There is an urgent need for a brief introduction to the May 30th tragedy.

The May 30th Massacre was named after it happened on May 30th, also known as the May 30th Bloody Case, or the May 30th Massacre or the May 30th Massacre was the fuse of the May 30th anti-imperialist patriotic movement.

The Historical Background of the May 30th Tragedy

1925 10 after the fourth national congress of the China * * * production party, mass movements flourished. From February to April, Japanese cotton mill workers in Shanghai and Qingdao, under the leadership of China * * * Production Party, organized tens of thousands of workers to hold a large-scale strike struggle and achieved great victory, which was suppressed by Japanese imperialism and Beiyang warlords. Japanese imperialism colluded with the Beiyang warlord government in an attempt to undermine the workers' movement and brew a new bloody massacre.

On May 14, workers of Japanese cotton mill in Shanghai went on strike again to protest against the unreasonable dismissal of workers by Japanese employers. Japanese capitalists shot and killed worker Gu Zhenghong (party member of the Communist Party of China) and injured more than workers 10, which aroused the anger of Shanghai workers, students and citizens. At the same time, the Shanghai imperialists put forward "four proposals" that damaged China's sovereignty and attacked China's national industry and commerce (adding articles of association, increasing dock donations, registering exchanges and so-called "banning heavy industry bill"), and decided to pass them at the Shanghai taxpayer meeting on June 2, which aroused strong opposition from people from all walks of life in Shanghai, including the national bourgeoisie.

A Brief Introduction to the May 30th Tragedy and the May 30th Movement

On May 28th, according to the development of the movement, the Central Committee decided in time to further mobilize the masses to carry out the political struggle against imperialism. On May 30th, more than 2,000 Shanghai students distributed leaflets and delivered speeches in the concession, protesting against the suppression of workers' strike by Japanese yarn factory capitalists, killing workers Gu Zhenghong, supporting workers and calling for the recovery of the concession. More than 65,438+000 people were arrested by the British police. In the afternoon, more than 10,000 people gathered at the gate of Nanjing Road in the British Concession, demanding the release of the arrested students and shouting slogans such as "Down with imperialism". The British patrol shot and killed 1 1 on the spot, causing numerous casualties, which led to the May 30th tragedy that shocked China and foreign countries.

The news of the May 30th tragedy quickly spread throughout the country, and major and medium-sized cities went on strike in succession to support the anti-imperialist struggle of the Shanghai people. As a result, the May 30th anti-imperialist patriotic movement was formed in a wider scope, which dealt a heavy blow to imperialism, greatly improved the consciousness of the people of China and opened the prelude to the climax of the Great Revolution.

May 30th tragedy and May 30th movement.

[Japanese cotton mill workers strike in Shanghai]

The imperialist aggression against China is dominated by economic exploitation. After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China was forced to sign the Shimonoseki Peace Treaty, allowing Japan to set up factories in various ports in China and use China's raw materials and cheap labor for economic aggression. Other powers have followed suit and set up factories in various ports in China. The Japanese have 23 cotton mills in Shanghai alone, accounting for two-thirds of all cotton mills in Shanghai. Japanese factory owners are very hard on their workers. Workers work more than 12 hours a day, and their wages are only 15 cents a day. They will keep 5% of their savings in the savings factory until they work for ten years, and the savings of those who drop out will be confiscated.

In February, the body of a child worker was found in the yarn pushing room of the eighth cotton yarn factory in Japan and abroad. He suffered more than ten serious injuries to his chest. He was killed with an iron bar by the Japanese manager of the cotton yarn factory. The workers were furious when they witnessed the tragic situation. They all went on strike. After mediation by the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, the Japanese factory owner promised not to beat and scold the workers, and at the same time paid wages every two weeks, and the workers returned to work. In May, there was a wave of male workers in various yarn factories in Japan, and male workers were expelled and replaced by female workers, which triggered a general strike in 22 factories. Under the mediation of various organizations in Shanghai, they returned to work on the condition of improving the treatment of workers and returning their savings. Unexpectedly, the eighth cotton yarn factory at home and abroad fired dozens of workers, and the workers refused to accept it. They selected eight people to negotiate with the factory owner on behalf of Gu Zhenghong and others. During the negotiation, there was an argument. The Japanese suddenly shot and killed Gu Zhenghong, and seven others were injured. The injured workers asked the concession industry department for help. The Ministry of Industry not only refused to deal with it fairly, but accused them of disturbing public order.

From student movement to all-round anti-imperialist patriotic struggle

On May 22nd, various organizations in Shanghai held a meeting to commemorate Gu Zhenghong. Students from all universities in Shanghai participated, and four people were arrested while passing through the concession. Therefore, the Shanghai Students' Union held a meeting and decided to organize a lecture team to start the concession publicity. On May 30th, the Student Union sent a team to March and give a speech in the concession. In the afternoon, some students were arrested on Nanjing Road, and the rest of the students and the masses followed to the gate of the arrest house with their bare hands, demanding the release of the arrested people. British arrest officer Ai Fusheng ordered the shooting at the crowd. Four students died on the spot and 30 were seriously injured. The concession authorities mobilized troops, declared martial law and shot at random. All the big schools in Shanghai are closed. After the tragedy, the whole country shook, and students in Beijing responded the next day. Students in major cities across the country have also gone on strike and demonstrated against imperialism, and public opinion is boiling.

That night, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China immediately held a meeting, decided to expand the scale of the struggle, called on the Shanghai people to strike, strike, strike to protest against the British imperialist massacre. Under the leadership of * * * producers Cai Hesen and Li, more than 200,000 organized workers in Shanghai established the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions on Wednesday, and elected Li as its chairman. On June 1 day, Shanghai started a general strike, a general strike and a general strike, including more than 200,000 workers' general unions, 50,000 students' strikes and most businessmen's strikes.

On June 7th, Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions, All-China Federation of Students, Shanghai Federation of Students and various business federations elected representatives to form the "Joint Committee on Industry and Commerce", and put forward seven negotiation conditions: punishing the murderer, compensating, canceling consular jurisdiction, and permanently withdrawing the British, Japanese, naval and army stationed in Shanghai 17. Meanwhile, the movement continued to develop and expand. People in Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, Qingdao, Hangzhou, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou, Chongqing and other major cities and hundreds of towns held demonstrations, strikes, strikes, electricity markets and donations to express their support, which formed a nationwide anti-imperialist anger and won the support of the international working class.

[Shanghai negotiation and event handling results]

On June 1 day, the Foreign Ministry of Beijing protested to the Italian minister and head of the mission in Beijing: "For the sake of explanation, it is reported that on May 30th this year, Shanghai university students made a speech at the gate of the public concession because their students were arrested and their workers were injured. However, under house arrest, more than 40 students were arrested, 4 students were killed, 6 students were injured, 2 students were killed, 17 passers-by were injured and 3 students were killed. The commander-in-chief was deeply shocked when he learned of this. You should pay special attention to such unfortunate things. Cha's classmates are all children, enthusiastic and patriotic, and do not carry weapons. Whatever the nature of their behavior, they can't be treated as thugs. However, it is unacceptable for human nature and fairness to take proper measures to arrest houses, discourage them peacefully and use the most drastic means, so concession officials should take full responsibility. Therefore, my general manager has to lodge the most formal protest with your minister, and declare that he reserves the right to make corresponding demands after finding out the details, and ask your minister to convey the above information to the relevant ministers in Beijing for inspection, so that the Shanghai Consular Corps can release all the arrested persons as soon as possible and make proper representations with the special negotiators in Jiangsu on the spot to avoid such incidents from happening again. This is very desirable and must be paid attention to. Shen, Foreign Minister of the Republic of China. June 1 ST, 14 th year of the Republic of China. "

On June 4th, the Minister Mission replied that the Chinese side refused the protest, thinking that the Shanghai Concession authorities had been very lenient, so the Beijing Foreign Ministry made a second protest on June 4th: "In order to attract attention, the general manager of the Shanghai Concession protested to your Minister on 1 this month, demanding that the Shanghai Consular Mission release the arrested persons as soon as possible, and properly handle the matter with the special negotiators in Jiangsu to avoid the recurrence of such incidents. However, according to reports in Shanghai, on the first day of this month, three people were shot dead and 18 people were injured in house arrest in the concession. The people who were arrested before have not been completely released. It is also reported that all the casualties were shot in the back, and no one was killed or injured during the patrol. It was obviously arbitrary shelling and there was no reason to wait for each other. The officials of Chagong Concession made such fierce behavior, suppressed public anger, and caused the bad influence of most businessmen and workers from all walks of life to strike, which seemed to be a contempt for human nature, and they should take full responsibility for it. For this reason, our general manager has to lodge a serious protest to your minister again, and please convey it to the ambassadors of relevant countries in Beijing, and the Shanghai Consular Corps will stop shooting immediately to avoid another tragic disaster. It is extremely important and needs attention. "

On June 6, the delegation's reply was still irrelevant. On June 6th, 1 1, the Beijing Foreign Ministry protested for the third time: "In order to explain this matter, I have obtained permission to take photos on the 4th and 6th of this month. I sincerely hope that you and the ministers of relevant countries will share the same peaceful concept with the China government on this unfortunate accident in Shanghai, and allow your ministers to announce that the part on banning weapons has been instructed again in Shanghai. However, there is no doubt that the measures taken by concession officials to prohibit students from moving peacefully are inappropriate. Another example is the house arrest on May 30th and June 1 day, which is the beginning of the incident. Because the old man grabbed the house, he didn't sound the horn to warn the masses in advance, and he didn't have to use weapons because the house was in danger, as the Tathagata claimed, so he rushed out of this fierce move. Therefore, if last week's incident is to be blamed on people who do not carry weapons in general peace operations, rather than officials in the concession, this commander-in-chief can never admit it and should continue to protest. In view of the seriousness of the case and the people's indignation, the China municipal government believes that the officials in the concession should at least take the initiative to cancel the local martial law, withdraw the marine corps, disarm the commercial group and the patrol, release the arrested people, restore the original state of being blocked and occupied by the school, and naturally stop this abnormal state in the shortest possible time. According to the so-called concept of shared peace, it is enough to prove that it is convenient to negotiate. To this end, I wrote to your minister to check the photos, and I hope to convey them to the ministers of the countries concerned and inform the consular mission in Shanghai to follow them. I am looking forward to it and I have to pay attention to it. "

Finally, the case was treated as a local event, that is, the negotiations were held in Shanghai. The Beijing government sent envoys such as Cai Tingkan, Zheng Qian and Zeng Zongjian to the south, and Britain, Japan and other countries also sent six members to Shanghai. At the meeting on June 16, the representative of China proposed 13 solutions:

(1) Cancel the special alert.

(2) Release all China people arrested in this case and restore the schools closed and occupied by the public concession to their original state.

(3) Punish the murderer, suspend his post in advance and wait for severe punishment.

(four) compensation, compensation for industrial and commercial casualties and losses caused by this case.

(5) apologize.

(6) Resume the mixed court.

(7) Westernization workers and seamen's factory workers who went on strike because of grief and indignation will be restored to their original posts in the future, and their wages will not be deducted during the strike.

(eight) preferential treatment for employees, regardless of whether employees work or not, on their own initiative, shall not be punished.

(1) The meeting of the board of directors of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and representatives of taxpayers is organized by China people. The number of taxpayer representatives is fixed according to the tax payment ratio, and their taxpayer voting rights will be equal to those of westerners in all relations. (b) With regard to the right to vote, it must be ascertained that the property is owned or represented, and the existing party has the right to vote; If there is a representative, the voting right shall belong to the property owner.

(ten) to stop the construction of cross-border roads, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology shall not build roads outside the concession area, and the completed roads shall be unconditionally recovered by the China Municipal Government.

(eleven) cancel the printing by-laws, and increase the case of wharf donation and license exchange.

(12) China people have freedom of speech, assembly and publication in the concession.

(thirteen) Lu He was removed from the post of Secretary General of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

The two sides held three meetings in Shanghai, but the six members finally refused to continue the negotiations, so the negotiations were interrupted and moved to Beijing. In the end, the Shanghai Concession only dismissed the Chief Inspector and Ai, and China took back the Shanghai Mixed Court. Gu Zhenghong's case was negotiated by Shanghai negotiators and Japanese consul in Shanghai, and it was not resolved until August 65438, 2002. Japanese cotton mills and workers put forward six clauses, with Annex III, including compensation for workers' losses of 1 10,000 yuan, strike loss subsidy of 1 10,000 yuan, and Japanese are not allowed to carry weapons when entering the factory, and they are not allowed to dismiss workers without reason and raise wages.

The end and consequences of the movement

Under the threat and temptation of imperialism and comprador bourgeoisie, the national bourgeoisie began to waver. On June 26th, the industrial and commercial circles stopped the strike, which destroyed the anti-imperialist United front. The workers' strike lasted for more than three months. China * * * Production Party and the Federation of Trade Unions decided to stop the strike of the Federation of Trade Unions in order to preserve their strength and consolidate their existing victories, and workers from all walks of life resumed work in August and September.

Since the May 30th tragedy, the whole country has been indignant. However, Britain continued to resort to the policy of military oppression. Hankou massacre took place in June 1 1, Jiujiang conflict took place in June 13, Shaji massacre took place on June 23rd, Chongqing massacre took place on July 2nd, and Nanjing massacre took place on July 3rd1. One of the most serious conflicts is the Shaji tragedy in Guangzhou. As the May 30th tragedy and Hankou tragedy occurred one after another, on June 2nd1day, Chinese workers in Shamian, Hong Kong and Guangzhou went on strike at the same time, and most important undertakings in Hong Kong were at a standstill. British troops in Hong Kong and Shamian also made military preparations for repression. On June 23, more than 70,000 people from all walks of life in Guangzhou held a memorial service for the martyrs of Shanghai and South Korea under the leadership of the Guangzhou government, and proposed on the spot that abolishing the unequal treaties was the fundamental solution to the tragedy. After the meeting, there was a parade, with the business community taking the lead. The students and trainees of Huangpu Military Academy arrived at the other side of Shaji at 3 pm. At that time, British soldiers were ready to shoot at the crowd, and at the same time, British warships moored in White Swan Pond also fired and cheered, killing and injuring more than 200 soldiers and civilians on the spot, which was too tragic for Shanghai and South Korea.

The Significance of the May 30th Tragedy

The May 30th Movement dealt a heavy blow to imperialism, greatly promoted the awakening of the Chinese nation and the development of the national revolutionary movement, greatly improved the consciousness of the people of China, and opened the prelude to the climax of the Great Revolution. The China * * * Production Party got great training in the struggle leading the May 30th Movement, trained and brought up a large number of cadres, and the Party's organization also developed greatly, summing up valuable experience in the struggle practice, which laid the foundation for the Party to lead a large-scale mass struggle in the future.