Hadapu: The turning point in the Red Army’s Long March

Zhang Kebing

Hadapu is an important node in the Long March. The three main forces of the First, Second and Fourth Red Front Army passed through it one after another during the Long March. The Red Army made decisions here, replenished supplies and reorganized the troops. , promulgated and implemented ethnic policies, and launched the Chengdu-Huizhou-Kangxi Campaign, which left a glorious page in the history of the Chinese revolution, and its historical status is important and special.

Wise decision-making determines the direction -

Hadapu is an important "decision-making place" for the Red Army to settle in Shaanxi and Gansu

In October 1934, due to the fifth counterattack After the failure of the "encirclement and suppression" campaign, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Red Army left the Central Soviet Area and began strategic shifts to find and create new bases. On the Long March, they experienced crazy pursuit and interception by the Kuomintang troops. In order to get rid of the enemy and preserve themselves, the foothold of the Red Army was repeatedly adjusted due to the constant changes in the situation between the enemy and ourselves and the international and domestic situation. Where to "foot down" became a major issue related to the life and death of the Red Army. . At the Russian Border Conference, it was decided to first create a base area close to the Soviet Union and then develop eastward. When they arrived at Hadapu, the Red Army got new news from the newspapers. After analysis and judgment, the central leaders promptly changed the decision made by the Russian border meeting. Comrade Mao Zedong decisively proposed to march to the Shaanxi-Gansu revolutionary base area.

After learning about the Red Army in Shaanxi and Gansu, Zhang Wentian, the head of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, wrote "The Development of the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Revolutionary Movement", and Bo Gu wrote "The Development of the Shaanxi Soviet Movement and the Development of Our Detachment" Mission", two articles discussed the revolutionary situation on the border between Shaanxi and Gansu and the significance of settling in Shaanxi and Gansu. In addition, Peng Jialun, then the chief of the propaganda section of the first column of the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment, composed the song "Go to Northern Shaanxi" overnight. The author noted that "Peng Jialun composed it in Hadapu". On September 23, the Party Central Committee led the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment to leave Hadapu and arrived at Bangluo Town after successfully breaking through the Weihe River defense line. On the 27th, the Party Central Committee held a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee here. At this meeting, the Central Committee officially decided to settle in the Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base Area and use it as the base camp of the Chinese revolution.

In Hadapu, the Party Central Committee proposed a new direction for the Red Army's Long March. At this point, the Red Army's Long March started from Hadapu and embarked on the journey to the Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base Area. This was an important landmark decision on the Red Army's Long March and played an important role in promoting the upsurge of the entire nation's anti-Japanese movement.

The three armies were all happy after the battle -

Hadapu was an important "supply point" during the Red Army's Long March.

Before the Long March arrived at Hadapu, they faced harsh natural conditions. The Red Army faced severe challenges every day. They walked through snowy mountains and grasslands in the face of hunger and cold, broke through the dangerous Lazikou, and came to Hadapu, where they received recuperation and supplies, so that the exhausted Red Army soldiers welcomed The dawn of dawn.

Hadapu is prosperous and prosperous, and prices are cheap. 5 yuan can buy a pig, and 2 yuan can buy a sheep. There are also hundreds of tons of rice and rice left behind by the remnants of Lu Dachang when they fled. There are plenty of supplies including white flour and more than 2,000 kilograms of salt. In order to restore physical strength, the General Political Department of the Red Army issued the order "Everyone must eat well". Each person in the army was given 1 yuan to improve the food. Each unit slaughtered pigs and sheep, bought chickens and eggs, and organized a large-scale meal preparation. At the same time, the General Political Department also issued an order requiring all units to invite people around the station to have dinner to further deepen feelings and connections with the people. With its relatively prosperous trade and rich products, Hadapu provided abundant supplies for the Red Army's Long March.

In addition to material supplies, Mao Zedong and the Party Central Committee also conducted political training for cadres, put forward requirements for understanding and protecting cadres, and carried out political and ideological work, so that the Red Army soldiers could clearly understand the situation and unify the It strengthened my thoughts, strengthened my confidence, boosted my morale, and was greatly inspired spiritually.

A year later, the Second and Fourth Red Front Army went on a long march to Hadapu. It was still an important supply place for various supplies for the Red Army. The Fourth Red Front Army rested here for several days, improved food, replenished supplies, and expanded The Red Army established the government, publicized anti-Japanese ideas, and formed guerrillas. More than 2,000 young people joined the Red Army. It became an important place to supplement soldiers during the Red Army's Long March.

After resting and replenishing in Hadapu, the Red Army regained its physical strength, was invigorated and high-spirited, improved its combat effectiveness, and laid a solid foundation for its march north to Shaanxi-Gansu. Hadapu is the brightest movement in the "Symphony of Destiny" of the Long March. It is a blessed place for the Chinese revolution and the place where "the three armies are all happy after the victory" as mentioned in Mao Zedong's "Seven Rules: The Long March".

Major reorganization of the Central Red Army -

Hadapu is an important "reorganization place" for the Red Army.

After the Maogong rendezvous, due to Zhang Guotao's separatist behavior, the Central Committee The Red Army went north first. Due to factors such as combat attrition and harsh marching conditions, there were only more than 7,000 people left when the Red Army arrived at Hadapu. In order to improve its organization and reduce its goals, the Red Army team urgently needed to be reorganized. At the Russian border meeting, the central government made a decision to reorganize the First and Third Red Army into the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment. However, due to the urgent military situation at the time, preparations for the reorganization of the troops were only made on the road.

After the Red Army arrived in Hadapu, it immediately held a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee to study and discuss organizational work, cadre issues and troop establishment. The meeting formally approved the reorganization plan of the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, with Peng Dehuai as commander, Mao Zedong as political commissar, Lin Biao as deputy commander, Ye Jianying as chief of staff, and Wang Jiaxiang as director of the political department. The Shaanxi-Gansu detachment consists of three columns. The original Red Army No. 1 and Red Army No. 3 were changed to the First and Second Columns respectively. The central government agencies, the General Political Department of the Red Army, etc. formed the third column. After reorganization, it ensured the unified political and military leadership and unified actions of the Red Army, strengthened the party's direct leadership over the army, reduced the command level, enriched the grassroots units, and greatly improved the combat effectiveness of the Red Army; the reorganized detachment The target is smaller and the operation is flexible, which is more conducive to reducing resistance during the march.

The establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment was an important reorganization of the Red Army's Long March, and it was also an integration of the central government's integration of the backbone forces of the Red Army that had been tempered for thousands of years. Xiao Hua, the founding general of the People's Republic of China, once wrote a poem praising: "The Red Army crossed the Minshan Mountains, and Hada was reorganized. Thousands of miles of clouds and moons, and six thousand elite soldiers remained." It was with this reorganization that the Red Army unified its thinking, clarified its direction, and laid the foundation for The march to the Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base Area provided a strong ideological, organizational and military guarantee. From here, the reorganized Central Red Army began its great march to the Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base Area.

New exploration of ethnic policy -

Hadapu is the "implementation place" of the party's ethnic policy

The Communist Party of China has been very It pays attention to work in minority areas and continuously promotes the sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory in practice. During the Long March, the party even sinified Marxist ethnic theory and fully practiced and applied it. During the Long March, all the main forces of the Red Army passed through ethnic minority areas, had direct contact with the ethnic minority people, established deep feelings, and formulated some ethnic policies. Hadapu served as an important exploration and practice site for ethnic policies during the Long March. First, it enriches and develops the party’s ethnic policies.

Hadapu is an area where Hui and Han nationalities live together. When the Party Central Committee led the first and third Red Army Corps to Hadapu, it paid great attention to the party’s ethnic policy education and discipline education for the Red Army commanders and fighters, and Doing a good job in ethnic affairs was carried out as an important political activity, and the "Hui Area Code" was formulated in a timely manner, which stipulates: "When entering a Muslim area, a representative should first contact the imam to explain the significance of the Red Army's march north to fight against Japan. Only after obtaining the consent of the Muslim people can they proceed Enter the Muslim village to camp, otherwise camp. Protect the freedom of religion of the Muslims, do not enter the mosque without permission, do not damage the Muslim scriptures, and do not allow the use of Muslim utensils and utensils. Promote the Red Army’s ideas of ethnic equality. Han officials oppressed the Hui people.

"These simple four disciplines combine the reality of the Hui people's areas and make the party's ethnic and religious policies concrete. They are a successful practice of the party's ethnic policies.

After the promulgation of the "Hui People's Area Code", the majority of Red Army commanders and fighters It was implemented conscientiously, and slogans such as "Protect the Hui people, protect the mosques" were written on the roads in the villages to promote the party's purpose and ethnic policies to the local people. The Red Army also held a mass meeting in Hadapu, and Mao Zedong personally spoke in easy-to-understand terms. The language introduced the purpose of the party and the Red Army, and introduced the party's ethnic and religious policies. The Red Army also used some of the seized materials to help the poor Hui and Han people, and invited people's representatives to participate in symposiums, forming a vivid situation of ethnic unity and family unity. A scholar in Hadapu in the late Qing Dynasty once wrote a poem and praised: "Only the disabled are like bandits, but benevolence and righteousness can defeat the king's army."

The Red Army's ethnic policy in Hadapu also inspired the later Red Army and the Red Army. The Fourth Red Army entered Longnan and provided a follow-up and example for doing good ethnic work. After the Second and Fourth Red Army arrived in Hadapu, they strictly implemented the party's ethnic policies, respected the customs of the Hui people, enthusiastically helped the people, established Soviet power, and absorbed ethnic minorities. Young people joined the Red Army and made important contributions to supporting the Red Army's march north to fight against Japan.

The party's exploration and practice of ethnic policies in Hadapu won the help and support of the Hui people with sincere actions and promoted Hadapu. The "Regional Code for the Hui People" is an ethnic and religious policy and regulation concerning the Hui people in the history of our party. It is an important part of the party's ethnic theory. It is China's ethnic regional autonomy system, freedom of religious belief policy, and ethnic equality. One of the sources of the idea was a useful exploration for the later formation and practice of the party’s ethnic and religious policies. The Red Army’s new practice of ethnic policies in Hadapu was of extremely important historical and practical significance. To this day, Hadapu is still an ethnic group. A banner of unity, it is also the education base for national unity and progress

Coordinating the three-army conference -

Hadapu is the "formulation place" of the "Chenghui Liangkang Campaign Plan"

In July 1936, the Second Red Front Army and the Fourth Red Front Army jointly marched northward after their successful rendezvous. In early September, after the Second Red Front Army entered Hadapu, they resolutely implemented the spirit of the Central Committee. County, Baoji, Liangdang, Huixian, Chengxian, and Kangxian areas, drag Hu Zongnan’s tail from the right, and cooperate with the First and Fourth Red Army to carry out the Jing (Ning) and Hui (Ning) battles." According to the strategy at the time In response to the situation, the "Basic Order of the Second Front Army" was formulated and issued in Hadapu, organized and launched the "Chenghui-Liangkang Campaign", and decided to take advantage of the enemy's weakness in dividing troops in Shaanxi and Gansu to march eastward and attack Chengxian, Huixian, and Liangdang. , Kangxian, Fengxian, and Lueyang counties in Shaanxi, and established temporary revolutionary bases. On September 10, the Red Army moved forward across the board to the southeast and began to implement the "Chenghui Liangkang Campaign" plan from September 11th to 20th. , fought for more than 700 miles in ten days, captured four county towns, Chengxian, Huixian, Liangdang, and Kangxian, as well as parts of Lueyang and Fengxian counties in Shaanxi, and successfully completed the "Chenghui Liangkang Campaign Plan". In early October, the Red Army left the Longnan area one after another and embarked on a new journey northward.

The victory in the Chenghui Liangkang Battle effectively dealt a blow to the arrogance of the Kuomintang’s reactionary army, boosted the morale of the military and civilians, and was of great importance to the Red Second Front Army’s march northward and the successful rendezvous of the three main forces of the Red Army. strategic significance. The Battle of Chenghui and Liangkang allowed the long-traveling Red Army to initially gain a foothold in Longnan, and formed a dichotomy with the Red Army in eastern Longnan and northern Shaanxi. They echoed each other and had a broad impact on the revolutionary activities in Longnan. And far-reaching impact. After conquering Cheng (County), Hui (County) and Liang (County) and Kang (County), the Red Second Front Army led the masses to carry out revolutionary struggles, established temporary revolutionary bases, publicized policies, mobilized the masses, organized armed forces, established political power, expanded troops, and collected grain and fodder. , further strengthened the ranks of the Red Army and made Longnan a new strategic area for the party's struggle with the Kuomintang reactionaries.

Hadapu, this shining name in the history of the Red Army’s Long March.

Standing at a new historical starting point and re-examining this period of history, we must correctly understand Hadapu’s historical position and role in the Red Army’s Long March, further understand the great Long March spirit, strengthen our ideals and beliefs, and let Hadapu’s revolutionary spirit shine forever. .

On the Long March, the people are the "gas station" for the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. On the new Long March to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must continue to uphold the spiritual blood of the Communists, Continuously improve people's livelihood and well-being, accelerate the pace of high-quality development, strive to be a "gas station" for the people in the new era, build on the past and forge ahead on the new journey of building a modern socialist country, and write a new chapter of happiness and beauty in Longnan.

(The author is Secretary of the Longnan Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China)