Mine environmental geological problems caused by mine historical reasons

The southwest of China has a long history of mineral development. The mining time of Wanshan mercury mine in Guizhou began in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, with a history of more than 600 years. According to historical records, the mining time of Dongchuan copper mine in Yunnan can be traced back to the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest, with a history of nearly 2,000 years. During the Western Han Dynasty 2000 years ago, Huize lead-zinc mine began to mine and extract silver. The Jinding lead-zinc mine in Lanping was mined in Ming and Qing Dynasties to extract silver. In ancient times, the mining scale was small, the technical means were backward, and most of them were manual indigenous mining, lacking the awareness of ecological environment protection. Areas with a long mining history are often areas with serious ecological environment damage. For example, the Xiaojiang River Basin in Dongchuan, Yunnan Province was once a fertile land with beautiful scenery and abundant grains in history. Due to a large number of copper mines, firewood burning and indigenous copper smelting, forest vegetation has been destroyed, soil erosion has intensified, and mudslides have frequently broken out.

From 1950 to 1980, due to the need of resources for economic construction, the mineral development in China was once prosperous. There are many large and medium-sized state-owned mines in southwest China, such as Panzhihua vanadium-titanium magnetite mine in Sichuan, Lugu iron mine, Yimen copper mine in Yunnan, Jinding lead-zinc mine in Lanping, Liupanshui coal mine in Guizhou, Chongqing coal mine and Luobusa chromite mine in Tibet. Due to the limitations of the historical era, people's awareness of ecological and environmental protection was not strong at that time, and the investment of the government and enterprises in environmental protection was seriously insufficient. Some large and medium-sized mines have not built basic environmental protection facilities such as tailings ponds, slag dams and sewage treatment plants, and directly discharge mining waste rocks, tailings slurry and wastewater into the natural environment. Large and medium-sized mines such as Huogudu, Niubahuang, Laochang, Huize Lead-Zinc Mine and Shangchang Iron Mine in Kungang directly discharge tailings mortar from karst depressions, funnels and tiankeng, which has caused mine environmental geological problems.

From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, misled by the policy of "water flows quickly", the trend of group mining and group digging was rampant for a time, the management and supervision measures were seriously lagging behind, and the phenomena of mining rich and abandoning poor, mining thick and thin, mining easy and abandoning difficult, and indiscriminate mining and digging were irregular, which caused great waste of mineral resources and serious damage to the ecological environment, and induced many mine geological disasters. For example, two landslides occurred in the Laojinshan gold mine in Yuanyang, Yunnan, causing 372 deaths and direct economic losses of 65.438+0.4 billion yuan.

2 1 century, driven by the wave of western development, mining development, mainly energy mines, entered a new climax, which aggravated the deterioration of mine geological environment. Quite a few mineral deposits have not been strictly explored, and most mines have been mined without scientific design. In particular, township and individual miners are driven by economic interests for quick success and instant benefit, "emphasizing development and neglecting protection", only focusing on mining resources, eager to obtain high economic benefits, regardless of the environment. Some local governments and departments also unilaterally understand that "development is the last word" and have the concept of "developing first, then improving ecology and protecting the environment", which leads to the destruction of the ecological environment and a large number of mine environmental geological problems.

With the increasing attention of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, governments at all levels and people's awareness of environmental protection has gradually increased. The state and southwest provinces have successively promulgated laws and regulations on mine environmental protection, such as the Notice of the Ministry of Land and Resources on Strengthening the Protection of Mine Ecological Environment [1999] No.36, and the Provincial Regulations on the Protection of Mine Geological Environment, etc., which have rectified the mine order and mine environment. However, due to the long-standing environmental problems in mines, too many debts, the problems left over from history are difficult to solve in a short time, new problems keep appearing in some places, and the momentum of ecological environment deterioration has not been fundamentally changed. The protection and improvement of mine geological environment still have a long way to go.