The late Eastern Han Dynasty. What is the difference between Zhang Jiao’s Taiping Sect of the Yellow Turban Army and Zhang Lu’s Five Pecks of Rice Sect?

Zhang Jiao

(?--184), a native of Julu (now Ningjin County, Hebei Province), leader of the Yellow Turban Uprising Army, founder of Taiping Road, Zhang Jiao believed in Huang Lao in his early years He also has deep research on the theory of prophecy which was very popular in the Han Dynasty, and is also familiar with folk medicine and witchcraft.

During the Jianning period (168---172), he and his two younger brothers first began missionary activities in Yizhou, where the disaster was particularly severe. During the Xiping reign of Emperor Ling (172---178), he founded Taiping Tao on the basis of recruiting a large number of students, cultivating disciples, and absorbing disciples.

Taiping Dao is one of the early sects of Taoism in my country. It takes as its own mission to overthrow the decadent Eastern Han Dynasty and establish a peaceful society. Its main feature is that it takes "The Taiping Jing" as its main classic and "Zhonghuang Taiyi" as its supreme god. Taiping Dao’s program, goals, doctrines, titles, parish organizations, slogans, religious rituals, activity content, missionary methods, etc. are all based on the Taiping Jing.

He spread everywhere that "the sky is dead, the yellow sky will stand, the age of Jiazi will be good for the world."

According to the "Taiping Sutra", "The billions of stars are not as bright as a day; the words of the pillars of heaven are not as bright as the country's one virtuous person", Zhang Jiao calls himself a great sage and mentor, and is the leader of Taiping. The general leader of Taoism; his two younger brothers, Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao, claimed to be great doctors and were also one of the leaders of Taiping Taoism. If any member of Taiping Dao and his followers make a mistake, they only need to kneel before the leader, admit their mistake, and promise not to make it again, and they will be forgiven.

Zhang Jiao often holds a nine-section staff and uses talismans and incantations to treat people based on traditional folk medical skills. And used this as a cover to widely publicize the doctrines and views in the Taiping Jing about opposing exploitation and money-making and advocating equality and mutual love, which won the support of the poor people. Zhang Jiao sent eight more disciples to spread the teachings in all directions. Develop disciples and "educate the world with good ways." In more than ten years, Taiping Taoist forces spread throughout the eight states of Qing, Xu, You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yan, and Henan, with hundreds of thousands of followers. Mainly poor farmers, but also urban handicraftsmen, individual officials, and even eunuchs. Zhang Jiao divided the believers into thirty-six parties (diocesan organizations), with more than 10,000 people in the big party and six to seven thousand people in the small party. Each party had a canal commander in charge.

On this basis, Zhang Jiao followed the thinking method of "Five Elements" in the "Tai Ping Jing" and the theory of the mutual generation and restraint of the five elements, and selected Jiazi Day in the Jiazi Year, that is, the Pingyuan of Emperor Ling. A great uprising was held on March 5, 184. Zhang Jiao also put forward the loud slogan "The sky is dead, the yellow sky is standing, the year is Jiazi, the world is auspicious", trying to explain that according to the rise and fall of all things and the laws of the evolution of dynasties, most of the Han Dynasty (Cangtian) has been exhausted. As a result of Tu De (earth color yellow), representative of Huang Tian, ??Taiping Road should replace the Han Dynasty. In early February, leaders and believers from all parties began preparations. They used lime to write slogans such as "Jiazi" on the city gates and state and county government offices in Luoyang.

Ma Yuanyi, the commander-in-chief of Dafang Qu, first notified tens of thousands of believers in Jingzhou and Yangzhou to gather in Ye (Linzhang, Hebei) City to prepare for an uprising. As a result, the believers in charge of it began to gather in Yecheng. Ma Yuanyi also went to Luoyang, the capital, many times to agree that the eunuchs Chang Shi Feng and Xu Feng would serve as internal responders, and they would join forces with external collaborators on March 5 to start an uprising together.

About ten days before the scheduled date of the uprising, that is, around February 15th, a follower of Taiping Dao and a native of Jinan sent a letter to the government in Tang and Zhou Dynasties to report the uprising. As a result, the imperial court urgently captured Ma Yuanyi and his car was broken up in Luoyang. It also mobilized various forces to capture and kill more than a thousand Zhang Jiao believers. It also notified Jizhou to capture Zhang Jiao and his family.

When Zhang Jiao and others discovered that the matter had been exposed, they used various methods to notify all parties at night and immediately revolted. During the uprising, the rebels first killed the captured corrupt officials and offered sacrifices to heaven. During the uprising, Zhang Jiao's army all wore yellow scarves (a symbol of the Yellow Sky), and they were called the "Yellow Turban Army" at the time.

After the uprising, Zhang Jiao called himself "General Tiangong" based on the theory in the Taiping Jing that "there is rule by heaven, rule by earth, and rule by humans. The three qi are extremely powerful, and then the deviant actions govern all things." His younger brother Zhang Bao called himself "General Tiangong". General Gong, his younger brother Zhang Liang calls himself "General Gong".

After the uprising began, the masses responded one after another, either joining the army as believers or sending food and clothing. The rebel army developed rapidly. After the rebels captured a town, they often burned down government offices, killed corrupt officials, and distributed their property to the people. Corrupt officials usually exercise power and do good things, but when they hear that the rebels are coming, they are frightened and run away like dogs that have lost their homes. Within ten days, the world was shaken and the capital was shaken.

However, because the majority of the Yellow Turban Army was farmers, their organization was not tight enough and their grasp of policies and strategies was generally not good enough. In addition to attacking the government, they also generally attacked powerful people, scholar families and various wealthy families. As a result, the powerful and noble families quickly stood up and cooperated with the government rebels. About ten months after the uprising, the main force of the Yellow Turban Army was defeated by a combination of government and powerful forces. Soon, Zhang Jiao also died of illness during this period.

Taipingdao

It is one of the early Taoist sects. The brewing time is earlier. If we count it from "Taiping Qingling Shu" written by Yu Jishang, then it started during the reign of Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty (126-144).

But the order had not yet been formed. Until the Jianning and Xiping years of the Eastern Han Dynasty (168-178), Zhang Jiao, a native of Julu (now Ningjin, Hebei), organized the Yellow Turban Uprising and founded Taiping Road.

The late Eastern Han Dynasty was characterized by political darkness, powerful mergers, bankruptcy of small farmers, frequent natural disasters, and extremely acute social conflicts.

Zhang Jiao followed the current situation, and based on the purpose of "Educating the world with good ways" in the Taiping Jing, he began to preach in the form of "genuflecting and worshiping" to God

repenting, using " "Fu Shui Curse Theory" was very popular for treating illnesses among the lower classes. It was said in history that "the patients were quite cured and the people believed in it." However, in the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", Zhang Jiao was only called "Feng Shui Curse". "Serving Huang Lao Tao" and "educating the world with good Tao", there is no word "Taiping Tao".

In the "Dianlue" written by Wei Langzhong Yu Cuan, which was annotated in the "Three Kingdoms·Zhang Lu Biography", there are words such as "In Guanghe

In the east, there is Zhangjiao,...the angle is the Taipingdao". In fact, the name of Taiping Dao comes from the "Taiping Sutra": "Taiping

Tao, its literary covenants, its national wealth, the destiny of heaven, and the treasure of the body." "Teach the emperor urgently to order the Tao of Taiping ". "Three Kingdoms ·

The Biography of Sun Jian" records:

Zhang Jiao "educated the world with his good way, and connected it implicitly, calling himself Huang Tian Taiping." It shows that the "Taiping Road" is Zhang Jiao's

The self-proclaimed name of the "Unspoken Connection" during the uprising.

The Tao of Taiping takes Yin and Yang, the five elements, and the talismans and incantations as its fundamental teachings, which is basically consistent with the idea of ??worshiping heaven and earth, following the Yin and Yang, and the five elements

and mixing it with witchcraft in the Taiping Jing. Its teaching method is: "The teacher holds the nine-section staff as a blessing and teaches the patient to kowtow and think about his faults.

If he drinks the talisman water and gets sick or recovers with light, it is said that this person is a believer. If it doesn't heal, it means you don't believe in it."

His teaching of "kowtowing and thinking about one's faults" also comes from Volume 97 of the Taiping Jing:

"Now I want to explain this. After that, he often bowed his head in five directions on the four roads in the wilderness, first looking up to the sky, and then back down and kowtowing to the earth. "If you think people have made mistakes, God will clearly notice them and punish them. If you want to be forgiven by the gods, you can kowtow on the four roads in the wilderness, and the god of climate will direct the person you ask to go up to the sky and down to the earth, so you can be forgiven. "Taiping Jing" Volume 90

Two words: "With Dan as the character, the first one above. The next time you go down to tell people, you will have to bathe and be fine. Tell them from the north, west, south, and east.

Make it strict with good wine, just like clear water that has been drunk, and think about the words according to the disease, which is called "Returning Essence and Nourishing the Body"

Also known as: "Those who want to get rid of diseases and open up a new path can take the secret from the alchemy book and swallow the characters." Taiping Dao believes that the talismans are the words of the gods. Drinking the talisman water will allow the gods' orders to enter the human body, and the gods will make the mind straight and conscious. , then the disease can be cured, which is exactly the same as what is recorded in the "Taiping Jing"

According to Wang Shen's "Book of Wei" annotated in "Three Kingdoms: Chronicles of Emperor Wu", in the third year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (192), the Qingzhou Yellow Turban Army wrote to Cao Cao: "In the past In Jinan, the way to destroy the altar is the same as that of Huang Taiyi. It seems that if you know the "way", you are even more confused now.

The Han Dynasty is over, the Huang family should be established, and the world's great fortune is beyond your ability. It can survive." From the meaning of this article, the Yellow Turban Army worships the god "Zhonghuang Taiyi", which may also be the god worshiped by Taiping Dao. "Tai Yi" means "Tai Yi". "The Taiping Jing"

said: "The reason why the way of heaven and earth can be long and long-lasting is because it keeps the Qi and never ceases. ... It is from the Taiyi of the sky, heading towards the middle pole,

Act according to the talisman. "During the Qin and Han Dynasties, "Tai Yi" was regarded as the supreme god who dominated the four directions in the center of the sky. In the "Huangdi Neijing"

"Shen Tongqi", "Laozi Inscription" and other documents and inscriptions related to early Taoism, the belief in "Taiyi" also appears, and

"Taiyi" "The idea of ??being at the center. Taipingdao added the word "Zhonghuang" to the belief in "Taiyi", which is not only related to the concept of "Taiyi" living in the middle, but also with the five elements of soil living in the middle. The color is yellow, and yellow is the color of good luck. The meanings are similar.

Taiping Taoism founded the religion based on the "Taiping Sutra" and organized the Yellow Turban Uprising based on the "Taiping Sutra". It is said in history that Zhang Jiao called himself "the great virtuous teacher" and advocated that "the sky is dead, Huang Tian should stand, at the age of Jiazi, the world will be at peace". What he said about the "great virtuous" and "Huang Tian"

and other words, as well as the selection of Jiazi as the year of the uprising, can all be found in the Taiping Jing. Volume 90 of the "Taiping Jing": "If you want to govern the country happily and peacefully, but you can't do great virtuous things, how can it be settled once and for all?"

As the main purpose, according to the order of the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth, the Han Dynasty has the virtue of fire, and the fortune of the Han Dynasty declines and rises on behalf of the Han Dynasty

The one who has the virtue of earth should be the virtue of earth. The color is yellow, so Zhang Jiao calls himself "Huang Tian" to show that he will inherit Han Zuo and rule the world. "Taiping Jing" Volume 3

Nineteen is also called: "Jia Zi is the year, the day of the winter solstice, when the heaven and earth are just beginning to rise. ... All living things are headed by Jia,

Zi is the foundation, so the above Jia Zi order comes from it.” The sutra also contains the words “Three and five qi are harmonious, and the sun and moon are always bright, which is peace.”

This shows Zhang Jiao’s choice. March 5, Jiazi year (184), was chosen as the date of the Yellow Turban Uprising, which was obviously influenced by the Taiping Jing.

During the process of founding the religion, Zhang Jiao also prepared for an armed uprising. In more than ten years, the number of followers grew to hundreds of thousands, all over Qing, Xu,

You, Ji, Jing, The territory of the eight states of Yang, Yan and Henan. Zhang Jiao organized believers in units of "squares", with more than 10,000 people in a large square and six or seven thousand people in a small square. Thirty-six squares were established in the ***, and each side was led by a can commander. When he was ready, he ordered Dafang Ma Yuanyi and others to mobilize tens of thousands of people in Jingzhou and Yangzhou and go north to Yecheng in Jizhou to prepare for an uprising in Yecheng. Due to the traitor Tang Zhou's informant, the imperial court broke up Ma Yuanyi

More than a thousand Taiping Taoists were killed in Luoyang, the capital. The uprising originally planned for March 5th of the Jiazi year was forced to be launched in February in advance.

Zhang Jiao claimed to be General Tiangong, his younger brother Zhang Bao claimed to be General Digong, and Zhang Liang claimed to be General Renggong. The Taiping Taoist disciples in eight states all started to attack at the same time.

"Burning the government offices and robberies" After ten months of fierce fighting, the main force of the Yellow Turbans was surrounded and suppressed by the heavy troops of the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, in the fifth year of Zhongping (188), the remaining Yellow Turbans in the Central Plains region launched an uprising again. Among them, the number of Yellow Turbans in Qing and Xu states actually grew to one million. During the

Yellow Turban Uprising, a large number of Taiping Dao backbones were sacrificed in battles. The Taiping Dao organization was disintegrated, and most of the remaining believers were

integrated into the Five Pecks of Rice Dao.

Although Taiping Road collapsed after the Yellow Turban Uprising, it still had considerable influence on later generations.

For example, the concept of magic numbers in the thirty-six directions of Taiping Road was inherited by later Taoists; later Taoist priests held nine-section staffs, wore yellow clothes,

weared yellow crowns, and used talisman water. , spells and other Taoist techniques to cure people's diseases and eliminate disasters, etc., all also inherit the regulations of Taiping Tao. During the Tang and Song Dynasties

the "Ming Cult" respected Zhang Jiao as its leader; in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Sichuan-Shaanxi White Lotus Sect revolted and preached that "the Yellow Sky will die, and the Heaven will live,

a great disaster The prophecy that the people will be in trouble nearby is also obviously influenced by Taiping Dao.

Zhang Lu

(?～216) is the grandson of Zhang Ling and a Taoist master of Wu Dou Rice. The courtesy name is Gongqi (one meaning is "Gongqi"), and he was born in Peiguofeng (Feng County, Jiangsu Province). After Zhang Ling's death, his son Zhang Heng continued his path. After Heng died, Zhang Lu succeeded him as the leader. His mother was good at maintaining good health.

She had a young face and "had a ghost spirit" and traveled to and from the home of Liu Yan, a shepherd in Yizhou. He gained trust through his mother's relationship with Liu Yan's family. In the second year of Chuping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (191), Liu Yan appointed him as the governor of Sima, and he and other Sima Zhang Xiu led troops to attack Hanzhong Taishou Su Gu. After Zhang Xiu killed Su Gu, Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu again and captured his soldiers. When Liu Yan died, his son Liu Zhang took over the throne. Zhang Lu refused to obey his orders and killed Lu's mother and her family. Zhang Lu then separated Hanzhong, educated the people with the "Five Pecks of Rice", and established a political and religious regime. According to historical records, when Zhang Lu was in Hanzhong, he copied Zhang Xiu's teachings and "embellished them". Calls himself "Master".

Those who come to learn Taoism are initially called "Ghost Soldiers". After accepting the Taoism and believing in it, they are called "Jijiu" and lead their tribes; those who lead many tribes are called "Zhitou"

"Great wine sacrifice". There are no permanent officials, and local government affairs are managed by offering wine. Inherit the teachings of his ancestors, teach the people to be honest and not cheat, and make the sick

turn themselves in; forgive the offender three times, and then punish him if he commits it again; if it is a minor offense, he should repair the road A hundred steps

to atone for one’s sins. According to the "Moon Order", killing and drinking are prohibited in spring and summer when all things are growing. He also established a righteous house, placed righteous rice and meat in it, and provided it to passers-by for free. He also claimed that if you get too much, you will offend ghosts and gods and get sick.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, swarms of heroes arose and society was in turmoil. Many people fled to the relatively stable Hanzhong area, such as Guanxi Minconongzi

Tens of thousands of families fled to Hanzhong in Wugu. Zhang Lu also received the support of Du Yi, Pu Hu, Yuan Yue and other leaders of the Bayi minority.

He adopted a benevolent policy to rule Hanzhong, and "the people and barbarians were happy". "Those who have been sent to their places by drifting will not dare not to obey them."

Wudou Mi Road relied on the power of the political power to expand its influence.

At that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty regime controlled by Cao Cao had no time to take care of Hanzhong, so he appointed Zhang Lu as the Zhonglang General of the Zhenmin (a title of "Zhongyi Zhonglang General") and led the prefect of Hanning. Zhang Lu ruled Ba and Han for nearly thirty years. In the 20th year of Jian'an (215), Cao Cao personally led a 100,000-strong army to march westward to Hanzhong. Zhang Lu's younger brother Zhang Wei used tens of thousands of horses to defend Yangping Pass, which was defeated by Cao Cao. Zhang Lu avoided Bazhong. Soon

Relegated to Cao. Because he originally wanted to surrender, he paid homage to General Zhennan and was granted the title of Marquis of Langzhong (formerly known as "Marquis of Xiangping"), with ten thousand households in the city. His five sons were all granted the title of marquis and married to Cao Cao. Later Taoists called Zhang Lu "Zhang Zhennan". The following year, Zhang Lu died, posthumously named Yuanhou, and was buried in the east of Yecheng (now Linzhang, Hebei Province). After he surrendered to Cao Cao, a large number of his disciples moved northward, allowing Wu Dou Mi Dao's power to develop into the north and the Central Plains.

Zhang Lu regarded "Tao Te Ching" as the main classic of the sect. In order to facilitate the teaching of "Tao Te Ching" to his disciples, he wrote annotations for it.

It is called "I Think About You" Note". It is proposed that "Tao" "disperses into Qi, and gathers into Taishang Laojun, who often governs Kunlun"; believes that "Tao

essence" "is divided into all things, and all things are of one essence"; advocates The king and his subjects must "obey the will of the Tao and know the truth" and "practice the precepts and abide by the Tao". He also believes that "life" is "a different entity of Tao", and Taoists "only focus on Tao and only wish to live forever". "Tao establishes life to reward good deeds, and establishes death to threaten evil."

Only by "following the commandments of the Tao" and combining "accumulating good deeds to succeed" and "accumulating energy to become a god" can one achieve immortality and become an immortal. It advocates that "the ruler who governs the country should practice morality, and loyal ministers should assist him in practicing the Tao." It is pointed out that in this way, "the Tao will be universal

and virtue will prevail, and peace will prevail. If the officials and the people admire them, it will be easy to govern.

If you believe in the Tao, you will all have immortality and longevity." He also criticized the Confucian Five Classics as "half evil" and "cannot be used as a great hypocrisy"; he opposed obscene sacrifices and believed that "the righteous law of heaven does not exist in the temple of sacrifice and prayer"; he also criticized the promotion of "the saints are born in heaven", "There must be expressions" and "immortals have their own bones,

it cannot be achieved through practice". The Weishu "He" and "Luo" also deny it, proposing that Taoist disciples "feel loyalty, filial piety and sincerity to heaven" and cultivate themselves

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The perspective of achieving "immortal longevity". Therefore, he paid special attention to the self-cultivation of Taoists, advocated integrity, and repented of their mistakes when they were sick. According to legend, he also created Tutanzhai and other fasting and offering rituals.

In the first year of Emperor Wuzong's reign in the Yuan Dynasty (1308), he was posthumously named the "Zhenjun of Guangde in Zhaohua of the Taiqing Dynasty".

Five Pecks of Rice

(Tianshi Tao) is an important early Taoist school. Regarding its origin, there are two views in the academic world: Traditionally, it is believed that Wu Dou Rice Religion was founded by Zhang Ling in Heming Mountain, Sichuan from 126 to 144 AD (during the reign of Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty); but the History of Chinese Taoism edited by contemporary scholar Ren Jiyu " and "Shaanxi Taoism in 2000" written by Mr. Fan Guangchun believe that the Five Pecks of Rice religion was actually founded by Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong before 184 AD (the first year of Zhongping, Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty).

According to the annotation of "Three Kingdoms·Zhang Lu Biography", "Dianlue" summarizes the theories of Zhang Jiao and Zhang Xiu: "In the middle of Xiping, demons and thieves rise, and the third assistant is Luo Yao. In the middle of light and harmony, There is Zhang Jiao in the East, and Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. Jiao is the Tao Ping Dao, and the Tao Ping Tao practitioners hold the nine-section staff as a talisman, and teach the patients to kowtow and think about their faults, and drink it with talisman water. If it is cured, it is said that the person believes in the Dao, or if it is not cured, it is said that the person does not believe in the Dao. "Laozi" has five thousand articles. It is called a traitor. It is the method of praying for the sick, writing the name of the patient, and making three connections. , one is buried on the mountain, and the other is the water that sinks, which is called the handwriting of the three officials. It is common for the patient's family to produce five buckets of rice, so it is called the Five Bucks of Rice Master."