What's the difference between IPA,KK and DJ phonetic symbols?

● InternationalPhonetic Alphabet (IPA)

International Phonetic Alphabet, whose original meaning is "International Phonetic Alphabet" or IPA for short, was formulated by the International Phonetic Association.

in 1888, it was initiated by H~ West in Britain, completed by P~ Percy in France and D~ Jones in Britain, and published in Phonetic Teachers (the journal of Phonetic Teachers' Association, the predecessor of International Phonetic Association), which was the first international phonetic alphabet in history. After many revisions, the revised scheme in 1979 is now prevailing. The International Phonetic Alphabet strictly stipulates the principle of "one symbol and one sound", that is, "one phoneme, one symbol and one phoneme". Based on the Latin alphabet, but because of the great differences in human pronunciation, the limited Latin alphabet is far from enough, so we change the font and borrow letters from other languages to supplement it. Pronunciation, in order to take care of habits, most symbols are based on the principle of still reading the original sound of Latin or other languages.

The International Phonetic Alphabet was created by scholars in Britain and France, and it is mainly used to indicate Indo-European languages, African languages and some minority languages. After its publication, it became popular in European linguistics. Most Americans still use their own symbols to study American Indian languages.

●DJ phonetic symbol Daniel Jones Phonetic Symbol (DJ for short)

The author of DJ phonetic symbol is Daniel Jones. He compiled an EnglishPronouncing Dictionary of British English according to IPA (1st to 12th editions, the last edition was published in 1963). The English pronunciation dictionary he compiled represents the pronunciation called "Received Pronunciation" (RP), which is common among educated British people, especially those in southern England. At present, there are 47 DJ phonetic symbols * * *, including 24 consonants and 23 vowels

●KK phonetic symbol Kenyon & Knott Phonetic Symbols, KK

is written by Johns. Kenyon &; Thomas A. Knott 。 The symbols used in their Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (1956) are all from the aforementioned IPA, and Kenyon &; Knott only cut out the symbols suitable for American English, and added the unique children's sounds of the United States and Britain to become the KK phonetic symbol of American English. This is the most commonly used and authoritative phonetic notation. From then on, people used to call the standard pronunciation of American English KK phonetic symbol. At present, there are 44 KK phonetic symbols, including 24 consonants. There are 2 vowels.

● Clarify the sayings in daily life

★ KK phonetic symbol is a kind of international phonetic symbol, and DJ phonetic symbol is also one of them. KK phonetic symbols are related to two American linguists, J. S. Kenyan and T. A. Knott. The pronunciation symbols used in the Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (1944, 1953) compiled by them according to IPA are commonly known as KK phonetic symbols.

Some people mistakenly think that the International Phonetic Alphabet is a phonetic symbol for British sounds, while KK is a phonetic symbol for American sounds. This statement says that the international phonetic alphabet can only be used to mark British sounds, and that KK phonetic alphabet is not an international phonetic alphabet. In fact, this is not correct. The International Phonetic Alphabet, as its name suggests, is designed to mark the pronunciation of various international languages. Many linguists modify the International Phonetic Alphabet locally to mark the languages they study, so there are many kinds of International Phonetic Alphabet. KK phonetic symbol is a kind of international phonetic symbol, and DJ phonetic symbol is also one of them. But now, these two standards are out of date. Another British phonetician, A.C. Gimson (he is a student of Daniel Jones and a professor of phonetics at the University of London, England), revised the pronunciation of the dictionary of British English (13th edition, 1977; 14th edition, 1988), making it more representative of the actual pronunciation.

Therefore, generally speaking, what we call international phonetic symbols can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. If you can't distinguish clearly, it will easily lead to conceptual confusion and confusion in the learning process for friends who are learning English.

In a broad sense, the international phonetic symbols do not refer to the phonetic symbols we see in the process of learning English. It refers to the International Phonetic Alphabet we just mentioned, that is, the "International Phonetic Alphabet" IPA.

In a narrow sense, the International Phonetic Alphabet refers to the English International Phonetic Alphabet, that is, the DJ Phonetic Alphabet mentioned above. Because it is used to mark English pronunciation, it is generally called English International Phonetic Alphabet, and later it is simply referred to as International Phonetic Alphabet in China. In this way, it is easy to be confused with IPA in a broad sense.