Dancing with Madmen: German "Desnazism" Movement, Nazi Senior Officials in Politics

Nazi generals who defected to the Soviet Union.

As mentioned above, although the control committee of the Allies formulated the principles and standards of de-Nazism: completely disarming Germany, arresting Nazi war criminals, dissolving various Nazi organizations and carrying out democratic transformation, the actual de-Nazism implemented by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union in their respective occupied areas has its own characteristics, and with the rapid changes in the post-war international political situation, "de-Nazism" has also gone out of shape.

As the Soviet Union, which opposes western ideology, the action of "going to Nazism" is the fastest, the standard is the strictest and the most distinctive: the Soviet Military Commission has never officially used "going to Nazism", but called it "socialist transformation".

1in August, 948, the Soviet military commission in East Berlin tried the former Nazi Manfred Baum (right male).

1In August, 945, officials of the People's Committee of the Interior of the Soviet Union (Ministry of Internal Affairs) took the lead in screening the imprisoned core members of the Nazi Party in Berlin. In contrast, the military and legal authorities in the United States officially started the examination in June. 1946. By 1947, 67 179 people were arrested in the Soviet area, of which 82 14 people were released after the trial, accounting for 12%, far below the number released).

The Soviet Union combined Nazism with "socialist transformation" in the occupied areas. For example, the means of production and land in the hands of the German industrial and commercial circles and the old Yongke nobles were confiscated and confiscated; Lawyers will be dismissed unless they can prove that they have legal qualifications in other countries except Nazi Germany; All city streets named after Nazism or imperialism will be changed to socialist names. Most of East Prussia occupied by Nazi Germany was allocated to Poland, and the Soviet Union instructed the Polish government to carry out ethnic cleansing of German residents in this area. As a result, a large number of German residents fled Poland and returned to Germany.

Of course, the Soviet Union will not let go of the possibility of recruiting former Nazi German elites, but as mentioned above, many elites like wernher von braun fled to the occupied areas of western countries (mainly American occupied areas) for fear of Soviet terrorist rule, so few valuable talents fell into the hands of the Soviet Union, and most of them were surrendered or captured soldiers.

Lieutenant General Vincenz Miller, former commander of the Fourth German Army, surrendered to the Soviet Union in July 1944, and showed his anti-Hitler stance to the Soviet Union. He was detained in Krasnogorsk prison near Moscow and attended the die Antifa-Schule school in Krasnogorsk. After his release from 1949, Mueller was assigned to the newly established German Democratic Republic as the police chief and deputy minister of the interior.

1953, muller was appointed as the chief of staff of the east german police force (KVP), 1956, he was appointed as the chief of staff of the newly reorganized national army and deputy minister of national defense. However, the Ministry of National Security of East Germany (MfS) didn't trust the former Nazi German general. From 1952 to 10, it secretly monitored Muller through his private secretary Captain Heinz sperling.

1955 and 1956, on behalf of the east german government, muller met with the then federal german finance minister fritz schaffer in east Berlin. Ffer, CSU) held talks on the possibility of reaching an understanding between Germany and Germany. He said that the Licht government in GDR is about to be overthrown, and Germany and Germany may be unified. 1958 In September, the former East German official announced that Mueller had a serious heart disease and approved his request for retirement.

1943 65438+ 10, German Marshal paulus surrendered to the Soviet Union in Stalingrad and was sent to a prison camp.

The most famous figure in the hands of the Soviet Union was Friedrich Wilhelm friedrich paulus, Marshal of the German Sixth Army. In the battle of Stalingrad, because the troops were surrounded, they could not escape, and the whole army could not escape. Marshal Paulus disobeyed Hitler's orders and surrendered to the Soviet Union in 1943 1 and was later held in different prison camps. He testified in the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, and many people thought that he should be tried and sentenced like Marshal Goering, Marshal keitel and Marshal Jodl.

However, paulus was not taken back to an ordinary prison camp or prison, but was transferred to a villa in Tomilino, near Moscow, equipped with chefs and orderlies. There are two other former German generals there, one of whom is Vincenz Muller mentioned above. Enjoying such special treatment indicates that they will face a different fate from other prisoners of war.

1in June, 948, paulus asked to return to the Soviet-occupied area of Germany on the grounds of helping to establish a democratic Germany, but no reply was received. On the contrary, his surveillance has been strengthened and his personal freedom has been more restricted. Strangely, although 1949 had enough evidence to convict him, the Soviet Union didn't charge him with anything.

1954 paulus attended the press conference in East Berlin.

Paulus's wife and a pair of children live in the Federal Republic of Germany. 1949 After his wife died, paulus applied again to return to East Germany. 1953 In September, paulus met with Ubud Li Xite, the leader of East Germany, and his request was approved. In this regard, he wrote a thank-you letter to the Soviet government, making him a traitor in the hearts of the West German people. However, he received a grand courtesy from East German officials.

1953, 10 year1October 26th, paulus finally returned to Germany. In East Berlin, he was officially welcomed by the leaders of the East German Unified Socialist Party and government. He did not hold any influential position and was given the pseudonym of "Chairman of the War History Research Committee of Kasernierten Volkspolizei University". He was placed in a villa in Switz, Hobereau, near Dresden, enjoying the privilege of owning a pistol and an Opel car in West Germany.

However, the East German government was obviously uneasy about the former marshal. His daily life is monitored by the secret police, and the staff around him are informers. His letters were checked, and his phone and residence were monitored. Paulus has done some work for the communication between East and West Germany. Since 1955, it has faded out of public view for health reasons. 1957 February 1 died in the villa.

Seamless docking: from Nazi backbone to senior officials in West Germany

From the Soviet-occupied area to the later Democratic Republic of Germany, the investigation of former Nazi party members or military and police personnel was extremely strict. East German officials regularly distribute the so-called "Beige Book" to the people, which lists all the fugitive Nazi party members still wanted by the East German government. Any former Nazi who joins the armed forces will be immediately expelled and tried. 1949 After the founding of the Democratic Republic of Germany, only 12 former Nazi party members were allowed to join the United Socialist Party after strict examination.

In contrast, in the Federal Republic of Germany, former Nazi party members can easily enter governments at all levels, and their careers are much smoother. One of the most representative and controversial is Hans Globke, who is a typical administrative official who seamlessly connects from Prussia Empire, Nazi Germany to the Federal Republic of Germany.

Grobuk was an administrative lawyer of Prussian Empire and Nazi Germany's Ministry of Interior. /kloc-0 was promoted to assistant minister in July, 938. He led the compilation of a series of racial discrimination laws, such as the Imperial Citizenship Law promulgated by 1935, the German Law on Gene Health Protection and the Citizenship Law promulgated by 1937, and he also helped design the "J" seal on Jewish documents.

After the beginning of World War II, he went to the occupied territories many times to participate in guiding the expulsion of Jews or sending them to concentration camps. 194 1 In September, Grobuk accompanied Nazi German Interior Minister wilhelm frick to visit Slovakia. Soon after, the Slovak government promulgated the Talmud, which became the legal basis for persecuting Jews. It is believed that Grobuk's visit helped the Slovak government.

Hans Grobuk (left 1) and the Interior Minister of Nazi Empire William Frick (left 2) were in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, a Nazi accessory country, on September 194 1.

On the other hand, however, Grobuk kept in touch with underground anti-Nazi organizations and civil society. In the trial of the former Nazi after the war, he participated as a witness and testified for the prosecutor. From 1948 to 1949, Globuk Globok served as deputy director of the North Rhine-westfalen State Taxation Bureau. After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, he was appointed by Premier Konrad Adenauer as the Secretary of State in the Chancellery, and later became Adenauer's personal adviser and core team member.

Incredibly, Adenauer served as the mayor of Cologne during the Weimar Republic. Because he refused to cooperate with the Nazis, he was dismissed from his post after the Nazis came to power in 1933, and was briefly arrested and imprisoned in 1934 on the "Long Knife Night". After his release, he went into exile. 1944 After the failed assassination of Hitler in July, Adenauer was arrested again on suspicion of involvement. His lieutenant's son personally went to Berlin to complain to the secret police, and Adenauer was released in June165438+1October of that year. It was because of his non-cooperation in the Nazi era that the United States supported him to become Germany's first federal chancellor. A Nazi opponent used a Nazi official as his adviser. Adenauer was really broad-minded.

1963, Hans Grobuk became the first German Chancellor Adenauer (left) for the 10th anniversary, and served as the State Secretary of the Chancellery. They had a very close relationship.

The so-called "State Secretary of the Prime Minister's Office" is equivalent to the head of the Federal Prime Minister's Office, and its duties come from Article 7 of the Rules of Procedure of the Federal Government (GOBReg), which has not changed so far. Grobuk played an important role in the decision-making of Adenauer government. Adenauer often walks with him in the official garden of the Prime Minister's Office and asks his advice on important political decisions, such as the compensation agreement with Israel. Grobuk made cabinet personnel suggestions to Adenauer, and was responsible for supervising the loyalty of cabinet officials. He also maintains close contact with the CDU/CSU parliamentary group and manages the donation of CDU.

196310/5 four days after Adenauer resigned, he made a proposal to Heinrich Lubcke, then president of West Germany, to award Globke the Grand Cross of the German Federation and the Republic of China. In the same year, Grobuk retired and prepared to move to Switzerland. As early as 1957, his wife had bought land and built a villa in Chardonne, Lake Geneva.

1In the autumn of 963, the Parliament of Vaud decided not to issue a residence permit to Grobuk. In desperation, he had to give up his immigration plan, and he vowed to sever all ties with Switzerland. At that time, Ludwig von Moos, then president of the Swiss Confederation, announced in Parliament that the Swiss government therefore avoided issuing an entry ban on him.

Grobuk's activities during the war were deliberately concealed by the United States, the most serious of which included the Jewish cleansing in the Greek war zone and his contact with another famous Nazi war criminal Eichmann. 196 1 In May, Jewish judge Fritz Bauer got the record that Eichmann had negotiated with Grobuk before Thessaloniki executed more than 20,000 innocent civilians, but the case was quickly dismissed due to the intervention of the Federal Intelligence Agency. In addition, Grobuk's wartime archives are classified as confidential and are not allowed to be released to the public.

Unlike the American and West German governments' protection of Grobuk, the East German government, under the leadership of the Political Bureau and the Ministry of National Security, conducted a large-scale investigation in the early 1960s, which proved that Grobuk was the initiator and organizer of the Nazi racial discrimination bill and the persecution of Jews, and was connected with Eichmann, the main executor of the Holocaust.

1In July, 963, Heinrich Toeplitz, President of the Supreme Court of East Germany, presided over the trial in absentia of Grobuk, who was finally found guilty of crimes against humanity and genocide and sentenced to life imprisonment. Although the trial had practical effect, it declared the opposition between the East German government and the West German government.

Because of the cold war, the anti-Nazism in West Germany was anticlimactic and incomplete. A large number of former Nazis were given light sentences, reduced sentences or even acquitted, and many fled to South American countries. After the founding of Israel, the Israeli military intelligence agency "Mossad", established in 1949, devoted itself to hunting down former Nazis on a global scale, and kidnapped adolf eichmann from Argentina to Israel for trial in 1962, which is a masterpiece.

Simon Wiesenthal, a Ukrainian-born Jew, was imprisoned in the 12 concentration camp and survived the war. As one of the few survivors of the Holocaust, wiesenthal began its unremitting pursuit of Nazi war criminals. 1947, he established the Jewish Documentation Center in Vienna, and wiesenthal pursued the former Nazis and never gave up. He tracked and investigated more than 6,000 Nazi cases and brought more than 1, 654,38+0,000 war criminals to justice. It was he who tracked Eichmann's hiding place in Argentina and told Mossad that the guilty executioner had fallen into the law.

Dancing with the devil: Accompany him to hell.

Since ancient times, there have been various "heroes" in troubled times: heroes, lean men, adulterers ... Moses, Hannibal, Caesar, Qin Shihuang, Liu Bang, Xiang Yu, Cao Cao, Li Shimin, Genghis Khan, Zhao Kuangyin, Napoleon, Stalin, Hitler and Churchill ... all of them are outstanding. Some of them go down in history, while others are immortal. They are masters of national destiny and writers of history.

History is by no means accidental. At a certain moment, there will inevitably be special figures who decide history: Moses led the Israelis out of Egypt, Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, Genghis Khan commanded Mongolian fighters to sweep across Eurasia, and Hitler fantasized that superior Germans would unify Europe ... For a country and a nation, it is doomed to be a blessing or a curse. These people who dominate history are messengers from heaven-maybe angels, maybe demons. They came to this world with a mission and went all out to accomplish their mission: prosperity or destruction.

Hitler took a group photo with members of Hitler Youth League.

As for Hitler, he was a typical loser in his early years, wandering on the edge of society and having no dignity. This is why his personality is distorted and he hates society. He directed his hatred of society at what he considered "inferior people" and "people with defects". In his time, Germany was in an eventful autumn, and people were distracted. This "Hell Messenger" who came with a mission systematized his theory into Mein Kampf and set up a Nazi party to implement it.

Due to the specific domestic and international conditions, Hitler was able to put his "struggle" into practice. For example, if Hitler and his Nazi Party are diseased cells, then German society and Germans are his parasitic hosts, while countries such as Britain and France did not remove diseased cells in time in the early stage, but let them absorb nutrients, promote their growth and spread, and eventually become fatal cancer.

In the international community, just after World War I and the Great Depression, Britain and France lost their national strength and were unable to take care of others. Their mainstream politicians think that sacrificing the interests of small countries can bring their own security and peace. As a result, raising tigers is a disaster, which brings disaster to yourself and the world. The newly established Soviet Union could not establish a normal alliance with the western world, nor could it resist the rise of Nazi Germany. The United States on the other side of the ocean is unwilling to intervene in European affairs out of its own interests. As a result, Hitler's Nazi Germany was unrestricted in the international community, and it could do whatever it wanted, openly trampling on international conventions, occupying other countries' territories by various means, and finally provoking a world war.

In Germany, Hitler used the Nazi Party he founded as the capital to push back other political parties politically. Finally, he used the despicable means of "congressional arson" to purge the German * * * production party, making the German parliament the parliament of the Nazi party, making Nazism the law of Germany through legislation, and Germany entered the era of Nazi autocracy. Hitler ruthlessly cleaned up and suppressed Nazi skeptics.

After Hitler became "Prime Minister of the Empire" on 1933, he successively dismissed a number of mayors who did not support Nazism. The first mayors to be dismissed included Konrad Hermann Adenauer, then mayor of Cologne, who was later elected as the first chancellor of the post-war Federal Republic of Germany. Hitler, who was suspicious by nature, showed no mercy to his followers.

From June 30, 65438 to July 2, 0934, Hitler personally commanded the SS and the secret police (Gestapo) to carry out a political purge of the Nazi party throughout Germany (known as "Long Dao Night" in history), arrested thousands of people suspected of disloyalty and executed hundreds of people, including Roma, the leader of the Nazi emergency forces who fought alongside Hitler in the early days.

After political cleansing, Hitler firmly controlled the SS and the Wehrmacht and ensured his political security.

For the German people, Hitler, Goebbels and others tried their best to confuse and incite the people and spared no effort to brainwash them. Although Hitler's cultural level is extremely limited, he is good at speaking, and his ready-made speeches, coupled with his unique body language, have brought him many fans. At that time, a large number of audio-visual materials of Hitler's speeches were left, almost all of which were empty and gorgeous.

As far as speaking ability is concerned, Hitler is an outstanding leader among the introverted and inarticulate Germans. In the fourth year of the Nazi Party-1924, Hitler got a "genius propagandist" and later became the authority of Nazi theory and the second person in the party. This is paul joseph goebbels. This doctor of philosophy from the University of Heidelberg has been the minister of education and propaganda of Nazi countries for a long time and is the main promoter of German Nazism. 1933 became Nazi propaganda minister. After two rains, he began to burn books of non-German thinkers and writers in universities and began to systematically purge the cultural and intellectual circles.

In addition to controlling Germany's ideological and cultural education, Goebbels also contributed to brainwashing the German people. His authoritative theoretical explanation and Hitler's impromptu speech succeeded in confusing and controlling most German people.

Goebbels, the authority of Nazi theory: "If you tell a lie on a large scale and keep repeating it, people will eventually start to believe it. During the period when lies are believed, the state can shield people's understanding of the political, economic and military consequences brought about by lies. "

For "brainwashing", Goebbels summed up a set of theories: "If your lies are wide enough and appear repeatedly, people will eventually start to believe them. During the period when lies are believed, the state can shield people's understanding of the political, economic and military consequences brought about by lies. " It can be seen that Goebbels knew that Nazi theory was a lie, but through unremitting and all-round brainwashing, the lie would be believed, thus achieving a specific purpose.

In order to practice his "lie effect", Goebbels established the German Cultural Association and forced media practitioners to join. Through acquisition, holding, cleaning, censorship, suspension and other means, fully control the German media. Issue daily instructions to the media, and all newspapers and periodicals must be consistent with the instructions, otherwise they will be forced to stop publishing. Goebbels also controlled the people by forcing the collective to listen to Nazi broadcasts. All public places must be equipped with radios, and listening to foreign radio stations was severely punished.

Although the German people were victims of Nazi tyranny, they were not innocent. Although the Nazis used various hooliganism and violence to destroy other political parties, they were voted into the parliament by the German people. In the later period of Nazi Germany, there were several rebellions, such as "White Rose" and Stauffenberg. However, in the dark era of 12, most Germans recognized and accepted the Nazis, or were silent. It can be said that the German people at that time were the accomplices of Nazi madness, centralization, autocracy, national subjugation, and scourge to the whole world, and their country's ruin was also their due retribution.

If-history is cold, there is no hypothesis. However, we might as well assume that if 192 1 was established and came to power in 1933, Hitler's series of expansions, especially racist measures and violent actions, were effectively restricted and punished by the Weimar government and laws. If they can't get the support of the landlords and business circles in Yongke, if the Germans question Teller's incitement, disagree with Nazi theory and oppose all kinds of illegal Nazi atrocities, they will vote for the Nazi Party.

If the German people do not accept, cooperate with or even resist all kinds of authoritarian rule and ethnic cleansing policies pursued by the Nazis after they came to power, can Nazi rule still run smoothly in Germany? There is no doubt that the silent majority of Germans are victims and accomplices of the Nazis. Sophie Sauer, the protagonist of White Rose, summed it up very well: "After all, some people want to be pioneers because what we write and say is recognized by many people, but they dare not express it like us."

God sent a great flood to punish Adam's descendants who advocated atrocities and depravity. The German people in Nazi dancing with the devil were punished by God.