Basic knowledge of writing essays

1. Basic knowledge of narrative

1. Narrative is a style of writing that expresses the author’s thoughts and feelings by describing characters and things.

2. Narration and description, the basic expression techniques of narrative.

1. The "six elements" are the person, time, place, cause of the event, process, and result.

2. Narrative methods: narration, flashback, interlude, and flat narration.

Third, the person should be consistent throughout. In narratives, there are basically only two kinds of persons, namely "first person" and "third person". The former uses "I" as the subject of the narrative, and the latter uses "he" as the subject of the narrative. Using the first person makes the narrative seem real, and the slogan expresses detailed thoughts and feelings. Using the third person makes it easier to transcend the boundaries of time and space, and makes it easier to describe things that happened at different times and places.

Fourth, the details are appropriate. According to the function of narrative, narrative can be divided into the following two types:

Detailed narrative: The narrative of characters or events is more specific and detailed, so that people can have a detailed and specific understanding of things after reading.

Brief narration: A brief description of characters or events, so that people only have a simple outline of the things after reading.

Five, description. Description is a visual writing method. Since it is inseparable from the narrative, it can also be called a figurative narrative.

In terms of method, description can be divided into two types: detailed description and white description.

Detailed description: Use more modifying words to describe things in more detail.

Biography is to use fewer modifying words to grasp the characteristics of things and briefly describe them.

In terms of content, description can be divided into two types: character description and environment description.

Character description: It is to describe the portrait, language, action, psychological activities, etc. of the character. Through these descriptions, the characters in the article can be made flesh and blood and lifelike.

Environmental description: including description of life scenes and description of natural scenery. These descriptions are not only to vividly express the environment itself, but also to set off the characters in the article, dye the atmosphere, and express the author's feelings. 2. What knowledge do you have about writing?

How to improve your writing level. To improve your writing level, you need to cultivate and exercise yourself in many aspects.

The process of improvement is different for everyone. However, generally speaking, we should mainly start from the following aspects.

Basic ways to improve writing skills 1. Broaden your horizons, observe and feel life from many aspects. Articles are a reflection of real life. If you want to write a good composition, you must first pay attention to observing and feeling life. Throughout the ages, anyone who has achieved success in writing articles has attached great importance to this point.

Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty said: Read thousands of books and travel thousands of miles. This "traveling thousands of miles" means observing and experiencing life from many aspects.

He himself did exactly this. He began to roam the country in his 20s, inspecting historical sites and interviewing historical materials, and finally wrote the famous "Historical Records". The significance of observing and experiencing life from many aspects is: first, you can obtain rich writing materials from life.

Because when we write essays, whether we are writing about people, things, or scenery, we are writing about real life, and we all need real life situations and life details. These life situations and details cannot be fabricated out of thin air. They can only be obtained through observing and experiencing life from many aspects.

Even the part of reasonable imagination is based on real life. Secondly, it can make the article gain deeper ideological meaning.

Because only by having more contact with real life can we accurately grasp the essence of things and have deeper emotional experiences. Only by accurately grasping the essence of things and having a deeper emotional experience can we write good articles with profound thinking and meaning.

To observe and experience life in many aspects, we must first participate in as many social activities as possible, observe various people, things and scenery around us in life, and store their appearance and characteristics into the "warehouse" of the brain.

In this way, when we start writing an article, the materials put into the "warehouse" will automatically appear in our thinking process.

Secondly, pay attention to the people and things around you, and pay attention to listening and watching more. Because no matter who you are, the scope of activities is always limited, and it is impossible to participate in every activity.

Therefore, we must listen more and read more, and obtain life materials from other people’s mouths and their activities. Doing so can sometimes yield even greater gains than participating in person.

For example, we can hear what happened in Guangzhou in Beijing; also, when we are bystanders, we can observe more carefully than the parties involved, because the parties involved are confused, and the bystanders are clear and so on. Thirdly, when we come into contact with life, it is not enough to just use our eyes and ears.

You also need to use your brain. You need to think deeply about the things in front of you to see what form it has, what its characteristics are, and what problems it illustrates.

Only in this way can we discover the truth in life, grasp the essence of things, and generate more profound thoughts and feelings. 2. Read a wide range of articles. The ancients said: If you read thousands of volumes, you will still be inspired when writing.

Lu Xun also said this: If you only read the works of one person, the result will not be very good, and you will not get the advantages of many aspects; you must be like a bee, picking many flowers before you can make honey. Come on, if it bites in one place, the gain will be very limited and boring. This is all based on the experience of our predecessors. It has profound truth and is worthy of our careful reference.

Why is reading widely so important? On the one hand, it can make up for our lack of experience in life, allowing us to indirectly obtain a lot of life materials and feelings about life; on the other hand, it allows us to learn from others' strengths and learn other people's writing methods and techniques in many aspects. Extensive reading should be taken the right way.

In this regard, predecessors have had a lot of good experience. For example, combining rough reading and intensive reading is an effective method.

Rough reading is to read various sample articles. It is not necessary to do detailed analysis when reading. It is enough to have a general understanding of the ideological meaning and writing skills of the article. This is to work hard from a "broad" perspective so that you can obtain multi-faceted nutrition.

However, it is not enough to be “broad” without being “deep”. Those good articles also need to be read intensively.

For intensive reading, you should not only think carefully and see how the theme is expressed, how the structure is arranged, and how the language is used. You should also write these down in your notebook after reading. As the saying goes, a good memory is worse than a bad writing.

Only by writing these down can you review them frequently and avoid forgetting them. Through intensive reading, we can acquire good writing methods and skills, allowing us to develop in a "deep" direction.

3. Practice writing more Practicing writing more can speed up the process from learning writing knowledge to being able to use writing knowledge. It can be said that this is the most critical part of improving writing skills. Tang Biao in the Qing Dynasty once said: "The proverb goes, 'It is better to read ten articles than to write one.'"

If you do it often, you will be familiar with the mechanism. The problem is easy, but doing it is difficult..." The general idea is that reading ten articles is not as rewarding as writing one article. If you write often, you will become proficient in the methods and principles of composition, and even if the topic is difficult, it will be easy to write. If you do not write often, the methods and principles of composition will be unfamiliar, and even if the topic is easy, it will be difficult to write.

Therefore, we must pay attention to the principle of "it is better to read ten articles than to write one" and practice regularly and carefully, so that we can gradually explore the "ideas" and "organs" of the composition. Practice should be done with a clear mental and emotional purpose.

Students who are new to writing can start by writing a paragraph that expresses their thoughts and feelings, and practice speaking all the words around the center. Next, see if the parts of the performance center are arranged reasonably and learn to master structural knowledge.

Then, look at which parts of these parts need to be written in detail and which parts need to be written briefly, and learn the knowledge of writing people, recording things, and describing scenery. Finally, think about using words to make sentences and practice accordingly.

Practicing in this way with clear thinking and emotional purposes is much more effective than simply learning narration, description, structure, etc. in isolation, and it helps us quickly master the "ideas" and "ideas" of composition. organ". Students who have certain knowledge of writing practice writing.

You should always put your thoughts and feelings first. Also, practice writing articles and don’t be afraid of making a fool of yourself.

After writing it, you should let others look at it and find faults. As the saying goes: Dang. 3. What are the basic knowledge for writing a good composition?

1. Review the topic carefully. Each article has a title.

The title is often a highly condensed version of the article. Even if an article has thousands of words, if it is condensed into one or two hundred words, it will be the main content of the article.

If condensed into a few words, it would be the title of the article. Digressing from the topic is the biggest flaw of the article.

When reviewing a topic, you must start with each word that makes up the topic and understand what regulations and restrictions the topic imposes on the article. For example, "After school life brings me fun", we must grasp the words "after school life" and "fun". 2. There must be a clear center. The center of the article reflects our understanding of someone or something, expresses a certain feeling, and is also a way of writing. The purpose of the article is the central idea.

The center must be clear. What to praise and what to criticize should be clear and unambiguous.

The center must be correct. We should describe people and events under the guidance of correct thoughts and express our own feelings.

The center must be concentrated. An article has only one center, avoid too many centers.

3. The content and form should be innovative. It is the worst thing to always follow others, others do the same thing, and I do the same thing. It should be because everyone’s thoughts, ways of thinking, living environment and experiences cannot be the same.

Writing activity requires that what you observe and feel in your life be transformed into a brand new article through special processing of the brain. This is a kind of "creative labor". If you always repeat what others have written, your writing level will never improve and no one will want to read this kind of article. This kind of writing is meaningless.

4. Write down my feelings carefully. When some people write articles, they often lack personal experience in the content they write. They only focus on narratives and objects, and are not very good at expressing their feelings. They are busy finishing the morning article. The results of exercises are always dry. First, we must pay attention to observation, experience carefully, and often ask ourselves about what we write: "What am I thinking at this time?" "What do I feel?" Second, in writing, I need to think about how to express my feelings in the text. Third, after writing the first draft, I must revise it repeatedly and carefully to see if I have written down my feelings in detail. Fourth, when reading books, I must carefully learn which excellent rhetorical questions and how to express my feelings in the text. You should read more touching things and experience them as you read. 4. Basic knowledge of writing - writing skills

Five steps of rapid composition training (1) Quality training, also called basic training. The formation of any kind of skills and skills and reaching proficiency must go through dry hammering Hundreds of refinements, this is what it means when practice makes perfect and skill makes perfect.

The speed of race walkers and runners is developed through practice, as is the speed of swimmers and cyclists. The same goes for fast composition. To improve your writing speed, you mainly rely on practice.

There is no secret or magic diagram for fast composition. As long as you go through rigorous training, you can achieve results. The problem is that you need scientific training methods and steps. Every time I take over a class, I strictly follow the following five steps for training.

(1) Quality training, also called basic training. The center of fast composition training is "fast". This kind of training is based on students having a certain writing foundation and mastering certain writing skills. "Fast" and "good" training are required. If the writing quality is too poor, fast training will not be possible. Therefore, every time I take over a class, the first step is to conduct basic training.

Through basic training, the following goals are required: 1. Improve writing interest and cultivate writing emotions. Psychology tells us that interest is the driving force for acquiring knowledge, forming skills and developing intelligence. Therefore, any form of teaching must strictly follow the principle of interest.

Only when students have a strong interest in writing essays, rapid essay writing training will be effective. Psychology also tells us that interest is related to current needs. Therefore, although there are many ways to improve students' interest in writing, one of the important ones is to educate students on the purpose of writing quickly. If students understand the need to write quickly, Sex, he will have a strong interest in composition.

In addition, the essay topics should keep up with the situation, keep pace with the times, and be in line with the students' actual life. The propositions should be as new as possible to stimulate students' interest in writing and give them something to write about. 2. Accumulate writing materials. This point should be carried out throughout the entire rapid composition training, but it should be focused on during the basic training stage.

"It is difficult for a clever woman to make a meal without rice." Without writing materials, no matter how good a writer is, it will be difficult for him to finish the article. Therefore, students must be required to memorize specific topics; some typical materials, such as patriotism, party leadership, respect for knowledge, reform and opening up, building a clean government, learning from Lei Feng, etc. One or two typical materials should be memorized in each aspect.

When it comes to the accumulation of materials, teachers can only provide guidance and let students find it on their own. Do not make the whole class unified. If the whole class is unified, the writing arguments will be the same. Three points should be paid attention to when accumulating materials: first, they must be typical, second, they must be accurate, and third, they must be memorized.

It is necessary to emphasize the use of brain memorization and memorization, not just rely on notebooks. The more material you have, the faster you can write.

3. Enrich writing language If students are poor in language, they can’t find an appropriate word to express their meaning when writing. They often write, scribble and write again, and cannot improve their writing speed. If the vocabulary is not rich, and you cannot write a certain word in the middle of writing or do not have an appropriate word to express your meaning, your writing will get "stuck", and of course you will not be able to achieve the purpose of writing quickly.

Therefore, the training of writing language and the accumulation of vocabulary are very important. One of the ways to enrich writing language is to memorize and strengthen extracurricular reading. The more books you read and the more familiar you are with memorizing, the smoother your composition will be, your language will be literary, and you won’t always talk nonsense.

The next step is to guide students to learn the lively language of the masses and overcome the student accent. In addition, students should be guided to accumulate vocabulary so that they can write compositions with ease and speed.

4. Train writing ability. The level of writing ability directly affects writing speed. Therefore, in order to carry out rapid composition teaching, writing ability training must be strengthened.

Composition is not a calligraphy competition, and it does not require iron or silver hooks, but it cannot be a flying phoenix. We require students to develop good writing habits and write clearly, standardly, and neatly. The specific method is mainly to practice copybooks. Each student should have two copybooks, one in block letters and one in running script. First practice block letters and then learn running script. Practice copybooks day by day and persevere, and you will definitely get good results.

In short, through quality training, students should be able to want to write essays, love to write essays, have something to write, and write fluently. (2) Thinking training The key to fast composition is fast thinking training.

Thinking is the human brain’s understanding of the essential characteristics and regularities of objective things. Rapid thinking requires students to have extensive, independent, agility and creativity in their thinking activities during the entire thinking process of analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, generalization and concreteness.

Be able to respond immediately when seeing an essay question. The entire process of reviewing the question, conceiving the idea, planning the article, and laying out the essay is required to take no more than five minutes. We should mainly focus on three aspects to train thinking in rapid composition: 1. Establish a correct world view. Thinking is a generalized and indirect reflection of objective things by the human brain.

To correctly reflect the objective world, we must first have a correct worldview. Therefore, it is necessary to cooperate with political courses to organize students to study Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, master the basic principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and understand the current party principles and policies.

Correct political views and ideological views are the directional guide and indicator light of fast thinking. Therefore, students must be educated to care about national affairs, establish lofty ideals, strengthen political cultivation, and improve political awareness.

2. Strengthen abstract thinking training. The conception process of argumentative essays is actually the process of abstract thinking. Therefore, students must be taught basic logical methods such as analysis, generalization, synthesis, and judgment, as well as vertical thinking and reverse thinking. , reverse thinking, radiation thinking and other thinking methods. There are many ways to train abstract thinking. I think the most effective way is to organize students to discuss and debate.

Classroom discussions should allow students and teachers to engage in "drama", and students should be encouraged to debate issues outside of class. When students are arguing and blushing, that is when their thinking is most active and agile. 3. Carry out image thinking training. Writing narratives is inseparable from image thinking activities such as imagination, association, and fantasy.

Students are required to write a narrative in a very short period of time, which is impossible without solid training in image thinking. One of the ways to train image thinking is to purposefully guide students to observe the basic images of things, keep them in mind, and organize students to visit.

Pay attention to writing memoirs. The writing process of memoirs is actually a process of training image thinking. In short, through this step of training, we should develop students' thinking. 5. What are the basics of composition

Basic knowledge of composition

1. Review the question. Reviewing the topic is to analyze the title of the article and figure out the meaning of the title.

Question review includes three aspects

(1) Find the key words. Some questions have a keyword, also called "question eye", and the question eye is the focus of writing. Such as "unforgettable" in "An Unforgettable Thing".

(2) Clarify the scope and requirements of writing, that is, time, place, person, quantity, content and other limitations.

(3) Find out whether it is about people, events, objects, or scenes.

2. Determine the center.

Narratives should always express an idea, explain a truth, or express a certain aspect of thoughts and feelings. This is the center of the article. The center of the article must be correct, praising the correct phenomena in society and criticizing the wrong phenomena. The center is correct, health is the foundation of the article, and we must first pay attention to this. The center also requires concentration. Generally, an article can only have one center, and all aspects of content must be written closely around the center.

3. Select materials.

The content of the composition is the material. When writing a composition, you should choose materials that are closely related to the center. Select less or no materials that have little or nothing to do with the center. The selected materials must be true and specific. Truth means not making things up out of thin air, neither exaggerating nor minimizing. At the same time, attention should also be paid to the fact that the materials are novel, typical, unconventional, and can clearly reflect the characteristics of people or things.

4. Arrange the structure.

The so-called structure of an article refers to the organization of the material in the article. Such as what to write first, what to write next, what to write last, and how to start, end, transition, etc. Article materials are often arranged in the following ways: (1) in the order of things developing; (2) in chronological order; (3) in spatial order; (4) in several aspects of things.

5. Make an outline.

The outline is the overall design of the article, specifically including: (1) the title of the article; (2) the central idea; (3) the order of writing; (4) tips for detailed and abbreviated writing. The outline cannot be too detailed or too simple.

6. The beginning and end of the article, transition and anaphora.

6. How to improve basic knowledge of reading and writing

There are shortcuts, but there are methods. A good learning method can help someone quickly surpass others. This is a shortcut. "Three methods and one book" need to know a way to read. Method - look at the table of contents calligraphy. To put it simply, read the table of contents first and then read the book, or refer to the table of contents to read the book, recite the book, and endorse it. There are many people who emphasize "", but few people think of the table of contents of a book. , is the best outline of this book; many teachers emphasize that students should make a good outline of a certain textbook, but they never thought of asking students to read the book according to the table of contents. If during the learning process, whether before or after class, Whether it is general review or general review, you can use the calligraphy in the catalog to effectively "check for gaps" and better understand the true meaning of "". In the calligraphy in the catalog, you can also filter some books. When you get a book and haven't read it yet If you have read a book before, or when you are planning to buy a book, you should first read the preface, summary, table of contents, etc. of the book. After you have a general understanding of the content of the book, you can then consider whether it is necessary to read it or not. Buying, you will get what you need more effectively. One——. is a method of using the connection between things to remember through association. Most people use this method consciously or unconsciously. Others such as comparison, stories Etc., are all derived from. When we talk about someone or something, we always need to get a hint and have a basic image in our mind to talk more vividly. When we talk about something we are familiar with, we always have a basic image in our mind. The form of that thing will always emerge. These are all using associations consciously or unconsciously. For example, mathematical equations are based on the balance principle of the scale. If you think of the scale when explaining the equation, you can deepen your understanding of the equation. Understand; if you do many experiments in physics, chemistry, and biology by yourself, you will unconsciously make associations during the learning process; in biology learning, if you pay attention to observation, you can also make connections well; historical events The determination of memory and geographical location requires the use of "association"; in the process of learning foreign languages ????and Chinese, especially in the collection and memory of "words" and "idioms" in foreign languages ??and "good words and sentences" in Chinese, it is even more necessary. Carry out "association". If you continue to "associate" and develop the habit of using the associative memory method, you will... A kind of - "logical" thinking method. It is a kind of human being. It is a method that people use concepts, judgments, reasoning, and demonstrations. To understand and distinguish, from intuitive perception to image recognition, to the thinking process of abstract exploration of the objective world. Logic has two different levels and angles of meaning: 1. Logic is a sequence and a rule. 2. Logic needs Classify and then summarize. When someone speaks or does things confusingly, it is usually said that the person lacks or has no "logic". To put it bluntly, logic means speaking and doing things in an orderly manner. Mathematician Hua Luogeng's "Coordination Method" can be used very well. People understand what "logic" is. To improve, it means thinking about the "Overall Method" at all times, and developing the habit of speaking and doing things in an orderly manner. Others, such as habitual thinking, expanded thinking, reverse thinking, etc., are basically derived from logic. The teacher who can’t speak——is a document specially used to find knowledge and information. Commonly used books include "", "English-Chinese Translation Dictionary", etc. These reference books with extremely rich content have brought extremely rich harvests. It will greatly stimulate interest in learning and reduce a lot of "trouble" for parents and teachers. If you know the "Three Methods and One Book" and can improve your abilities in all aspects accordingly, you will lay a solid foundation for systematic learning. Classroom effects are particularly important. Learning effects in class are particularly important. How to avoid poor learning effects caused by not paying attention in class? As a matter of fact, many adults cannot concentrate for 40 minutes. It is almost impossible to focus for 40 minutes in class without slacking off. If you can do this: 1. Preview before class and write down what you don’t understand. 2. Go to class. When the teacher talks about something you don’t understand, listen carefully. 3. If you miss the key points due to distraction, review the homework carefully after class and write down what you don’t understand again. 4. The teacher talks about something you don’t understand again. Focus on listening at all times. By repeating this cycle, you can effectively avoid the problem of poor learning results caused by not paying attention in class. It can be summed up in one sentence: "If you don't understand 'remember' in preview, you will 'understand' when listening in class; if you miss it, you will not understand" When you understand, review to find out what you don’t understand; focus on listening to ‘don’t understand’ and listen to ‘don’t understand’ repeatedly. Basic knowledge is the most important. Basic knowledge is the most important! Most of the basic knowledge comes from textbooks. Textbooks are the crystallization of human collective wisdom and the best of the best. Don’t read over and over again things that are not confirmed to be correct. Only those things that are definitely correct are worth remembering. What is in the textbook content accuracy

Infinitely close to 100%, so we emphasize again and again that we should put the book first - attach great importance to textbooks! If you have forgotten what you have learned before, don’t be afraid. Look back at the previous textbooks and you won’t see where they are. Learning basic knowledge is a process of constant repetition. It is a constant “re-learning of textbooks”. To lay a good foundation is to “understand thoroughly”. "Textbook. If you can do it: even if you are woken up in the middle of the night, you can still answer the key points of knowledge proficiently. Your academic performance must be excellent. Everything is first, language. Everything is first. The communication in people's daily life, such as conversation , writing materials, typing reports, online chatting, mobile phone text messages, etc.; in the study of other subjects, textbooks explain concepts such as definitions, axioms, laws, theorems, inferences, formulas, etc.; understanding of concepts and meanings of questions, etc. . are inseparable from Chinese. When many people are in the learning stage, Chinese is often the least fearful of failing and the most fearful of failing. That is because the "application" of Chinese is everywhere, and the "connotation" of Chinese depends on it. It is a daily accumulation, unlike subjects such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, which are easy to cram. The learning of Chinese is closely related to the basic knowledge of Chinese, reading comprehension and writing good compositions. To solidify basic knowledge and learn Chinese well, you have to mention characters. Characters are Chinese The basics of basics, it is very embarrassing for a person who does not understand his own language. To learn Chinese well, you need to understand what grammar is? How could it be possible to talk to people who speak the same language without considering grammar at all, but they can both understand each other and it does not hinder communication? This is actually because people who use the same language unconsciously follow certain rules during communication. Smart people summarize and sort out these rules, such as subject, predicate, object, definite, adverbial, complement, etc., which becomes Grammar. Grammar is a great help in understanding the text.