively.

Philosophy of life.

3. Click on the wonderful articles: talking about beauty, reading, procrastination, etc.

4. Bacon's Quotations: Knowledge is power.