On the knowledge system of an introduction to linguistics.

The study of human language. The scope of exploration includes language structure, language application, social function and historical development of language and other language-related issues. Traditional linguistics is called philology, which mainly studies ancient documents and written language. Modern linguistics pays attention to contemporary language and spoken language, and its research scope is greatly broadened. China literature serves other disciplines. Modern linguistics is an independent discipline. Linguistics in a broad sense includes philology. The study of language in a certain period is called temporal linguistics; A language that studies the changes experienced by a language in different periods is called diachronic linguistics or historical linguistics. Make a comprehensive study of many languages and try to find out the laws of * * *, which is called general linguistics. Applying linguistic knowledge to practical work is called applied linguistics. It is called historical comparative linguistics to trace the kinship of some languages through the comparison of phonetics and word forms. It is called typology to find some similarities between human languages through comparison. Contrastive linguistics is to compare the similarities and differences between two languages in order to solve teaching or translation problems.

Phonetics, grammar, vocabulary and writing all focus on the structure of the language itself, which is the center of linguistics. Some people call it micro linguistics. Phonetics is a physiological process to study the physical properties of speech, human pronunciation methods and speech perception. Phonology or phonetics studies how many different sounds there are in a language, and the differences and relationships between them. It is morphology, also known as morphology, which studies the way words are formed and inflected. It is syntax, also known as syntax, which studies how to combine words into phrases or sentences. According to traditional grammar, morphology and sentence-making are combined to form grammar. Lexicology studies lexical items, lexical meanings and the evolution of words. Etymology traces the origin and history of words; It is the lexicographer who collects many words, classifies, compares and annotates them. It is semantics, which studies the relationship between words, concepts and referred objects, trying to find out the similarities and differences, affirmation and negation, up and down, cross and other relations of various meanings, and analyzing the meaning of the whole sentence or some of its components. The discipline that studies the shape, system, origin, evolution and development of characters is philology.