Mining China

Energy minerals are an important part of mineral resources in China. Coal, oil and natural gas account for 93% and 95% of the world's and China's primary energy consumption respectively. Because mineral energy occupies a dominant position in primary energy consumption, it has particularly important strategic significance for national economic and social development.

China's energy and mineral resources are complete, rich and widely distributed. There are 8 kinds of energy minerals known to certified public accountants, including coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, uranium, thorium and topography. China is rich in coal resources. According to the geological survey results of coal resources, it is predicted that the total amount of coal resources in the crust surface within 2000 meters below the surface will reach 5059.2 billion tons. By the end of 1996, the total reserves of 5345 mining areas with proven reserves were 10025 million tons. China's total reserves are 229.9 billion tons. Compared with the proven recoverable reserves in the world, China ranks third in the world after the Commonwealth of Independent States and the United States.

Oil is the blood of industry, the foundation of modern industrial civilization and one of the important energy sources for human survival and development. The rapid development of petroleum industry in the 20th century is closely linked with national strategy, global politics and economic development, which has brought great changes to the world economy, national relations and people's living standards. China is one of the countries rich in oil resources, which are widely distributed. Proven geological reserves in 32 oil areas1865438+400 million tons. According to American Petroleum &; GAS reported the world's remaining proven recoverable reserves of oil13.9 billion tons in 1997, and China announced the remaining proven recoverable reserves of 224,438+000 billion tons in 1997, ranking1in the world. There are 3 19 watersheds in China. According to 145 basins, the resources amount to 93 billion tons. Among them, there are 24 basins with proven oil fields, with resources of 75.89 billion tons, accounting for 84.48% of the total resources; 42 oil and gas basins have been discovered, with resources of 7.566 billion tons, accounting for 7.39% of the total resources.

Natural gas (including biogas) is one of the important energy mineral resources, and it is also a clean energy with great development prospects at home and abroad. China is rich in natural gas resources, which are produced to varying degrees in both oil basins and coal basins. Resources are also relatively rich. Experts predict that China's natural gas resources are about 70 trillion cubic meters (about half of which is coalbed methane). By the end of 1996, the remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas in China were 0.7060 trillion cubic meters, and the remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas in the world were 143.95 trillion cubic meters, ranking China second in the world.

China is not rich in uranium resources. According to the calculation of a batch of uranium reserves provided by China to the International Atomic Energy Agency, China's proven uranium reserves rank 10 in the world, which cannot meet the long-term needs of developing nuclear power. Geothermal resources refer to the thermal energy resources available for human economic development and utilization in the earth, and are also a kind of clean energy. China's geothermal resources are widely distributed and abundant. China is one of the countries with the longest history of exploiting and utilizing mineral resources in the world. The development of China's mining industry has made indelible historical contributions to the survival and development of the Chinese nation and the continuous development of Chinese civilization for five thousand years, and has made great contributions to the national economic construction, social development and the improvement of people's living standards since the founding of the People's Republic of China 60 years ago. For 5,000 years, China mining industry has provided the necessary mineral resources for the survival and development of the Chinese nation.

For 5,000 years, Chinese descendants have been able to survive, develop and multiply on the land of China, and Chinese culture has been passed down and carried forward, which is inseparable from the contribution of China mining industry. Whether in prehistoric times or in any other historical period, our ancestors needed mineral resources in the process of survival and development. In the Stone Age, our ancestors used stones as utensils to get food and fight against nature. In the pottery age, bronze age, iron age, and more than two thousand years later, clay minerals, iron, copper and other metal minerals, coal, oil and other energy minerals, salt mines and other non-metallic minerals are all indispensable material resources for people's survival and development. It is precisely because of the exploitation and development of the mining industry that the Stone Age has been transformed into today's bronze age, iron age and even modern society, and has promoted the inheritance and development of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years. China mining industry promoted the great development of energy and raw material industry in modern China.

Mineral resources are the food and blood of industry. During the period of 1949 when New China was founded, only more than 20 kinds of minerals were investigated, and only 2 kinds of minerals had proven reserves. By the end of 2007, China had discovered minerals 17 1 species and proven reserves of minerals 159 species, including energy minerals 1 1 species, 54 metallic minerals, 9 nonmetallic minerals1species and 3 water-gas minerals.

Before the founding of New China, there were about hundreds of mineral deposits that had done geological work to varying degrees. Today, more than 20,000 mineral sites have been explored to varying degrees. The potential value of proven mineral resources accounts for about 12% of the total potential value of proven mineral resources in the world, ranking third in the world after the United States and CIS countries.

Because geological exploration has achieved rich geological results, it has provided a rich mineral raw material base for the great development of mining industry. 1949 there are only over 100 mines left over from old China. Up to 2007, there were all kinds of mines 124930 in China, including 40 large mines, 5756 medium mines, 59446 small mines and 557 small mines14. Before the founding of New China, only a dozen kinds of minerals were developed. In 2007, about 185 kinds of minerals (including sub-minerals) have been developed and utilized, with an annual mining capacity of more than 6 billion tons.

Over the past 60 years, China has successively built large oil bases such as Karamay, Daqing, Shengli, Dagang, Liaohe and Tarim, large coal bases such as Datong, Pingdingshan, Yangquan, Yanzhou, Huainan and Shenfu, large steel bases such as Anshan, Panzhihua and Jidong, large nonferrous metal bases such as Baiyin, Jinchuan, Tongling, Dexing and Dachang, and large chemical bases such as Kunyang, Jingxiang and Yunfu. At present, China has become a big mining country with complete system, complete minerals and large mineral resources and output.

Due to the great development of mining industry, it has effectively promoted the great development of raw material industry, and made China leap into the ranks of the world's major producers of energy and raw materials. 1949, China's domestic steel is only 15000 tons, nonferrous metals 13000 tons, fertilizer 60000 tons, sulfuric acid 40000 tons, cement 660000 tons, and flat glass 9 1000 weight boxes. In 2008, it produced 2.793 billion tons of coal, 584 million tons of crude oil10.99 million tons of steel, 25/kloc-0.90 million tons of non-ferrous metals, 60 1.27 million tons of chemical fertilizer, 5 1.327 million tons of sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid/kloc. The mining industry in China has accelerated the urbanization process in China.

The development of mining industry in China has strongly promoted the urbanization process in China. Urbanization is an irreversible trend of global economic and social development, and it is also one of the important symbols of social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century, the urban population of the world accounted for 13% of the world's total population, and it is expected to reach about 70% in 2050. China's urbanization process is still accelerating. 1980 urban population accounted for 19.4% of the total population, 1996 accounted for 29.4%, and in 2006 it accounted for 410.3% (the average urban population in the world was 49.2%). In 2007, the urban population reached 577 million, accounting for. In the process of urbanization in China, the rise of mining cities has played a great role. Due to the discovery and successful exploration and development of a large number of large-scale mineral deposits, more than 400 new mining towns such as Daqing, Baotou, Jinchang, Baiyin, Jiayuguan, Karamay, Datong, Pingdingshan, Huainan, Huaibei, Yangquan, Wuhai, Anshan, Benxi, Fuxin, Panjin, Songyuan, Qitaihe and Jixi have emerged in rural areas of China. According to an inaccurate statistic, there were 43 mining cities in China in 1980, accounting for 9.8% of the total cities at that time. In 1997, there were 666 cities in China with 160 mining cities, accounting for 25%. It can be seen that the rise of mining cities has played an important role in the process of urbanization in China.

Mining cities are not only a simple superposition of numerous populations and resources in geographical space, but an organic whole with people as the main body, natural resources as the foundation, economic activities as the link and social development as the link. At the same time, the mining city is also a place where regional material wealth and spiritual wealth are highly concentrated, and it is also the gathering center and central market of people, money and things in the region. Its inherent radiation, attraction and comprehensive service ability have a great impetus to regional economic and social development. For example, Panzhihua, starting from 1965, has developed into an important steel base and the largest vanadium and titanium production base in China after years of construction, with a radiation area of 200,000 square kilometers and a population of 20 million, and has become the economic, scientific, social and cultural center of the border area between Sichuan and Yunnan.

The rise of mining cities has made great contributions to the development of energy and raw material industries. According to rough statistics, mining cities provide the country with 93.6% coal, more than 90% oil, more than 80% iron ore and more than 70% natural gas. Mining cities have become the main suppliers of mineral energy and raw materials.

China mining industry has promoted the coordinated development of regional economy in China.

The development of mining industry, especially the rise of mining cities, has greatly changed the regional economic pattern and played an important role in promoting the regional economic development in remote areas and ethnic minority areas in China. Due to the influence of China's objective geological conditions, remote areas where ethnic minorities live together are rich in mineral resources. The development of mineral resources and the rise of mining cities will play an important role in promoting economic development and poverty alleviation in these areas. For example, Daqing in Heilongjiang, Baiyun Obo, Baotou and Wuhai in Inner Mongolia, Karamay in Xinjiang, Jinchang and Baiyin in Gansu, Panzhihua in Sichuan and Gejiu in Yunnan all rose in remote, remote and ethnic areas, and many of them were poor and old. Due to the development of industrial and mining cities and the radiation to the region, it has played a very important role in promoting poverty alleviation and promoting the coordinated development of regional economy. Especially after the reform and opening up, the mining industry and mining cities in the western region have made new development. According to China Mining Yearbook, in 200 1 year, there were 33,738 mining enterprises in western China, with1926,400 employees. The output of raw ore is 865 million tons, and the total mining output value is 103093 million yuan, accounting for 2 1.95% and 20.85% of the whole country respectively. In 2007, 910.38 million tons of coal, 51940,000 tons of crude oil, 560 1000 tons of steel, 287 million tons of cement and19.66 million tons of agricultural fertilizer were produced in western China. The proportion of major mineral products in China's total output has increased significantly, accounting for 36%, 27.8%, 1 1.4%, 2 1. 1% and 34.2% respectively. The development of mining industry in the western region has made important contributions to the economic and social development, labor employment, improvement of people's living standards and social stability in the western region. In 2008, the GDP of western 12 provinces reached 5,825.66 billion yuan, 3.74 times higher than that of15,538.4 billion yuan in 2000. In 2008, the proportion of the western region's GDP in the national GDP increased from 65,438 07.38% in 2000 to 65,438 09.37%.

The development of mining industry in China has enhanced the national economic strength.

The development of mining industry in China has also made important contributions to the strengthening of national economic strength. As far as the whole country is concerned, the proportion of mining industry in the national economy not only occupies an important position, but also rises gradually. 1986 The output value of mining industry accounted for 3.09% of GDP, which rose to 4.52% in 2000 and further rose to 5.30% in 2007 (Table 2). If the output value of primary processed minerals is included, it accounts for more than 30% of the national GDP. The mining industry has made an important contribution to enhancing China's economic strength.

Mining cities have played an important role in strengthening the national economic strength. According to the statistical data of 1999, the gross domestic product of mining cities (towns) in China reached 3041700 million yuan, accounting for 37.3% of the national gross domestic product of 8 19 109 billion yuan. The per capita GDP is 98 17 yuan, which is equivalent to 1.5 times of the national per capita GDP of 6534 yuan. Mining cities provide 37.7% of GDP with a population of 24.7% in China, making great contributions. The total mining output value was 289.5 billion yuan, accounting for 8 1% of the national mining output value of 357.3 billion yuan in that year and 3.5% of the national GDP in that year. The total import volume of mineral products and related energy and raw material products accounts for about 15% of China's total import and export volume. Mining cities have paid a large amount of profits and taxes to the country, which has made important contributions to the country's financial resources.

China mining industry has made important contributions to strengthening national defense strength.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China discovered and successfully explored and developed a number of mineral raw materials and rare metal mining sites for the nuclear industry, which provided mineral raw materials for the development of China's two bombs and one satellite industry and made important contributions to strengthening China's national defense strength.

China mining industry plays an important role in employment and social stability.

Mining is a labor-intensive and technology-intensive industry. The exploration and exploitation of mineral resources require a lot of labor. In addition to the mining industry itself, with the great development of the mining industry and the rise of mining cities, the related industries that serve the mining industry also need a lot of labor. Therefore, the development of mining industry in China has made great contributions to solving the employment problem. According to incomplete statistics, there are 2 1 10,000 employees engaged in various jobs in the national mining industry. More than 300 million people live in more than 400 mining towns. The energy and raw material processing industry related to mining is the main channel of employment in China, and the tertiary industry related to it has absorbed a lot of labor. It has solved the employment of a large number of people and played a positive role in improving people's living standards and national social stability.

China mining industry has become an important pillar of the world mining industry.

Due to the great development of mining industry in China, it provides indispensable mineral resources for the survival and development of China people, who account for15 of the world population, thus greatly reducing the burden of international mining industry. China is one of the big countries that supply mineral products to the international mining market. According to the analysis of the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, among the 34 important mineral products in the world in 2005-2006, China's 18 mineral products accounted for more than 20%, and coal, tungsten, rare earth, antimony, tin, lead, magnesium, trona, barite, graphite, talc and wollastonite accounted for more than 30%. China mining industry has injected vitality into the international trade of mineral products. In 2007, the total import and export trade of mineral products in China was US$ 474.827 billion, a year-on-year increase of 23.6%. In order to stabilize the world energy situation, China mining industry has made active efforts in both growth and consumption reduction. In 2008, it produced 2.85 billion tons of standard coal, twice as much as in 200010.38 billion tons of standard coal, and the energy self-sufficiency rate remained above 90%. According to the data of the International Statistical Yearbook in 2008, the total energy consumption in China increased from 65,438+65,438+in 1990.