Yong Dong's hometown

textual research on Yong Dong, the filial son of Han Dynasty, and his hometown

The story of Yong Dong and Tian Xiannv has been widely circulated in China through the processing and publication of literary works in past dynasties, and has been well-known for nearly two thousand years. As a dutiful son born in civilian cloth, he is not only loved by the masses, but also regarded as a model; Moreover, some literati also sing praises in poems and operas, which are cited as important creative materials. For example, Cao Zhi's Lingzhi Pian, Yuan Zaju's Brocade, Hundred Days' Fate, and later Huangmei Opera's Fairy Match, etc. are all based on the story of Yong Dong's matching with the fairy. It can be seen that Dong Yong's influence in China is so long and extensive.

Respecting the elderly and supporting parents is an excellent tradition of the Chinese nation and an important part of our spiritual civilization construction. Studying Yong Dong is of great practical significance for inheriting and carrying forward this tradition and building spiritual civilization today.

So, whether Yong Dong is a literary figure or a real person in history, and where his hometown is, this is worthy of our serious discussion.

Yong Dong is a historical figure in a certain social background. He lived in the Han Dynasty and has been around for two thousand years. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, during the period of Emperor Wu, Dong Zhongshu proposed to oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone. Confucianism occupies a dominant position in the ideological field. Due to the strong promotion and advocacy of the ruling class, filial piety, as the core of Confucianism, has become a common moral norm in social life, and its influence has been quite profound until the Eastern Han Dynasty and even future generations. In the social background at that time, in people's real life, it is natural, completely possible and credible to have a dutiful son like Yong Dong.

The existing data also confirmed the authenticity of Dong Yong in history. The stone carvings of Wu's tombs in Wudaishan, Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province provide us with strong evidence. In the third picture from the right on the second floor of the third stone in the Wulingshi Room, Dong Yonglu immediately drives his father, and works in the field: there is a deer cart under the tree with a small pot on it, which is probably used to hold water for field work. An old man sits in the car, holding a dove stick in his left hand and stretching out his right hand, which seems to instruct Yong Dong to work. The word "eternal father" is engraved on the top of the old man. On his left is Yong Dong, holding farm tools in his right hand. Looking back at his father, the words "Yong Dong and Qian Qian take people" are engraved beside him. There is a beast on the left side of Yong Dong, which is stout, with big ears like a fan and a long nose. On the upper right of Yong Dong, there is a pattern with wings and patterns, which makes it fly like a bird. Yue Jue Shu said: "Shun died in Cangwu, like plowing for it; Yu's burial will be recorded, and the birds will be there. " This means "plowing like a field" and contains the word "plowing", which is a footnote to Yong Dong's image of "plowing the fields" and working in the fields.

The stone carvings of Wu's tombs, also known as Wu's temples and Wu's stone chambers, were the tombs of Wu's family in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Unearthed in the Qing dynasty. The Wu family, a bureaucratic landlord family in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, "was an official from generation to generation, powerful and rich, so it was possible to build a magnificent tomb." Wushi Temple, according to the inscription of its stone que, was built in the first year of construction (AD 147) and completed in several decades, and completed no later than AD 2. The stone carvings of tombs are rich in materials and are valuable materials for studying politics, economy and culture in Han Dynasty. The stone carvings of Wushi Temple are mostly based on real historical figures and stories, such as Jing Ke stabbing Qin Wang, Guan Zhong shooting Xiao Bai, and Ertao killing three scholars. Its construction time, contemporary with Yong Dong, is very close, and it points out Yong Dong's hometown, which proves that Yong Dong is indeed a real historical figure and is reliable evidence. Furthermore, the content of the Yong Dong stone carvings in Wushi Temple is consistent with some written records, so Dong Yong is credible.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Caozhi also wrote the story of Yong Dong in Ganoderma lucidum: "Yong Dong was poor, but his father and his mother had no money. Take leave to support, and commission to be sweet and fat. Debtors fill in the door, and I don't know what to do. Heaven is inspired by virtue, and the goddess is the master. " This is the earliest signed literary work based on Yong Dong's story in China. Visible, as far back as the Three Kingdoms period, Yong Dong's story has been widely circulated.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Yong Dong also recorded in Liu Xiang's Filial Piety Map. This book has been lost, and the records of Yong Dong's story can only be found in the quotations from Fayuan Zhulin in Tang Dynasty and Taiping Yulan in Song Dynasty. The quotation in "Taiping Yu Lan" is as follows: "Yong Dong, a former Han Dynasty, took advantage of others, lost his mother less, and adopted his father alone. When my father died, there was no place to be buried, but I borrowed 1 thousand money from someone. Forever, the money master said,' If you don't have money, you should be a slave ...' Some people thought that Liu Xiang was a former Han Chinese, how could he know that there was a later Han? It is suspected that the picture of a dutiful son is a false trust of later generations. The quotation in Volume 62 of Fayuan Zhulin is slightly different from that in the picture of dutiful son: "Dong Yongzhe, who lives with his father, is trying his best to farm land, and his father follows him on a deer car. When the father dies, he sells it to the rich man for funeral. ..... "This passage is not the same as the Filial Piety Map quoted in Taiping Yulan. It is worth noting that there is no" former Han Dynasty "in the quotation of Fayuan Zhulin, which makes it difficult to say that the Filial Piety Map is falsely entrusted by future generations. It is recorded in Volume 22 of Southern History: "Cizi Bobao, eight years old, was invited by Wang Yi, the ancestor of Song Taizai, Jiangxia, to go to the inner lent, and he took the materials for giving treasures, but he took the piano, inkstone and the picture of a dutiful son." It can be seen that there was this book in fashion in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. If only the account of Yong Dong is an increase by later generations, it seems that the evidence is insufficient. It is not impossible whether the word "pre-Han" in the quotation of Taiping Yulan was accidentally added by the editor at that time. Liu Xiang was a native of the late Western Han Dynasty. If the records in the Filial Piety Map are true, then Dong Yongdang is a native of the Western Han Dynasty. Besides, even if the Filial Piety Map is falsely entrusted by later generations, it is early and of great value.

Gan Bao, a historian in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, included the story of Yong Dong in his book Searching for the Gods. According to the folklore, he wrote the article "Yong Dong" after processing and sorting out: "Han Yong Dong, who is a lonely man, lives with his father and strives for land. ……。” The first paragraph is exactly the same as the picture of a dutiful son quoted in Fayuan Zhulin. Behind it is the story that Yong Dong met a fairy after burying his father, asked for a wife, went to the rich owner, woven a hundred horses in ten days, helped pay off debts forever, and left in the air when the matter was finished. Yong Dong's story, processed by Gan Bao, has been relatively complete and full, and its plot and characters have all developed, which is the basis for later literary and artistic creations such as operas.

Some dictionaries and books also record a lot about Dong Yong.

Yong Dong was included in the Records of Filial Son's Views in Ancient and Modern Times in Qing Dynasty, and "Yong Dong was born in Qingzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty."

Dong Yong is listed as a famous historical figure in China in China Dictionary of Personal Names. Download the article "Yong Dong" and say: "Yong Dong, the late Han Dynasty took advantage of people, lost his mother less, stayed in Runan and moved to Anlu later ..." Here, the saying of "serving his father and avoiding soldiers" was added.

in the book Meng Qiu, there is also a book "Yong Dong sells himself", and the old note says: "Han Yong Dong, less lost his mother, adoptive father, and poor domestic helpers. On the month of farming, the father is pushed by a cart and placed in the shade of the field head to farm. ..... "There is a real Dong Yong here in history.

The Chinese Dictionary compiled by Taiwan Province also holds a positive attitude towards Dong Yongqi. The characters are basically the same as those in China Dictionary of Names.

Shang You Lu, a book in the Ming Dynasty, which recorded the celebrities of Zhou Qin and Southern Song Dynasty, included Dong Zhong and said that Dong Zhong was the son of Dong Yong. Cihai introduced Shang You Lu as "a compilation of biographies of people in past dynasties". (The Chinese Dictionary introduces the Record of Shang You, saying that "the ancient figures are somewhat similar, so they are easier to check than historical records, and they are used more in the old days".

The local chronicles, which are called "the history of one party's faith", also record a large number of Dong Yong's people in "People's Tales". For example, Dong Yong is listed as a historical celebrity in Boxing County Records of Shandong Province, Le 'an County Records (now Guangrao), Yutai County Records, Xiaogan County Records of Hubei Province and Dongtai County Records of Jiangsu Province. Most of the stories about Yong Dong contained in the book are similar to those in Search of God Yong Dong. Of course, in the old days, there was a bad habit of pulling historical celebrities around, but in such a vast area, Yong Dong was recorded as a historical figure, which affirmed that Dong Yong really existed in history, and it seems that it cannot be ignored.

The above historical relics, books, dictionaries and local chronicles all confirm that Yong Dong is a real figure in history, especially the cultural relics of Wushi Temple, which is more reliable. However, some people hold a negative attitude towards Dong Yong. For example, Ci Hai thinks that Yong Dong is "a literary story character". There have always been two main reasons for denying Dong Yong: First, Dong Yong's honest officials have no load. We believe that the official history compiled in feudal society is mainly for the feudal rulers, especially for the highest class of rulers, and it is difficult for lower bureaucrats such as county chiefs and county magistrates to climb into the threshold of official history. As mentioned above, the Wu family in Jiaxiang County has been an official for generations, but there is no official history. Besides, it is not surprising that a civilian in Yong Dong has no official history. How can there be more figures in history who have no official history? If we deny their existence on the grounds that there is no official history, it will inevitably be biased.

Yong Dong's story belongs to myths and legends. It is true that Yong Dong's story has a strong mythical color, but this cannot be a reason to deny Dong Yong. Historically, the working people in our country often deified the historical figures they admired and loved, and made fairy tales by romantic means to spread them, in order to persuade people to accumulate virtue and be good, and also to express their love for these historical figures. And some folklores are often based on historical figures, which have been artistically processed into complete stories. For example, the story of Dayu's flood control, Bao Zheng's visit to the underworld, Guan Gong's revelation of saints, etc. are all full of strong myths, but who can deny that they are real historical figures? Similarly, we can't deny the real existence of Dong Yong just because Yong Dong's story is mythical. It is precisely because of this romantic folklore that Yong Dong has been handed down.

since Yong Dong is a real figure in history, where is his hometown? The theories are basically the same. In the stone carvings of Wu's tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yong Dong's story picture points out that "Yong Dong, a thousand passengers also". In addition, the Filial Piety Map, Sou Shen Ji, China Dictionary of Names and Chinese Dictionary also point out that Yong Dong was a thousand riders in the Han Dynasty. Gancheng began in the Warring States Period. "It was named after Qi Jinggong, where Ma Qiancheng often hunted." In the Han dynasty, it was named as a county. Gancheng County and Gancheng County are located in the east of Gaoqing County and adjacent to Boxing County in the east.

There is no record of Yong Dong in the existing annals of gaoqing county. "The Records of Boxing County, People's Records" contains: "Dongyong's Tomb has Dongjiazhuang in the number of tombs he went to in Chongde Society (now Chenhu Town), and his hometown is forever." Dongjiazhuang is located in Chenhu Town, Boxing County today, which is located in more than 2 huali in the north of the county seat, and more than 3 huali in the west of the site of Hanqiancheng County. In the Han Dynasty, it belonged to Gancheng County, Qiancheng County. Dongjiazhuang is the hometown of Yong Dong, and the records of Boxing County are consistent with the above dictionaries, books of sorts and Wushi Temple.

Dong Gong Temple used to be in Dongjiazhuang. According to Shandong Tongzhi, "Dong Gong Temple worships Yong Dong 3 miles northeast of the city (now Boxing County)", which means that this temple no longer exists. "Tong Zhi" also said: "The Temple of Immortal Filial Piety is located in the west gate, where Yong Dong, the filial son of Han Dynasty, is worshipped." When Xianxiao Temple was built is unknown. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Weibang's Notes on Xianxiao Temple, he said: "This city is in the former site of Dong Xian. On that day, I was embarrassed to bury my father and the goddess helped me weave. The sound of filial piety has been written ever since. I painted an elephant in Hou Jian Temple ... ". In the article, I Hou refers to Weng Zhaoyun, the magistrate of Boxing County at that time. The original temple has been rebuilt by Weng Zhaoyun, a magistrate of a county in the Ming Dynasty. In the fourth year of Kangxi, Jiang Weifan, the magistrate of Boxing County, was rebuilt, and now it is gone. In the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi, Dongyong's Tomb was in Chongde Society. This is Chenhu Town, the original tombstone, because of the age, the tombstone has not existed. In 25 years of the Republic of China, Zhang Qibing, the county magistrate, rebuilt a tombstone. This monument still exists.

The above information fully proves that dongjiacun, Chenhu Town, Boxing County, is the hometown of Yong Dong, the filial son of Han Dynasty. Although the old local chronicles have a habit of pulling celebrities around. However, some county chronicles still affirmed that Yong Dong was originally from Boxing County. For example, the "Yutai County Records" in Shandong Province contains: "Dongyong's Tomb, the old records contain, governs the southwest for three miles. According to "Yong Dong, a native of Boxing, Qingzhou, lived in De 'an, and was a servant to bury his father. He felt that Xianji was an occasional thing. Although women were salty, there was no test for burying fish platforms." It is affirmed here that Dong Shui is from Boxing County. Another example is the "Xiaogan County Records" in Hubei Province: "Dong Shui, Qingzhou Gancheng, is now Boxing County, Shandong Province. ...... "In 1983, the Xiaogan Region Profile written by Xiaogan Region wrote in the column of" Famous People "; "Yong Dong, a native of Qingzhou at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is now Boxing County, Shandong Province. Because of the Yellow Scarf Uprising, he moved from Shandong to Xiaogan, Hubei Province ..." In 1984, in the Yong Dong Park built in Xiaogan City, in front of the Filial Piety Temple, it was said: "Yong Dong, a thousand passengers from Qingzhou, is now Boxing County, Shandong Province. ..... "Yong Dong's story spread widely in Xiaogan County, Hubei Province, and had a deep influence, and a garden was built to commemorate him. However, from "Xiaogan County Records" to "Overview of Xiaogan Area", it is only said that Yong Dong lived in Xiaogan from Shandong, and it is certain that Yong Dong was originally from Boxing County, Shandong Province.

Of course, there are some local chronicles that refer to Yong Dong as a famous person in this city. For example, during the reign of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, "Le 'an County Records" (now Guangrao County, Shandong Province) regarded Yong Dong as a country sage. In the "Historic Sites" section of the chronicle, it reads: "Yong Dong Temple is located in Taihe Village in the west of the city, and it is very close to home. There are many descendants who have been enshrined so far." The Yong Dong Temple mentioned in Cha Zhi-zhong is located in the west of Guangrao County today. In the Han Dynasty, it was the land of Lixian County, and Lixian County belonged to Qi County, not Gancheng County. From Guangrao County to the Sui Dynasty, overseas Chinese settled in Gancheng County, which was more than 5 years later than the time when Yong Dong lived. It is obviously unfounded to say that Yong Dong's hometown is in Guangrao County today. Another example is the "Dongtai County Records" in Jiangsu Province: "Yong Dong is from Xixi Town." The story of Yong Dong contained in it basically quoted the original text of Sou Shen Ji, but changed "Qiancheng" to "Xixi Town". And said, "Now Xixi Town is always with the father's tomb." But the editor of the annals wrote in the comments behind; "See Liu Xiang's" Filial Piety Map "quoted in" Taiping Yu Lan "forever. Its words say: Dong Yongqian is a man, ... Today, it is not passed on to the" Map ",and historians are not recorded, and Qiancheng County is the northern mirror of Qingzhou Prefecture in Shandong Province. Why is it a Xixi person in the county?" The editor of local chronicles put forward different meanings to Yong Dong's statement that he was from Xixi, and held a negative attitude. This statement is also difficult to stand on its own feet.

To sum up, there is no doubt that Yong Dong's hometown is Boxing County. However, the editor of Boxing County Chronicle in the 2th year of Qing Daoguang did not make a field investigation, thinking that Dongyong's Tomb, the old chronicle, was in Chongde Society and Longhewa, but questioned Boxing, Yong Dong's hometown. On-the-spot investigation shows that there is only one Dongyong's Tomb in Boxing County, which belonged to Chongde Society (now Chenhu Town) at that time, and people used to call it Longhewa, which is two names of the same place. This fallacy in the annals was caused by the shallowness and carelessness of the annals editors at that time.

Yong Dong's legends are spread all over dozens of provinces in China, and Yong Dong's ruins and monuments, such as Dongyong's Tomb, Yong Dong Temple, Donggong Temple, etc., are also numerous, especially in Jianghuai area, which is more widespread and has a deep influence.

Since Yong Dong's hometown is in Shandong, why did the legend of Yong Dong spread and influence so widely in Jianghuai area? There are different opinions about whether Yong Dong ever migrated to the south. China Dictionary of Personal Names claims that Yong Dong once migrated to the south, and its "Yong Dong" section reads: "The late Han Dynasty took thousands of passengers, but few lost their mothers, obeyed their fathers and avoided soldiers, lived in Runan, and then migrated to Anlu ..." The Chinese Dictionary also adopts this statement, and the interpretation of "Yong Dong" is the same as that of China Dictionary of Personal Names. Here, it only says "to serve the father and avoid the soldiers", but does not explain the age of Dong Yongnan's migration. In the thirty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Xiaogan County Annals contained "Yong Dong, a dry passenger in Qingzhou, now Boxing County, Shandong Province. I lost my mother early, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty was in the middle of the peace, the yellow turban insurrectionary rose, the Bohai Sea was in turmoil, and my father came to migrate forever ... "In the fifth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, Xiaogan County Annals was taken care of again? X? Move this paragraph of text. The age and historical background of "avoiding the mutiny" here are relatively clear, and "mutiny" refers to the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising. However, the Yellow turban insurrectionary broke out in the seventh year of Guanghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 184), and the stone carvings of Wushi Tombs in Bijiaxiang County were repaired.