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What are the impacts of tourism activities on the culture of tourist reception areas?
In addition, the huge economic and social benefits brought by the development of tourism, on the one hand, make tourism destinations give priority to the development of tourism and give land and resources to tourism investors; On the other hand, influenced by the lifestyle of tourists, the lives of some people in tourist areas began to corrupt, eating, drinking and having fun became the norm, forming a tendency of "neo-colonialism" such as over-reliance on tourism economy.
Therefore, when we treat tourism culture, we must absorb its essence and hold a dichotomy view on things.
Tourism not only brings great economic benefits to social economy, but also brings great pressure to our ecological environment. At present, the tourism environment problems in Yunnan are mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1, and a considerable number of hot tourist areas are seriously polluted. Mainly manifested in water pollution, air quality decline, local ecological environment destruction, tourism resources destruction; 2. The environmental sanitation in the tourist area is poor, the garbage in the area is scattered and piled up at will, and sewage and dirt can be seen everywhere; 3. Some hot tourist areas receive tourists on a super scale, and the tourist areas are overcrowded and crowded, and the tourist atmosphere is lost; 4. Tourism development and construction projects are not in harmony with the overall environment of tourist areas.
There are many reasons for environmental damage and environmental quality decline in tourist areas. To sum up, there are the following points:
First, the improper economic behavior of human beings has destroyed the tourism environment. The impact and destruction of human economic activities on the environment of tourist areas can be divided into three aspects: (1) In the process of economic development, the waste discharged from industrial production and the noise generated pollute the natural environment of tourist areas and disturb the proper tranquility of tourist areas. In this way, on the one hand, the tourist area has lost its fresh air, transparent water body and quiet atmosphere; On the other hand, environmental pollution reduces tourists' interest in sightseeing. (2) Unreasonable resource utilization and agricultural production methods have destroyed the natural ecological balance of tourist areas, and tourism resources have been directly affected, such as deforestation, over-exploitation of groundwater, rock blasting and other activities, which have caused soil erosion, decreased water level of tourist water bodies, and destroyed the beautiful scenery of strange mountains. (3) Ignoring the existence of tourism resources in economic structure, productivity layout and urban development planning makes the types of regional economic structure, productivity layout mode and urban development direction incompatible with the requirements of normal and sustainable development of tourism on environmental conditions. For example, a large cement plant will be built in Yunnan Shilin tourist area.
Second, the impact of tourism activities on the environment of tourist areas.
The influence of tourism activities on the environment of tourist areas mainly lies in the pollution of garbage produced in the process of tourism to the environment of scenic spots and the influence of tourism activities on the natural ecological balance and tourist artistic conception of scenic spots. Due to the imperfect facilities in the tourist area itself and the low quality of tourists, with the expansion of tourism activities, the amount of waste in the scenic area is increasing day by day. A large amount of garbage in tourist areas is scattered and piled up at will, which destroys the natural landscape, pollutes the scenic spots and makes the water in tourist areas eutrophic. The water bodies in many tourist areas in Yunnan have been polluted to varying degrees. The transparency, chromaticity, odor and other indicators of a considerable number of tourist water bodies have exceeded the national standards for tourist water bodies. Floating objects, suspended matter and oil pollution affect tourists' senses and reduce their interest in tourism.
Third, the super-scale reception beyond the capacity of the scenic spot has destroyed the balance of the natural ecosystem in the tourist area.
The ecosystem that constitutes the natural landscape has a certain carrying capacity for tourism activities, which is determined by the structure of the ecosystem. Tourism activities that exceed its carrying capacity will change the ecosystem structure of the tourist area and lose its tourism function. Mainly manifested in the fact that a large number of tourists have stabilized the land in the tourist area, causing the soil to harden and the trees to die; A large number of tourists climb mountains, destroying the stable deciduous layer and humus layer formed under natural conditions for a long time, causing soil erosion, bare roots of trees and lodging of grasses, which brings harm to the ecosystem of tourist areas. ...
The problems caused by improper tourism activities are serious. Ignoring this influence, focusing only on short-term benefits, blindly expanding the scale and receiving tourists without restrictions will bring serious damage to the sustainable development of tourism in the future.
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Nowadays, social tourism has become a way of life for people. The wave of mass tourism is sweeping every corner of the world, and tourism is developing rapidly with unprecedented momentum. The development of tourism has brought great economic benefits to tourist areas, and at the same time, it has produced a series of subtle influences on local social culture.
Tourist destination (i.e. tourist reception place or tourist destination) is the place where tourists arrive and visit, and it is also the place where major tourism activities and reception work are carried out. It can be a country, a region, a city, or a specific region. The social culture of tourist destination is the result of the collision, blending and integration of foreign culture and local culture carried by tourists. Mass tourism has a positive impact on the social culture of tourist destinations, such as promoting cultural exchanges with foreign countries, protecting and reviving the national traditional culture of tourist destinations, promoting the social culture and scientific and technological progress of tourist destinations, providing a large number of direct or indirect employment opportunities for tourist destinations, and helping to alleviate the social employment pressure. However, everything has duality, and tourism is also a "double-edged sword". At present, the development of tourism in many areas mainly focuses on its economic benefits, but pays insufficient attention to the negative impact of the wave of "mass tourism" on local social culture, which brings hidden dangers to the sustainable development of tourism in this area.
The author believes that the negative impact of the booming "mass tourism" on the social culture of tourist destinations is mainly manifested in the following five aspects:
First, the historical and cultural heritage of tourist destinations has been destroyed to varying degrees, and the "cultural ecological environment" has gradually deteriorated. Due to tourists' peculiar material intake psychology and disorderly behavior, swarming tourists often destroy the treasures they have worked so hard to watch everywhere: some secretly tear off a tile of the ancient temple, more people touch the smooth and seamless cliff stone carvings, or arbitrarily engrave "so-and-so comes here to visit" in tourist attractions ... and the more common and thorny problem is the objective damage caused by the development of tourism. For example, the Dunhuang Grottoes currently receive more than 600,000 tourists every year, which is a number that scares cultural relics experts. Tourists swarming in the tourist season make the grottoes full of a lot of carbon dioxide and hot and humid air emitted by the human body, making the murals look like egg skins. This thing bulges from the inside out and breaks into powder when touched, which is called the "cancer" of murals. Some experts have done experiments, let 40 people stay in the cave for 37 minutes, and the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content in the air will exceed 6 times the normal content! Dunhuang murals are dying out at a rate of 100 times faster than in ancient times. Mogao Grottoes, an ink book written in Cave 156 in the Tang Dynasty, was still clearly visible in the 1960s, but now it is blurred. People can't help worrying: is Dunhuang safe after a hundred years?
Second, the cultural traditions of tourist destinations have been impacted and assimilated by powerful cultures in different places, and the uniqueness of local culture has gradually disappeared. The uniqueness of culture is closely related to the proximity of geographical environment, while the development of tourism is closely related to local accessibility. With the improvement of traffic, the geographical closure is broken, and the uniqueness of tourism destination culture is bound to be impacted. If the mode of production, lifestyle and way of thinking formed by people in a country or region are not influenced by the outside world, the culture in that region can retain its inherent characteristics for a long time without substantial changes. In the late 1920s, Dr. Locke, an American biologist, visited Lugu Lake in northwest Yunnan, known as the "daughter country", and wrote "Mosuo Kingdom in Southwest China" from collecting animal and plant specimens to studying Mosuo culture. His visit alone did not change the life and concept of Mosuo people. However, the clothes and hands of the tourists who keep pouring in today vividly show the locals how wonderful the outside world is! At the fireside of the villagers' home, at the bonfire party held every night for tourists' entertainment, tourists and villagers ask each other and exchange their lifestyles and moral concepts. Most Mosuo girls who performed in Yan Guan Scenic Area in Guilin took off their traditional costumes after the performance. They wear fashionable clothes, and their appearance is not much different from that of ordinary city girls. Leorowi, a Mosuo girl, broke into this world. Mosuo people are well-known and have a lot of discussions. Under the impact of foreign culture, Mosuo culture has entered the fastest changing period in history. Locke recorded a lot of Mosuo folk customs in his book, some of which are hard to see today. Leorowi sighed: "If we think that all foreign and fresh things are the best and are absorbed indiscriminately, then in a few years, we will never see the real Mosuo people in Lugu Lake again. Seriously, we can only see some waiters in Mosuo costumes. However, if we don't absorb foreign civilizations, we will always be poor and backward. How to find your own way? "This phenomenon and confusion is of great universal significance in the western minority areas. Some minority cultures will have more and more vivid elements under the impact of modern civilization, which is a gratifying aspect. But at the same time, the uniqueness of its national culture will be weakened, and some elements that are attractive to foreigners will also be reduced, which is undoubtedly an irreversible loss from the perspective of national cultural tourism resources. Due to the constraints of comprehensive factors such as history, economy and society, many local communities are relatively closed, the transportation is underdeveloped, and the development of national economy is obviously lagging behind. Under the impact of different cultures carried by tourists, the changes of local simple traditional culture are much more drastic than those in economically developed open areas. As an article pointed out, "once the tourism industry develops, the traditional features there will undergo tremendous changes, and the clothing, architecture and lifestyle there will quickly converge with outsiders." "
Thirdly, the folk culture of tourist destinations tends to be staged, commercialized and even vulgarized, and gradually loses its original significance, value and characteristics. Modern tourism is a popular social life culture and mass cultural consumption. The so-called "mass" is a historical category, and the full development of market economy has led to the emergence of a brand-new social group-mass. The masses are different from the masses in the past. They refer to ordinary people living in cities, and their desires, thoughts and lifestyles are basically similar. "How ordinary people enjoy themselves, how can we enjoy ourselves; How do ordinary people judge how to read literature and art How do we read and judge? Even if ordinary people are angry because of something, we are angry because of something. "
Therefore, the cultural consumption of the masses is more a general consumption than a special consumption of individuals. Generally speaking, the masses are educated and can make basic cultural consumption, but their education is limited and basic. They don't have high-level cultural literacy, have no chance to have special appreciation training, and can't accept the "elegant culture" with special requirements for the recipients. The characteristics of modern people determine that the culture they need for travel or other "private time" must be a culture that can meet the basic needs of the people and tends to be emotional, relaxed and exciting. In order to develop tourism, the reception area will actively attract all kinds of tourism investors, and sometimes it will deliberately cater to the tastes of tourists. As some scholars have said, many tourists don't care about the true meaning of the cultural characteristics of the reception area, but just out of curiosity. This makes it possible for the culture of the reception area to be inappropriately staged, commercialized and vulgarized in the process of developing tourism. Some things with local cultural characteristics are transplanted and copied at will, as if their existence is no longer based on local social life, but on the needs of tourists. For example, "cave marriage" is a love custom of Yao nationality in Guizhou (Qingyao). After the girl 14 years old, her parents let her live alone in a small room. There is a small hole in the wall door, which faces the girl's pillow. At night, the young man went to the door of the girl he loved, woke her up with a thin stick through the hole of love, and sang songs through the door or partition. If he can talk well, he can open the door and go home without the interference of his parents and the avoidance of his family. If we can't reach an agreement, the girl can pretend to sleep, and the young man will leave and find someone else. As the local saying goes, "You can talk about five people in one night, but only one person in your life." It can be seen that although Yao people have greater freedom in the choice of marriage and love, and the way of love is more open, they are very serious about marriage. In order to attract business, some local tourist attractions even engage in pornographic services in the name of showing national wedding customs, which eventually aroused national anger. They warned the tourist spots engaged in such activities: if they don't change, they will send a "musket team" to solve it by force; For another example, in folk villages that are open to tourists everywhere, the tendency of staged ethnic customs is very obvious. Although the costumes of performers look hundreds of times better than the real clothes in life, they lack the original authentic charm of national costumes, giving people a false feeling. In addition, similar "bamboo dance" jumped from Li nationality in Hainan to Dai nationality in Yunnan, and from Miao nationality in Guizhou to Dong nationality in Guangxi, which was ridiculed as the "bamboo dance" phenomenon of minority folk dance performances; In many folk villages, folk gardens and even irrelevant cave scenic spots, the figure of "carrying the bride" can be seen everywhere. Unpleasant events such as teasing, deceiving tourists and forcing tips are frequently seen in newspapers. Some backward things, such as ghost culture and divination culture, are deliberately rendered, and the shoddy ghost holes, ghost towns and underworld are vulgar and low-level; All this is not enough. In this way, even the wedding customs and religious sacrificial ceremonies of ethnic minorities can be carried out flexibly at any time and place according to the "tourism demand". How much original meaning and value does folk culture have? This kind of cultural performance that accommodates tourists' expectations is also a kind of cultural distortion, which is extremely harmful to the natural development of culture in tourist reception areas. Tourists can't fully and effectively contact and discover the living culture in the reception area, but accept a kind of packaged "pseudo-culture" and "pseudo-folk custom", and the existing culture in the reception area will gradually lose its characteristics. In the long run, developing folk cultural tourism in this way is tantamount to "killing the goose to get the egg".
Fourth, the "cultural restrictions" of tourist destinations are relaxed, social moral concepts are distorted, and the crime rate is on the rise. When any local culture is in contact with foreign cultures, it usually selectively accepts and absorbs the content that conforms to its own cultural values, while rejecting the content that is incompatible with its own cultural values, that is, it is filtered out by the so-called "cultural restrictions." However, stimulated by economic interests, the "cultural restrictions" on foreign tourists in tourist destinations are more relaxed than usual. In order to attract tourists, tourist destinations accept things in foreign cultures that are quite different from the moral concepts and value orientations of local cultures against their will. Some scholars call it "false acceptance", that is, the local people are unwilling or unwilling to let some factors of foreign culture, especially those that conflict with their own cultural values, erode or integrate into the local culture, but for the sake of economic interests, they consciously turn a blind eye to make concessions and even take the initiative to cater to the needs of tourists. Some unhealthy tourism products that Thailand vigorously promoted a few years ago, such as "shemale" performances and pornographic performances, really catered to the needs of a small number of tourists and brought foreign exchange to the country. However, according to the official data released by Thailand, since 1984, Thais have been infected with AIDS, reinfected and spread rapidly, and140,000 people have died of this stubborn disease, among which the main way of AIDS infection is sexual behavior. The resulting decline in tourism image has led to a decline in tourism in Thailand. The above cases show that in the process of developing tourism, developing countries or regions are sometimes inevitably influenced by the lifestyle and ideology of western society, which may lead to the fission and distortion of local traditional moral concepts. Although the statement that "pornography, alcoholism and robbery are all caused by tourism" is one-sided, it should be admitted that tourism is closely related to the emergence and spread of some social problems. Lured by the "modern" consumption pattern of overseas tourists and stimulated by the objective fact that the living standards of tourists and tourist destinations are very different, some local residents easily lose their original simplicity and virtue, fall into the quagmire of crime, rampant pornography, gambling and rising divorce rate, which seriously affect the stability of social order and worsen the local social atmosphere.
In addition, some scenic spots in China fail to organize and coordinate the business activities of local residents and balance the interests of all parties, which leads to psychological imbalance of some people, extorting tourists to drive up prices and even threatening the personal safety of tourists. This is tantamount to adding insult to injury to local tourism and social culture.
Fifth, the "servant" culture in tourist destinations is aggravated, and residents' kitsch or xenophobia directly affects the healthy development of local culture. In tourist destinations with relatively backward economy, the strong culture carried by hordes of tourists has gradually intensified the "servant" culture of local residents' national (regional) inferiority complex and the idea of worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things. On the one hand, residents of tourist destinations cater to, pursue and imitate tourists' behaviors, words and deeds, clothes and lifestyles, which eventually makes people begin to doubt, abandon and even rebel against the local social and cultural traditions, thus having a strong corrosive effect on the established social culture of the reception area and inducing the emergence of national nihilism. On the other hand, in the case of limited comprehensive reception capacity in the reception area, the influx of tourists may hinder and interfere with the normal life of local residents and make them feel xenophobic. The attitude of local residents towards tourists may change from initial friendliness and enthusiasm to dissatisfaction or even disgust. Paris, a world-famous tourist city, has a serious traffic jam during the tourist season, and people complain, so residents of some scenic spots spontaneously organize themselves to prevent buses full of tourists from entering the city; In Venice, Italy, souvenir shops crowded out many shops serving local people, and the prices of coffee shops and restaurants soared beyond the affordability of citizens. Bustling tourists have annoyed local residents, and the urban population has dropped sharply from 654.38+0.5 million in the 1940s to less than 80,000 today. In addition, the arrogant attitude of some tourists to belittle and criticize other cultures leads to the resentment and rejection of the residents in the reception area, which leads to the tension of interpersonal relationship between tourists and local residents and aggravates the widespread phenomenon of "cheating customers" in the self-employed tourism industry. In addition, the huge economic and social benefits brought by the development of tourism, on the one hand, make tourism destinations give priority to the development of tourism and give land and resources to tourism investors; On the other hand, influenced by the lifestyle of tourists, the lives of some people in tourist areas began to corrupt, eating, drinking and having fun became the norm, forming a tendency of "neo-colonialism" such as over-reliance on tourism economy. Some scholars, including the West, often take tourism as one of the manifestations when criticizing the "neo-colonialism" promoted by some developed countries, but "the past cannon policy has been replaced by today's" international tourism blackmail policy "and" the developed world is exporting its way of life to third world countries through tourism ". Although these views may be extremely political, they are not groundless. Some western anthropologists say that hordes of tourists regard other people's homeland as a "tourist destination", take photos and play unscrupulously, and then bring home the curious local scenery and specialties to show off, all of which have obvious "colonial tendency".
Culture is the soul of a nation and the soul of the sustainable development of tourism. Tourism is the need of modern people and future people. Tourism development depends more on the natural ecological environment, human heritage, modern civilization and other cultural ecological environments, and tourism activities will have a profound impact on the natural ecology and social culture. How to strengthen the awareness of cultural ecology, protect, organize and rescue the cultural heritage of endangered ethnic groups; How to maintain the tradition of local culture and the tourist attraction of the reception area; How to take preventive measures to curb the homogenization of national culture; How to use some forms and contents of foreign culture to graft and transform national culture, or give foreign culture national characteristics; How to strengthen the important values in local culture and guide and stimulate people's cultural consciousness; How to find a so-called "new concept tourism" that can not only maximize the social income of the host country, but also protect the ecological environment and cultural diversity ... these are issues worthy of our in-depth thinking and further exploration.
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-it can cater to the development trend of modern tourism and promote the rapid development of tourism. Judging from the development trend and prospect of domestic and international tourism demand, with the improvement of people's disposable income, leisure time, education level and cultural taste, tourists' travel motivation will gradually change from simple natural sightseeing to more knowledgeable, cultural and entertaining cultural tourism, and they will have a strong interest in tourism activities with rich historical and cultural connotations. Therefore, the development of tourism will cater to this trend and become a popular high-level tourism activity.
-It can enrich the connotation, structure and types of tourism products. Every famous historical and cultural city is formed under specific natural environment and social conditions, and its culture is distinctive. All kinds of tourism products of historical and cultural cities have more or less the cultural flavor of a specific city, which has become a unique tourist selling point of historical and cultural cities. Therefore, the further development of tourism resources can cast the characteristics of tourism products, expand the cultural connotation of tourism products, improve the structure of tourism products and increase the types of tourism products.
-it can establish the image of urban tourism and enhance the status of tourism. A famous historical and cultural city is the light ring of the city. Combined with its history and culture, the city's tourism image will be higher and more brilliant. At the same time, famous historical and cultural cities are rich in culture and high in education. A civilized city means economic prosperity, social stability and simple folk customs. No matter investment, tourism or cultural exchange, people are willing to come, and it has a huge tourism market. However, modern tourism is expanding around the city. After several years of development, many historical and cultural cities have become regional or national tourist destinations and distribution centers, and have become the growth poles of tourism development, bringing certain centripetal and diffusion effects to their regions. It can be seen that with the further development of tourism resources, it will promote the further development of urban tourism, thus enhancing the local status of tourism and becoming the core and commander-in-chief of the region.
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