Joke Collection Website - News headlines - English cardinal words ordinal words composition

English cardinal words ordinal words composition

Complete English Grammar for Junior High School

1. Nouns

Nouns can be divided into proper nouns (Proper Nouns) and common nouns (Common Nouns). Proper nouns It is the proper name of a certain person(s), place, institution, etc., such as Beijing, China, etc. A common noun is a noun for a type of person or thing or an abstract concept, such as: book, sadness, etc. Common nouns can be divided into the following four categories:

1) Individual nouns (Individual Nouns): Indicate individuals of a certain type of people or things, such as: gun.

2) Collective Nouns: Indicates a collection of several individuals, such as family.

3) Material Nouns: Indicates physical objects that cannot be divided into individuals, such as: air.

4) Abstract Nouns: express abstract concepts such as action, state, quality, emotion, etc., such as: work.

Individual nouns and collective nouns can be counted by number and are called countable nouns. Material nouns and abstract nouns generally cannot be counted by number and are called uncountable nouns.

To sum up, the classification of nouns can be represented by the following figure:

_______________________________________

| |proper nouns| |

| | p>

____________________________________________________________

Situation formation method Pronunciation example words

____________________________________________________________

In general situations, add -s 1. Pronounce /s/ after unvoiced consonants; map -maps

2. Bag-bags after voiced consonants and vowels

Pronounced /z/; car-cars

_____________________________________________________

Add -es to words ending in s, sh, ch,

x, etc. to read /iz/ bus-buses

watch-watches

_____________________________________________________

Words ending with ce, se, ze,

(d)ge, etc.

add -s to read /iz/ license-licenses

__________________________________________________

Change y to i

For words ending with a consonant + y, add es to pronounce /z/ baby---babies

____________________________________________________________

1.2 Changes in the rules for the pluralization of other nouns

1) When a proper noun ending with y, or a noun ending with a vowel + y becomes plural, add s directly to make it plural:

For example: two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

Compare: Floor: storey ---storeys story---stories

2 ) Nouns ending in o, when plural:

a. Add s, such as: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos;

b. Add es, such as: potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. Either can be used, such as: zero---zeros / zeroes

3) Use f Or when a noun ending in fe becomes plural: <

/p>

a. Add s, such as: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs;

b. Remove f, fe and add ves, Such as: half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;

< p> c. Either can be used, such as: handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

1.3 Irregular changes in plural nouns

1) child---children foot---feet tooth-- -teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

Note: The plural form of the compound word formed with man and woman is also -men and - women.

For example: an Englishman, two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is Germans; Bowman is a surname, and its plural form is the Bowmans.

2) The simple and complex forms are the same as:

deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese

li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin

However, in addition to RMB, jiao, and cents, U.S. dollars, pounds, francs, etc. all have plural forms. For example:

a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3) Collective nouns appear in singular form, but are actually plural.

For example: people, police, cattle, etc. are themselves plural. We cannot say a people, a police, a cattle, but we can say

a person, a policeman, a head of cattle, the Nouns such as English, the British, the French, the Chinese, the Japanese, and the Swiss are used in the plural when expressing the collective name of the nation.

For example: The Chinese are industries and brave. The Chinese people are hardworking and brave.

4) Nouns ending in s are still singular, such as:

a. Maths, politics, physics and other subject nouns are uncountable nouns and are singular.

b. news is an uncountable noun.

c. the United States, the United Nations shall be regarded as singular.

The United Nations was organized in 1945. The United Nations was organized in 1945.

d. Book titles, drama titles, newspaper and magazine titles that appear in the plural form can also be regarded as singular.

"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.

<> is a very interesting story-book.

5) Express something consisting of two parts, such as: glasses (glasses) trousers, clothes

If you want to express a specific number, you need to use the quantifier pair (pair, double); suit( a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6) There are also some nouns, the plural form of which can sometimes express special meanings, such as: goods, waters, fishes (all kinds of fish)

1.4 Representation of uncountable nouns

1) Material nouns

a. When material nouns are converted into individual nouns.

Compare: Cake is a kind of food. Cake is a kind of food. (uncountable)

These cakes are sweet. These cakes are delicious. (countable)

b. When a substance noun indicates the type of substance, the noun is countable.

This factory produces steel. (uncountable) We need various steels. (countable)

c. When the substance noun expresses the number of parts, it can be counted.

Our country is famous for tea. Two teas, please.

Our country is famous for tea. Two cups of tea, please.

2) Abstract nouns can sometimes be counted.

four freedoms the four modernizations the four modernizations

Material nouns and abstract nouns can use a certain number of unit vocabulary lists.

For example: a glass of water, a glass of water, a piece of advice, a piece of advice

1.5 Plural form of attributive nouns

Nouns used as attributives generally use the singular, but there are also the following exception.

1) Use plural as attributive.

Such as: sports meeting students reading-room students reading room

talks table negotiation table the foreign languages ??department foreign languages ??department

2) man, woman, gentleman When used as an attributive, the singular and plural are determined by the singular and plural of the nouns it modifies.

For example: men workers women teachers gentlemen officials

3) For some nouns ending in s, when used as attributives, s is retained.

For example: goods train (truck) arms produce weapons production customs papers customs documents clothes brush

4) When numerals + nouns are used as attributives, the noun generally remains in the singular form.

For example: two-dozen eggs a ten-mile walk a ten-mile walk

two-hundred trees a five-year plan . A five-year plan

Some people use the plural as an attributive, such as: a seven-years child

1.6 Singular and plural names of people from different countries

General term (plural predicate) one person two people

Chinese the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese

Swiss the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss

Australian the Australians an Australian two Australians

The Russians a Russian two Russians

Italians the Italians an Italian two Italians

Greek the Greek a Greek two Greeks

The French a Frenchman twoFrenchmen

The Japanese a Japanese two Japanese

Americans the Americans an American two Americans

Indians the Indians an Indian two Indians

Canadians the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians

Germans the Germans a Germans two Germans

British people the English an Englishman twoEnglishmen

The Swedish a Swede two Swedes

1.7 Case of nouns

In English, some nouns can be represented by "'s" Relationship, the noun form with this ending is called the possessive case of the noun, such as: a teacher's book. The rules for possessive nouns are as follows:

1) Add "'s" to the end of singular nouns, and add "'s" to plural nouns without s at the end, such as the boy's bag, men's room. bathroom.

2) If the noun already has a plural ending -s, just add "'", such as: the workers' struggle.

3) Any noun that cannot be added with "'s" can use the structure of "noun + of + noun" to express all relationships, such as: the title of the song.

4) When expressing the name of a shop or church or someone's home, the possessive noun often does not appear after the noun it modifies, such as: the barber's barber shop.

5) If two nouns are juxtaposed and have 's respectively, it means "there are respectively"; if there is only one 's, it means '***have'.

For example: John's and Mary's room (two rooms) John and Mary's room (one room)

6) For compound nouns or phrases, 's is added to the end of the last word.

Such as: a month or two's absence

2. Articles and numerals

2.1 Usage of indefinite articles

Articles are function words and cannot be used alone. , also has no word meaning. It is used in front of a noun to help indicate the meaning of the noun. There are three types of articles in English, one is the Definite Article, the other is the Indefinite Article, and the third is Zero Article.

The indefinite article a (an) has the same origin as the numeral one, meaning "one". a is used before a consonant phoneme and is generally pronounced as [e], while an is used before a vowel phoneme and is generally pronounced as [en].

1) It means "a", meaning one; it refers to someone or something, meaning a certain. A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) Represents a type of person or thing. A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.

3) Phrases or idioms.

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

2.1 Usage of indefinite article

The article is a function word and cannot stand alone Use has no meaning. It is used in front of a noun to help indicate the meaning of the noun. There are three types of articles in English, one is the Definite Article, the other is the Indefinite Article, and the third is Zero Article.

The indefinite article a (an) has the same origin as the numeral one, meaning "one". a is used before a consonant phoneme and is generally pronounced [e], while an is used before a vowel phoneme and is generally pronounced [en].

1) It means "a", meaning one; it refers to someone or something, meaning a certain.

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) Represents a type of person or thing.

A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.

3) Phrases or idioms.

2.2 Usage of the definite article

The definite article the and the demonstrative pronoun this , that has the same origin, meaning "that (that)", but is weaker and can be used with a noun to express one or some specific people or things.

1) Specifically refers to a person or thing that both parties understand: Take the medicine. Take the medicine.

2) The person or thing mentioned above: He bought a house. I've been to the house.

He bought a house. I've been to that house.

3) Refers to two unique things in the world: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth

4) Singular nouns are used together to express a type of thing, such as: the dollar dollar;

the fox; or used with adjectives or participles to indicate a type of person: the rich; the living.

5) Used in the superlative form of ordinal numbers and adjectives, and in front of adjectives only, very, same, etc.:

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. You live in where? I live on the second floor.

That's the very thing I've been looking for.

6) Used with plural nouns to refer to the entire group:

They are the teachers of this school. Refers to all teachers)

They are teachers of this school . (referring to some teachers)

7) Expressing everything, equivalent to possessive pronouns, used before nouns indicating body parts:

She caught me by the arm.. She caught me Caught my arm.

8) Used before some proper nouns such as country names, institutions, groups, classes, etc. that are composed of common nouns:

the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of China The United States

9) Used before nouns indicating musical instruments: She plays the piano. She can play the piano.

10) Used before the plural noun of the surname to indicate a family: the Greens

11) Used in idiomatic expressions:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water, field, country)

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theater

< p>2.3 Usage of zero articles

1) Definite articles are usually not used before country names and personal names: England, Mary;

2) Plural nouns that refer to a category of people. When referring to something or something, the definite article is not needed; They are teachers. They are teachers.

3) When abstract nouns express general concepts, they usually do not add an article;

Failure is the mother of success. Failure is the mother of success.

4) When material nouns express general concepts, they usually do not add an article. When they express a specific meaning, they need to add a definite article;

Man cannot live without water. Man cannot live without water. Just can't survive.

5) Do not add an article before nouns indicating time such as seasons, months, festivals, holidays, dates, weeks, etc.;

We go to school from Monday to Friday. Classes are held Monday to Friday.

6) Do not add an article before nouns that refer to official titles or positions;

The guards took the American to General Lee. The soldiers took the American to General Lee. .

7) No articles are added before the names of meals, ball games and recreational sports, such as: have breakfast, play chess

8) When two or more nouns When used together, the article is often omitted;

I can't write without pen or pencil. Without pen and pencil, I can't write.

9) When by is used with trains and other means of transportation to express a way, there is no article in the middle; by bus, by train;

10) Some individual nouns do not use articles ; Such as:

Individual nouns such as school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court, etc. are placed directly after the preposition to express the deeper meaning of the noun;

go to hospital go to the hospital to see a doctor

go to the hospital go to the hospital (not to see a doctor, but for other purposes)

11) Ordinal numbers without articles word;

a. Ordinal numbers are preceded by possessive pronouns

b. Ordinal numbers are used as adverbs He came first in the race.

c. In fixed phrases in (the) first, first of all, from first to last

2.4 Article and adjective + noun structure

1) Both adjectives have articles, indicating two Something different.

He raises a black and a white cat.

The black and the white cats are hers. The black and the white cats are his.

2) If the latter adjective has no article, it refers to one thing.

He raises a black and white cat. He raises a calico cat.

2.5 Article position

1) Indefinite article position

The indefinite article is often placed before a noun or a noun modifier. Note:

a. After the following adjectives: such, what, many, half,

I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.

b. When the adjective before the noun is modified by the adverb as, so, too, how, however, enough, the indefinite article should be placed after the adjective:

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.

c. quite, rather is used with a singular noun, and the article is placed after it.

But when there are adjectives before rather or quite, the indefinite article can be placed before or after them.

For example: quite a lot

d. In the concession adverbial clause introduced by as, though, when the slogan is a noun modified by an adjective, the indefinite article is placed after the adjective: Brave a man though he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes. Although he was brave, he still trembled at the sight of snakes.

When a noun is modified by a comparative adjective, the indefinite article is usually placed after the comparative adjective.

2) Definite article position

The definite article is usually placed before the noun or noun modifier, but after words such as all, both, double, half, twice, three times, etc. , before the noun. All the students in the class went out. All the students in the class went out.

2.6 Numerals

Words that express the number or order are called numerals. Numerals are divided into cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals. Numerals that express quantity are called cardinal numerals; numerals that express order are called ordinal numerals.

1. Cardinal numerals

1) How to write and read cardinal numerals: 345 three hundred and forty-five;

2) Cardinal numerals are generally in singular form , but the plural is commonly used in the following situations:

a. Used with the phrase of to express an approximate number, and cannot be used with a specific number, such as scores of people to refer to many people;

b. In some cases In a phrase meaning "a row" or "a group";

For example: They arrived in twos and threes. They arrived in twos and threes. c. Indicates "tens of years"; d. Indicates "age", use in + the + plural numeral; e. In a representation of multiplication operations, such as: 3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

2. Ordinal words

The abbreviation of ordinal words: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st

3. Usage of numerals

1) Multiple expression a. Subject + predicate + multiple (or fraction) + as + adj. + as

I have three times as many as you. I have three times as much as you.

b. Subject + predicate + multiple (fraction) + the size (amount, length...) of...

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. The earth is the moon. 49 times.

c. Subject + predicate + multiple (fraction) + adjective (adverb) comparative + than…

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.< /p>

Grain production this year increased by 8% compared with last year.

d. You can also use by + multiple to indicate how many times it has increased

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.

4 times.

2) Fraction representation

Composition: Cardinal words represent the numerator, and ordinal words represent the denominator. When the numerator is greater than 1, use the singular number for the numerator and the plural number for the denominator: 1/3 one-third; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.