What are the similarities and differences between Shang Yang's reform and Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty?

First, the difference between Shang Yang's political reform and Emperor Xiaowen's political reform:

1, with different emphases:

Shang Yang's political reform focused on Qiang Bing, a rich country.

Emperor Xiaowen's reform focused on updating the system, moving the capital and changing customs.

2. Different purposes:

The purpose of Shang Yang's political reform is to make Qiang Bing a rich country and gain a dominant position in the merger war.

Emperor Xiaowen's reform is to ease social contradictions and change the backward state of Xianbei nationality.

3. Different ways:

Emperor Xiaowen is the supreme ruler, and the reform mode is from top to bottom.

Shang Yang was a courtier, and the reform method was from bottom to top.

Second, the similarities between Shang Yang's political reform and Emperor Xiaowen's political reform:

1, all conform to the trend of historical development, adapt to the development of social economy, and greatly accelerate the pace of national integration.

2. Both of them promoted the feudalization of political power and created conditions for national reunification.

They all met with opposition and obstacles from conservative forces.

Both of them got the biggest group support and achieved success together. From the perspective of social structure, they all belong to the nobility and the vast majority of the bottom people.

5. In the economic structure, they all belong to the type of improving production relations. In fact, we can see whether the direction of reform meets the overall needs of social development at that time from the attitude of the bottom groups. As long as this need is met, it is to meet the inherent needs of production relations.

6. The results were all successful.

Extended data:

Why Shang Yang s Thought has the Significance of Enlightenment Evolution;

Ignorance is a kind of cultural ignorance, and the greatest political ignorance is the rule of man. Shang Yang's political reform also included social reforms that opened the door to civilization, that is, changing customs, letting Qin people know the difference between men and women, separating men from adults, and changing backward habits such as father, son, brother and husband and wife. More importantly, Shang Yang was the biggest political enlightener in the history of China, who broke the ignorance of rule by man, power and absolute monarchy.

First, Shang Yang broke the ignorance of absolute monarchy for the first time in the design of political system, and restrained the monarch: although the monarch has exclusive legislative power, legislation should be based on the principle of strengthening the country and benefiting the people and conforming to the national conditions and people's feelings, and legislation should not be made at will; The monarch has the right to appoint personnel, but he does not appoint officials at will. He can only appoint people according to the law, and his personnel rights are vague.

The executive power of the monarch is delegated to officials at all levels, the state rule breaks the king, the officials are strong and the monarch is weak, and the executive power is vague; The monarch has judicial power, but judicial power is independently exercised by judges at all levels appointed by the monarch, and judicial power is vague. This has already established a preliminary framework for decentralized governance. In Shang Yang's thought of the rule of law, the monarch is only a tool to implement the rule of law, not the purpose of the rule of law.

Second, Shang Yang broke the hereditary political ignorance of the nobility and opened the door to civilian politics, up-and-down mobility, equal opportunity and equal ability with utilitarianism.

Military service (Wujue Wuren), grain service (Sujue Sioux), political service (frequent relocation of officials, promotion of officials who have rendered meritorious service according to law), meritorious service (officials who have been supervised by lower-level officials and exposed by higher-level officials can be replaced), etc. Let the lower-level people and soldiers have the opportunity to be promoted to the upper political level of the country by virtue of their ability and performance.

Thirdly, Shang Yang broke the ignorance that punishment was not as good as that of doctors and nobles, and opened a new atmosphere for generals from the Qing Dynasty to ordinary people, with no distinction between punishment and grades, and everyone was equal before the law. This kind of legal equality includes the equality between heroes and civilians, celebrities and ordinary people, good deeds and evil deeds, officials and people, and rich and poor. These legal equality, such as the equality between the rich and the poor, has surpassed the legal equality under Greek democracy.

After Shang Yang's political reform, the old system of Qin was completely abolished and the economy developed. Qin gradually became the most powerful country among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, which laid a solid foundation for the later Qin Dynasty to unify the world. In 338 BC, Qin Xiaogong died and Qin Huiwen succeeded to the throne. ?

Political reform violated the interests of the nobility and was strongly opposed by them. Shang Yang lost his strong supporters of the political reform, so it was difficult to argue, and he had to flee. In the end, Shang Yang was killed in the pursuit of Qin Jun, only to end up with a "split car". However, the reform continues.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Shang Yang Reform

Baidu Encyclopedia-Reform of Emperor Xiaowen in Northern Wei Dynasty