What are the meanings of common physical and mechanical parameters in civil engineering?

Physical and mechanical parameters commonly used in civil engineering include:

Soil moisture content: the ratio of the mass of water in soil to the mass of soil particles.

Specific gravity: the ratio of the mass of soil particles to the mass of water with the same volume at 4℃.

Specific gravity of soil particles: The specific gravity of soil particles is the ratio of the mass of soil particles to the mass of pure water with the same volume of 4 degrees Celsius.

Water content of soil: The water content of soil is the ratio of water quality to soil particle quality.

Porosity ratio: the ratio of air volume to soil particle volume in soil.

Saturation: the ratio of the mass of water to the mass of soil particles.

Compressibility coefficient: the ratio of the pressure generated by soil compression to its initial pressure.

Poisson's ratio: the ratio of the mass of fine particles in unit volume of soil to the mass of soil particles in natural state.

Dilatancy: when the soil is subjected to shear stress, fine particles will be deformed and the volume of the soil will increase.

Degree of consolidation: the ratio of the pressure generated in the consolidation process of soil to its initial consolidation pressure.

Compressive strength: the maximum pressure that the soil bears when it reaches failure under the action of unidirectional pressure.

Tensile strength: the maximum tensile force of soil when it reaches failure under uniaxial tensile stress.

Elastic modulus: the ratio of force to strain required for unit deformation when soil is deformed by external force.

Cohesion: the attraction between soil particles.

Internal friction angle: the normal free vibration angle of cohesive soil on the plane of unconfined compressive strength.

Liquid limit: plastic limit of cohesive soil under natural water content.

Plastic limit: the plastic limit of cohesive soil under natural water content.

Thixotropic property: the property that cohesive soil will be slightly deformed and recover quickly after being disturbed.

Compactness: the pressure required for the soil to reach a compact state under a certain pressure.

Sensitivity: refers to the sensitivity of soil to some disturbance factor (such as earthquake).

Allowable stress: refers to the minimum stress that the soil bears when it is destroyed under the action of some disturbance factor.

Cohesion: refers to the force that attracts every particle in cohesive soil.

Angle of repose: refers to the ratio of the mass of fine particles in cohesive soil per unit volume to the mass of soil particles in natural state.

Aggregate diameter: refers to the diameter of aggregates composed of several interrelated particles with similar size in cohesive soil.

Internal friction angle: the interface angle between clay particles and silt particles in cohesive soil.

Dispersion coefficient: distribution of particle size in cohesive soil.

Liquid index: the ratio of liquid content to solid content in cohesive soil.

Rheology: When cohesive soil is deformed by external force, its deformation process and mechanism have nonlinear characteristics.

Poisson's ratio: the porosity ratio of cohesive soil when it reaches the flowing state under undrained conditions.

Capillary resistance coefficient: the relationship between the resistance of liquid flowing in capillary in cohesive soil and the radius of capillary.