Interior historical wall

1. The development history of indoor wall decoration

Novelty: It is not wallpaper, but it is better than wallpaper, seamlessly connected, refuses to fade, never peels, never cracks, highly Self-cleaning, easy to clean, it can do what wallpaper cannot, and what paint cannot, so that once you are smart, you will be "cool" forever. Environmental protection: The biological shells from the sea and their pure natural raw materials are synthesized by high technology to produce natural luster, which can produce different visual effects from different viewing angles and different light sources. The product is pollution-free and radiation-free. Certification by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision and unanimous recognition by the majority of users. Artistry: The biggest feature is the incorporation of artistic elements into the paint, such as exotic customs, local flavor, solemn simplicity, nostalgic classics, national characteristics, cartoon style, alternative fashion, personalized design, company logo, corporate culture, and a wide variety of patterns for you to choose from , you can also choose your own pattern, there will always be one that suits you. Wallpaper (wallpaper) is a popular indoor wall decoration material that everyone knows. It has a variety of patterns and colorful color combinations. It was once very popular, but it has too many shortcomings as people's living standards continue to improve. The improvement has become unacceptable to people. Now there is a liquid wallpaper - "Yi Jiangnan" fantasy paint. It is a water-based paint that uses different pattern molds to print patterns on indoor latex paint walls to achieve the visual effect of wallpaper. At present, this product has three series of single color, two color and three color for users to choose from. It has a variety of patterns and patterns, and it can also be personalized and customized according to the user's ideas

Latex paint is fine, as long as it meets the national environmental protection standards. Its formaldehyde emissions are within the safe range of the human body. It is beautiful and easy to clean. The color can be selected according to your own requirements, so it should be good. Choice

1. What types of interior wall paints are currently available for interior decoration?

One type is low-grade water-soluble paint, which is polyvinyl alcohol dissolved in water, and then pigments and other additives are added to it. Made from an agent. In order to improve its performance and reduce costs, various methods have been adopted, and there are many brands. The main products are 106 and 107803 interior wall coatings. The disadvantage of this kind of coating is that it is not resistant to water and alkali, and the coating is easy to peel off after getting wet. It is a low-grade interior wall coating and is suitable for general interior wall decoration. This type of coating has the advantages of being cheap, non-toxic, odorless, and easy to construct. The powder cannot be removed by dry wiping. Because the film-forming substance is water-soluble, some traces will always be left after scrubbing with a wet cloth. The durability is not good and it is easy to turn yellow and discolor. However, it is cheap and the construction is very convenient. At present, Consumption is still the largest, accounting for about 50% of the market, and is mostly used for interior wall decoration in mid- to low-end homes or temporary homes.

The second type is latex paint, which uses water as the medium and uses acrylates, styrene-acrylate polymers, and vinyl acetate. The aqueous solution of the polymer is a film-forming substance, which is made by adding a variety of auxiliary ingredients. The film-forming substance is insoluble in water. The water resistance and weather resistance of the coating film are greatly improved compared to the first type. No traces are left after wet scrubbing. There are different decoration types such as flat gloss and high gloss. Since it currently has fewer colors, the decorative effect is similar to that of category 106. In fact, these two types of coatings are not of the same grade at all. They are mid-to-high-end coatings. Although they are more expensive, they occupy an increasing market share due to their excellent performance and decorative effects. A good latex paint layer has good water resistance, alkali resistance, and wash resistance, and the coating will never peel off when it gets wet. Generally speaking (under the same pigment, volume, and concentration conditions), styrene-acrylic latex paint is more water-resistant, alkali-resistant, and scrub-resistant than ethylene-propylene latex paint, and ethylene-propylene latex paint is better than polyvinyl acetate latex paint (commonly known as latex paint). good.

The third category is the currently very popular colorful paint. The film-forming substance of this paint is nitrocellulose, which is dispersed in the water phase in the form of oil-in-water. Multiple color patterns can be formed in one spray.

In recent years, another type of imitation porcelain paint has appeared, which belongs to the fourth category. Its decorative effect is delicate, smooth, elegant, and not high in price. However, the construction process is complicated and its resistance to wet rubbing is poor. 2. The development history of interior design is How?

In ancient times, construction technology and social division of labor were relatively simple. There was no clear boundary between architectural design and construction. The organizers and commanders of construction were often designers.

In Europe, since stone is used as the main material for buildings, these two tasks are usually undertaken by the head stonemason; in China, since buildings are mainly made of wooden structures, these two tasks are usually undertaken by the head carpenter. The leader assumes responsibility. According to the requirements of the owner of the building, according to the rules passed down from master to apprentice, and with a certain degree of creativity of their own, they built buildings and accumulated architectural culture.

In modern times, architectural design and construction were separated and each became a specialized discipline. In the West, this began to sprout during the Renaissance and gradually matured during the Industrial Revolution; in China, it was gradually formed under foreign influence in the late Qing Dynasty.

With the development of society and the advancement of science and technology, the content contained in architecture and the problems to be solved are becoming more and more complex, involving more and more related disciplines, and the changes in materials and technology are becoming more and more complex. It is becoming more and more rapid. Simply relying on the method of passing down from master to apprentice and accumulating experience can no longer adapt to this objective reality. In addition, buildings often need to be completed and put into use within a short period of time. It is difficult for a craftsman to do two tasks. Objectively, more work is needed. The meticulous social division of labor has prompted architectural design to gradually form a profession and become an independent branch discipline. . 3. Campus cultural wall

There are many forms of campus cultural wall.

According to different locations, they are set up separately and can be made into murals or reliefs. Wall content should be combined with local characteristics.

It is necessary to use education, advertising, architecture, aesthetics, psychology and other disciplines to refine a scientific and systematic school-running philosophy system based on systematization and characteristics; design a distinctive visual image system; build a campus environment culture with rich connotations; and integrate science, culture, art, fashion and the history of the school from different angles to help the school precipitate a unique and personalized campus culture, so that students in the new era can learn from each other and be full of personality. Grow and develop in a charming environment. Let every school become a model, with each school having its own characteristics and each class having its own characteristics.

The purpose of the school cultural wall is to reflect the school’s unique literary style and show the school’s cultural heritage to the outside world. At present, the construction of cultural walls in most schools is working in this direction.

However, there are still many schools that have neglected the construction of their own cultural walls. They only use their own cultural walls to introduce the school, display teachers, display the school’s honors, display the style of three good students, etc. , these can only be regarded as an introduction of a school, and do not reflect the personality of the school at all. Moreover, a considerable number of schools use cultural walls as blackboards and learning gardens. Regardless of whether the design and layout are good or not, the value of the content inside is directly related to the influence and function of the cultural wall.

Therefore, first, the construction of the school's cultural wall must start from the school's cultural concept, identify the school's cultural concept, and highlight the school's cultural concept. School culture is not just a bunch of beautiful words, the most important thing is to have its own soul.

The second step is to reasonably allocate the content of the school cultural wall. The main content of the school cultural wall should be the school's educational philosophy, cultural concepts, etc. It is best to give examples to prove it.

Some schools like to put the school motto in the most conspicuous place and occupy a large area. In fact, this is completely unnecessary. The meaning of the school's school motto cannot be expressed by a gorgeous rhetoric. Rather, it is reflected in actual educational actions and educational goals to be achieved. Therefore, a more prominent section or heading and ending are practical enough.

In the third step, the school cultural wall must be designed by a professional designer. The same content, when produced by ordinary people, will appear vulgar; in the hands of professionals, it will look magnificent.

If the school directly finds an advertising company or printing shop nearby to build a cultural wall, the cost may not be low, and the effect is usually very poor. It is necessary to carefully design the content and slogans of the school cultural wall, and make a good school cultural wall template, which is carefully designed by professional designers.

The template content can be modified at will. For example, the name of the characteristic class: the polite and glorious class. The goal of creating a characteristic class: treat others with courtesy and create a civilized class. Labor habits: Consciously clean to achieve cleanliness, sit comfortably, look happy, clean, and love the group. Study habits: ask if you don’t understand, and be enthusiastic about it. Help others.

Help each other and improve together. Living habits: Self-reliance, self-care, self-consciousness, diligence, life habits: Be polite, respect elders, be sensible, be sensible, be united and friendly, class cultural characteristics: have rich all-round knowledge, innovate and have a rich knowledge atmosphere, create a unique class plan: put politeness first, be a cute teenager with a smile In order to bring joy to everyone, we focus on wisdom and create a smart class with moral character as the limit and a good class with all-round development. 4. The history of interior decoration painting

Around the 14th and early 5th centuries, with the development of religion, there appeared a method of painting various religious patterns on the walls. The patterns drawn are generally religious themes to decorate churches and other ecclesiastical buildings, thereby increasing the solemnity and sanctity of the building and environment. In ancient Egypt, artists would carve various patterns on walls and pillars as decorations. Many of these decorations recorded the life of the owner of the residence and recorded various mythological stories, which were the original wall painting art in Egypt.

In China, people draw Buddha on walls and thangkas (a kind of decoration made of cowhide) to ward off evil and pray for peace. In all countries and religions, there are records of carvings and paintings on walls. These murals that record religion and living conditions at that time are today's wall paintings. In the 1960s, graffiti culture (graffiti) emerged in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the United States. From simply writing a combination of letters and numbers such as tags and house numbers, to the early 1970s, it began to study fonts, effects, etc., and in the past 40 years Years of development have allowed graffiti to step out of the corner of the United States and become a global artistic creation.

When graffiti swept the world and became a fashion, this trend began to sweep across the home furnishing field. Hand-painted furniture, ceramic tiles, accessories, and fabrics are more common. Nowadays, wall paintings are frequently used in home decoration. In modern life, we increasingly pursue elegant posture and noble taste. We call for freedom and individuality. Wall painting allows our walls to no longer stick to a certain overall style. It can be expressed in various ways. Want a cartoon in the bathroom? Want a realistic kitchen? Want to be creative in your bedroom? Want an antique style for your living room? Wall painting art can help you realize it one by one. Nowadays, more and more people have accepted this art, and even do it themselves to realize a unique and beautiful home with full personality.

The popularity of hand-painted wall art originated in France. At that time, many artists or painters liked to hand-paint or carve abstract works of art on the walls of buildings or public spaces to render the architecture or space. artistic atmosphere. Later, wall painting art was epitomized into art bars with smaller space or the living rooms of white-collar workers with more life style. It was embodied in the form of embedding artistic paintings or hanging abstract murals on the walls of living rooms, bedrooms, study rooms, etc. superior. From the trend released at the Paris Home Furnishings Show at the beginning of the year to the gradual heating up in decoration today, hand-painted walls full of personality, wisdom and creativity have become increasingly popular. This kind of decoration is painted by hand, the most dexterous tool of mankind. It began to appear in the homes of fashionable people who pay attention to individuality. Even if the pen is put on the most ordinary and simple wall, due to the different mood and inspiration of the creator, it will show a very different style in the pen. The home world drawn by hand is more... More beautiful in imagination. Sometimes, a wall that expresses personality and creativity can convey a more unrestrained feeling than many functional and complex furniture and space designs.

■Southeast Asian plants create an exotic style

Hand-painted plant patterns are probably the most popular hand-painted wall patterns this year.

Among them, Southeast Asian style has always been a hot spot in the bedroom trend. Whether it is mysterious Thai jewelry or bright and unrestrained Indian patterns, they are common elements in current decoration. Similarly, patterns with typical characteristics of this region, such as large green plants, seaweed, shells, green bananas, etc., have become favorites in decoration. In addition, Southeast Asian style is known for its bold color matching. In the "hot dance" of gorgeous colors, it conveys the experience of relaxation and subtlety, charm and mystery, and peace and passion. This is for a person who has a passion for space. For the expectant residents, it is undoubtedly full of great charm, and the harmony of colors also adds highlights and personality to the ordinary walls.

Comments: This style emphasizes the use of exaggerated colors and lines, such as slightly exaggerated lotus flowers, which are more eye-catching in black and have a distinctive effect. The painting is layered, elegant, and slightly feminine.

Popularity:

■Japanese and Korean comics bring a romantic flavor

In the minds of many women, cute Japanese and Korean comics are often the most romantic dreams. Good template. Nowadays, it is not impossible to move all this into your home. Just using pink to decorate your home and walls seems to be missing something. A gentle outline, an umbrella or a small animal pattern randomly embellished will make the wall come alive immediately. In this style, cute animals and "Jimmy" style comics will become the favorites of young women. A big tree fluttering in the wind, a pair of snuggling figures, a butterfly spreading its wings, or even a few slightly sad raindrops can "enter the room" and bring a different style to the home.

Comments: This style mostly uses lines to outline the images of male and female protagonists, and uses simple and slightly emotional paintings to express romantic sentiments. The colors are mainly light colors. The cute type is displayed with common cartoon patterns. The location can be mainly in corners or low places, or it can highlight creativity and look fake.

Popularity:

■Realistic art conveys European luxury

Posting gold wallpaper at home does not mean "glorious". People who know taste can move murals to mansions, including angels, portraits or historical allusions, and paint several walls in the villa, even the ceiling. In this style, a more emphasis is placed on a With a sense of atmosphere, use realistic portrait paintings and complex backgrounds to show creativity. At this time, the space will be integrated into the feeling.

Comments: This style is the most complicated and is mostly chosen by villa owners or art lovers. It can be used in conjunction with wallpaper. The colors are mainly gold, silver or dark, and it takes the longest time.

Popularity: 5. How to make an indoor plant wall better

In our country, when it comes to plant walls, people only know that it is a new thing and its development has only been in the past few decades. .

What I can talk about are some of the more famous plant walls: Shanghai World Expo Plant Wall Theme Pavilion, Zhejiang Sol Garden Plant Wall. Little is known about the development history of plant walls, especially the development of plant walls in my country.

In fact, from a global perspective, the history of plant walls is not only not as short as we imagined, but also has a long history and a long history. "Plant walls" appeared as early as the beginning of the last century. However, due to the lack of technology at that time, the plant walls were quite crude and it was difficult for plants to survive. Only a few people knew about it at the time.

By 1927, Australia stipulated by law that if a wall was to be built, a plant wall must be built. It was not until the 1980s that a botanist named Patrick Blanc appeared for the plant wall to be truly known.

Starting in 1988, he used his knowledge of botany to cover many high-rise buildings with green vegetation around the world. From then on, "plant walls" gradually became known. The development of plant walls in our country has only been in the past few decades, with the introduction of advanced foreign planting wall technology and innovation at the same time.

Nowadays, my country's plant wall technology has become increasingly mature and has its own cultivation technology.

As the country attaches great importance to science and technology and people's requirements for the environment increase, the development of plant walls in our country will become better and better. 6. What color were the indoor walls in ancient China?

The walls of rooms in ancient China were also white, that is, they were painted with lime, which also played a role in disinfection and beauty. The history of lime painting in ancient China Construction cementitious materials The development of construction cementitious materials in China has its own long historical process.

"White Gray Noodles" As early as the Yangshao Culture Period of the Neolithic Age between 5000 and 3000 BC, some people used "white gray noodles" to smear the floors and walls of caves and crypts to make them look like Smooth and hard. "White Gray Noodles" are named because they are in the form of white powder, which is made from finely ground natural ginger stones.

Ginger stone is a kind of limestone with high silica content. It is often sandwiched in loess and is a calcium nodule in loess. "White gray surface" is the earliest building cement material in ancient China that has been discovered so far.

Yellow mud mortar In the Shang Dynasty in the 16th century BC, crypt architecture rapidly developed into wooden structures. At this time, in addition to continuing to use "white gray surface" to mop the floor, yellow mud mortar began to be used to build adobe walls. During the Warring States Period (403-221 BC), grass mixed with yellow mud appeared to be used to build walls, and it was also used to line the earthen walls with wall bricks.

In the history of Chinese architecture, "white gray noodles" were eliminated very early, while yellow mud and straw-mixed yellow mud were used as cementitious materials until modern society. Lime appeared in the Zhou Dynasty in the 7th century BC. The lime in the Zhou Dynasty was made from the shells of large clams.

The main component of clam shells is calcium carbonate, which is calcined until all the carbonic acid gas escapes to form lime. There is a record in "Zuo Zhuan": "In August of the second year of Chenggong (635 BC), Song Wengong died, and he was buried with mirage ashes."

Mirage is a lime material made from fired clam shells. It was discovered in the Zhou Dynasty that it has good moisture absorption, moisture-proof and gelling properties. In ancient times when thick burials were advocated, mirage ash was used as a cementing material in the construction of tombs.

In the book "Tiangong Kaiwu" of the Ming Dynasty, there is an "illustration of the method of burning houses", which shows that the production and use of mirage ash has not been lost from the Zhou Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, and is very popular in China. It has been circulating for a long time in history. By the Qin and Han dynasties, in addition to wooden structures, masonry structures occupied an important position.

Brick and stone structures need to be constructed with cementitious materials with excellent properties. This has prompted the rapid development of the lime manufacturing industry. Limestones that can be collected from various places are used to burn lime, and lime production points have emerged. . At that time, the method of using lime was to first mix lime with water to make lime slurry, and then use the slurry to build stone strips, brick walls, masonry arches, and paint walls.

In the Han Dynasty, the application of lime was very common, and masonry structures made of lime could build multi-story pavilions. The Great Wall of China was built from the 7th century BC to the 17th century AD. More than 20 dynasties presided over or participated in its construction.

The three dynasties of Qin, Han and Ming built the longest, with more than 5,000 kilometers of the Great Wall built in a total length of 50,000 kilometers. During these three dynasties, lime cementitious materials have developed to a high level and were widely used in the construction of the Great Wall.

Therefore, later generations found that many sections of the Great Wall were made of lime. In the Ming Dynasty book "Tiangong Kaiwu", the production method of lime was recorded in detail.

The relationship between the lime firing process and the properties of lime is recorded in the Qing Dynasty book "Zhuo Fa Yuan". These records show that my country had accumulated relatively rich knowledge on lime production and use by the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Sanhe Tu In the Southern and Northern Dynasties of China in the 5th century AD, a building material called "Sanhe Tu" appeared, which was composed of lime, clay and fine sand. By the Ming Dynasty, there was "three combined soil" composed of lime, pottery powder and gravel.

In the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the "sanhe soil" composed of lime, clay and fine sand, there was also a "sanhe soil" composed of lime, slag and sand.

The Qing Dynasty's "Palace Style Stone Bridge Practice" explains the configuration of "Sanhe Tu": "Gray soil is a mixture of lime and loess, or Sanhe Tu"; become".

From a modern perspective, "sanhe soil" is concrete that uses lime and loess or other volcanic ash materials as cementing materials, and fine sand, gravel and slag as filler. "Sanhetu" has many similarities with Roman three-component mortar, that is, "Roman mortar".

Since its advent, "Sanhe soil" has been generally used as ground, roof, house foundation and ground cushion. "Sanhe soil" not only has higher strength after tamping, but also has better waterproof properties. It was also used to ram dams in the Qing Dynasty.

When the European continent was adopting "Roman mortar", the ancient ancient country in the East - China was also using "Sanhe soil" similar to "Roman mortar". This is a very interesting historical coincidence. Lime-mixed organic matter cementitious materials A distinctive feature of the development of ancient Chinese construction cementitious materials is the use of lime-mixed organic matter cementitious materials, such as "lime-glutinous rice", "lime-tung oil", "lime-blood material", " Lime-Bletilla striata", and "Lime-glutinous rice-alum", etc.

In addition, when using "Sanhe soil", organic matter such as glutinous rice and blood is mixed in. According to folklore, glutinous rice juice was used to build bricks and stones during the construction of the Great Wall in the Qin Dynasty.

Archeology has discovered that the portrait brick walls in Deng County, Henan Province during the Southern and Northern Dynasties were lined with cementitious materials containing starch; the Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, was built in the second year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty, the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty and Jiajing Towers from different eras, including the Forty Years, were built using lime mixed with starch as a cementing material. "Song Huiyao" records that Hezhou City was built in the sixth year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty in 1170 AD. "The inner and outer walls of the city were built with five layers of bricks and ash, and glutinous rice porridge mixed with ash was used to build the city surface and towers and oars. All the walls are majestic and durable. Solid. ”

The Nanjing City built in the Ming Dynasty is the largest masonry city wall in the world. It is based on strips of stone, built with rammed earth, and built with huge bricks on the outside. Lime is used as cementing material. Lime and glutinous rice juice were used for grouting, and the upper part of the city wall was topped with tung oil and soil, which was very strong. A cementitious material made of tung oil or glutinous rice juice mixed with alum and lime. It has very good adhesion and is often used to repair rockery stones. It is still used in the repair of ancient buildings.

The construction method of using organic matter mixed with "sanhe soil" to build buildings has been frequently seen in historical materials. It is recorded in the book "Tiangong Kaiwu" of the Ming Dynasty: "To build tombs and storage pools, divide the ashes into river sand and the loess into two parts, and mix them with glutinous rice and sheep peach and vine juice. The construction will be strong and will never be damaged. It’s called Sanhe Tu”.

In the history of Chinese architecture, it can be seen that during the reign of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, several miles of river embankments were built with "Sanhe soil" mixed with glutinous rice juice on the north and south banks of Beijing's Marco Polo Bridge, thus saving the southern suburbs of Beijing from floods. It is recorded in the history of stone bridge construction that glutinous rice and ox blood were mixed with "sanhe soil".