Representative figures and slogans of Westernization School

A representative figure of the Westernization School

Prince Gong Yixin became the representative force of the Westernization School in the central government.

Most local representatives are related to Zeng Guofan @

-Zeng Guofan (Han nationality, scholar in the 18th year of Daoguang, leader of Xiang army)-

Zeng Guofan is a subordinate of Shen Baozhen, born a scholar. He succeeded Zuo in establishing Fujian Shipping Administration and served as Minister of Nanyang.

Zhang Zhidong (Han nationality, Jinshi in Tongzhi for two years, known as "Xiang Shuai")-

Left (Zeng Guofan's subordinate, Han landlord, led the army to recover Xinjiang)-

Li Hongzhang (Zeng Guofan's proté gé, Han nationality, scholar in the 27th year of Daoguang, leader of Huai Army, and strength school in the later Qing Dynasty)-

Chonghou (Manchu aristocrat)-Tang Shuting

"Learning from foreigners to control foreigners" is the slogan and goal of Westernization Movement in Qing Dynasty.

The content of Westernization Movement

After the two Opium Wars, the ruling class of the Qing government split into "Westernization School" and "Die-hards" on how to solve a series of internal and external problems. Westernization advocated the use of capitalist industrial and commercial means to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. 65438+From 1960s to 1990s, the Westernization School set off the "Westernization Movement", which was an improved movement of "learning from foreigners and mastering their skills".

The die-hards, led by the great Confucian scholar, Woren, sang that "the way to build a country lies in respecting ceremony, not in tactics, and the fundamental goal lies in people's hearts, not in skills", and advocated that "loyalty is the armor and courtesy is the dry hand" to resist foreign aggression. They criticized the Westernization School for learning advanced production technology from the West, calling it "very advanced and correct", but "taking propriety and righteousness as the backbone and loyalty as the armor" is not conducive to self-improvement. In the past 20 or 30 years, China and foreign officials failed to control the enemy, and they only used empty words to perform their duties, which led to the changes in Gengshen. "The westerners and die-hards attacked each other, and the struggle was fierce. The Prime Minister's Office is the central organization to promote the Westernization Movement. However, the influence of Westernization School is mainly not in the central government of Qing Dynasty, but in the governors and governors who hold local real power. Cixi understood that in the situation of internal and external difficulties, in order to maintain the dominant position of the Qing Dynasty, we must rely on the Westernization School with strength and appreciation from foreign invaders. So she temporarily adopted the strategy of supporting the Westernization School.

Central and local representative forces

In the central government, Prince Gong Yixin, the recently established minister of the Prime Minister's yamen, became the representative force of the Westernization School in the central government.

Most local representatives are related to Zeng Guofan:

Zeng Guofan (Han nationality, Jinshi in the 18th year of Daoguang, leader of Xiang army)

Li Hongzhang (Zeng Guofan's proté gé, Han nationality, scholar in the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang, leader of Huai Army, strength school in late Qing Dynasty)

Zhang Zhidong (Han nationality, Jinshi in Tongzhi for two years, known as "Xiang Shuai")

Left (Zeng Guofan's subordinate, Han landlord, led the army to recover Xinjiang)

Zeng Guofan, a subordinate of Shen Baozhen, was born as a scholar. He succeeded Zuo Tang Zong in setting up Fujian Shipping Administration and served as Minister of Nanyang.

Chonghou (Manchu aristocrat)

Tang Shuting

Practical process

In the early days of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School established a number of modern military industries under the banner of "self-improvement" and adopted advanced western production technologies.

186 1 year, the Anqing ordnance institute founded by Zeng Guofan hired China craftsmen to imitate foreign guns, which was the earliest modern military industry in China. Starting from 1862, China's first ship "Huanggu" was successfully developed in three years.

In the later period of the Westernization Movement, in order to solve the difficulties of military industry in terms of capital, fuel and transportation, the Westernization School set up a number of civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth".

Tianjin machine building bureau

1872, Li Hongzhang founded China Merchants Bureau, the first modern shipping company in China and the first civil enterprise founded by the Westernization School. When it was founded, it bought three ships. By 1877, it bought the American flag Chang steamship company, with more than 30 ships, forming a powerful merchant fleet.

Shanghai Shipping Investment Promotion Bureau

From 65438 to 1970s, the Westernization School began to plan coastal defense, and proposed to establish several navies within ten years. Ships are mainly purchased from Britain and Germany, and some ships are built by Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration. By the mid-1980s, the Westernization School had initially established three navies: Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian. The Qing government set up a naval yamen.

China Navy's new battleship "Chen Nan"

Beiyang navy is the most powerful. 1888, beiyang fleet was formally established, with 25 warships and more than 4,000 officers and men, with Ding, a general of Huai Army, as the prefect. At the same time, two naval bases, Lushunkou and Ahava, were completed, and the construction of the whole Beiyang coastal defense system was declared complete. Li Hongzhang proudly said: Beiyang Navy has a "strong momentum" ... It can be stationed in Liaoning and Bohai Sea, and it can also be supported in other places, supplemented by the presence of various battery troops, which is enough to defend Gyeonggi. "

In order to meet the needs of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School also organized Shi Jing Wentong Museum, Fuzhou Ship Administration School and other new schools to train translators, military personnel and scientific and technological personnel. First, several groups of international students were sent abroad for further study.

The influence of the result and its reasons

The Westernization Movement for more than 30 years was obstructed by other capitalist countries and destroyed through various channels.

Westernization school advocates "middle school as the body, western learning for use", hoping to maintain feudal rule with advanced technology, and the reform will not touch the feudal system.

1894- 1895 The Sino-Japanese War proved that the Westernization Movement did not make China prosperous. However, it introduced some modern scientific production technologies from western capitalist countries, trained a number of scientific and technological talents and skilled workers, objectively stimulated the development of capitalism in China and resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces.