Further research on bill of quantities quotation?

The quotation of the bill of quantities refers to the price and price of the listed items during the bidding process in accordance with the list of quantities and relevant instructions stipulated by the owner in the bidding document, and in accordance with the relevant regulations promulgated by the government. Risk analysis is also determined based on the actual situation based on the enterprise quota or the comprehensive quota. The quotation form generally adopts the comprehensive cost method and the full cost unit price method.

1 Features of Bill of Quantities Quotation

A reasonable quotation model is the guarantee for selecting excellent construction contractors. It should not only reflect the market competition mechanism, but also be conducive to competition. Bill of Quantities quotation is a brand-new pricing model in our country. Compared with the fixed-amount-plus-fee pricing method that has been used for the past few decades, it has completely different contents.

(1) The quotations for the bill of quantities are all in the form of a comprehensive unit price. The comprehensive unit price includes direct project costs, indirect project costs, profits, and various taxes that should be paid. Among them, "project direct costs" can be understood as direct costs in the fixed amount.

(2) The project composition of the quotation should be conducive to project implementation and control. From the perspective of the bidding enterprise, the quotation is a reflection of the decomposition of the economic indicators of the project target. It is essentially a detailed plan. It reflects how much the bidding enterprise plans to invest based on its actual capabilities and the actual situation of the bidding project. , how much return you want to get, and the target control value of each expenditure. At the same time, the quotation should also reflect which parts are uncontrollable and which are controllable parts that can be improved by optimizing plans, strengthening management and other measures.

(3) Conducive to bid evaluation. The bill of quantities quotation requires bidders to quote based on market conditions and their own strength, and the lowest bid winning method is gradually implemented, thus breaking the singleness and monopoly of project cost formation and showing high and low diversity. Like other industries, bidding for construction projects should largely involve competition in the unit price of the project. If the previous single fixed-price pricing model is still used, competition will not be reflected and bidding will lose its meaning. What do the previous two points reflect? To ensure the authenticity and reliability of the quotation, reasonable selection criteria are also required for selecting excellent construction contractors, which is an objective requirement for fair competition. The quotation model is closely related to the bid evaluation indicators. Only a quotation model that is conducive to bid evaluation can reflect the fairness of competition.

2 List item composition analysis and cost control under the bill of quantities

(1) Judging from the current research status of the bill of quantities quotation, it is generally believed that the bill of quantities is "according to the bidding requirements and construction design drawings. All items and contents of the proposed bidding project will be calculated based on the unified engineering quantity calculation rules and the current budget quota or comprehensive budget quota sub-project sub-item requirements. Calculate the sub-item quantity of the proposed project according to the nature of the part. It is listed on the list in sub-items and according to a certain component, as an integral part of the bidding document, for the bidders to fill in the unit price item by item." The author believes that: first, the list items are not the entire content of the proposed project, but the part that constitutes the project entity; second, the preparation of the bill of quantities should not be based on quotas, but should be based on the materials that constitute the project entity. The nature is listed; thirdly, it does not deviate from the quota. From the actual operation point of view, it is suspected of copying the rules.

(2) The project implementation phase includes many sub-projects such as foundation pit protection projects, steel pipe projects, formwork projects, concrete projects, etc. The relationship between these sub-projects and the project is nothing more than two categories, namely Projects that constitute project entities and projects that do not. Among them, the project quantities of each sub-project of the project entity are determined and unique, and will not differ due to different construction plans and construction entities; the project quantities of each sub-project that do not constitute the project entity are related to the plan. The amount of work will not be the same when the construction subject is different. After the project is completed, it will not have any impact on the normal use of the project (the role of such sub-projects is limited to the project implementation stage). Therefore, the items in the bill of quantities provided by the owner should be items that constitute the project entity and have an impact on the normal use and appearance of the project. The corresponding engineering quantities are the physical engineering quantities; on the contrary, the quantities of non-physical engineering projects depend on the plan and the construction subject. They should not appear in the bill of quantities, otherwise the objectivity of the bill will not be reflected.

(3) Previously, another concept accompanying the bill of quantities was the physical quantity of work. However, in actual practice, this term was easy to cause confusion. Many people in the industry once understood it as the amount of project investment. object rather than the entity itself. And compared with physical engineering quantities, non-physical engineering quantities also make no sense.

(4) According to the unit price composition of the sub-projects, there are three forms of quotation in the bill of quantities: direct fee unit price, comprehensive fee unit price and full cost unit price. No matter which quotation form is used, the unit price includes the machinery fee. At present, this common practice follows the unit product cost calculation model of industrial enterprises, but the project has the characteristics of single nature and one-time use. During the project implementation process, the mechanical costs incurred are all invested in the unit product at one time, and the cost should be directly recorded in the quotation without being allocated to the unit project quantity. This approach does not easily show the mechanization level of the bidding enterprise. Moreover, the choice of construction machinery is closely related to the construction plan, and it is as competitive as the cost of the non-physical engineering part. Therefore, when quoting the bill of quantities, the machinery costs should not be allocated to the unit quantity of work. Instead, the bidding company should separately reflect the level of construction machinery investment in accordance with the requirements of the bidding project, combined with its own actual capabilities and construction plans.

(5) In the unit price, some costs are uncontrollable for bidding companies, such as material costs. In accordance with the spirit of my country's project cost reform, material prices will gradually deviate from fixed prices and implement market prices. During the project implementation process, not all materials are invested in the project, but there is a certain amount of loss. These losses are inevitable, and the amount of losses depends on management level and construction technology. Although the bidder will not undertake this part of the loss, as a reflection of the management level, it is of a competitive nature and should be reflected in the quotation separately. For the physical engineering part, it can be directly reflected under each list item, and the loss of non-physical engineering can be directly included in the planned total investment.

(6) The labor market price is uncontrollable for bidding companies, but bidding companies can reduce labor input per unit project volume through effective on-site management, improved process flow and other measures, thereby reducing labor costs. cost; and labor costs are related to the level of mechanization. Facts have proved that there are differences in the on-site technical strength, management level and mechanization degree of each bidding enterprise, and the labor costs per unit of project quantity are also different. All these show that labor costs are competitive, but the purpose of this competition is not to reduce workers' income, but to encourage bidding companies to reduce unit projects through reasonable organization and management, improved process flow and other measures on the basis of safeguarding workers' existing rights and interests. A large amount of labor input is required, thereby reducing labor costs; and labor costs are related to the level of mechanization. Facts have proved that the on-site technical gallon volume, management level and mechanization degree of each bidding enterprise are different, and the labor costs per unit of project volume are also different. All these show that labor costs are competitive in nature, but the purpose of this competition is not to reduce workers' income, but to urge bidding companies to improve production efficiency through reasonable organization and management, improved processes and other measures on the basis of safeguarding workers' existing rights and interests. Therefore, the author believes that labor costs should also be reflected separately in the quotation.

3 Analysis of the quotation of the bill of quantities and comparison with the traditional quotation model

(1) The price connotation of the construction product price formed by the quotation of the bill of quantities and the traditional quotation are consistent. Project bidding Price refers to the project price formed during the bidding and bidding transaction process of engineering commodities. The traditional quotation model divides the construction project cost into direct costs (labor costs, material costs, machinery costs and other direct costs), on-site costs, indirect costs, Profit and tax composition.

(2) Quotation of physical project. Some of the costs of physical engineering quantities are uncontrollable, such as material costs; some are controllable, such as machinery costs and labor costs. The costs of controllable projects are related to the construction plan, technical strength and management level, so these costs should be separately included in the quotation.

(3) The bill of quantities quotation model adopts the market pricing model, which is the difference between the bill of quantities quotation and the traditional quotation. The most fundamental difference in principle. This pricing model also has two basic characteristics: First, it implements the principle of "separation of volume and price" in terms of pricing basis; second, in terms of management methods, it implements the model of "volume control, price guidance, and competitive fees", that is, unifying project quantities. Calculation rules, indirect government regulation, and market formation of prices.

(4) Non-physical project quotation. The engineering materials consumed by non-entity projects are not part of the project entity. Its input amount has a great relationship with the construction plan. Therefore, the construction company's quotation will calculate the actual input amount based on the plan to be adopted, and calculate the material cost of this part separately. As for For the labor costs of the non-physical project part, the corresponding project quantities can be calculated according to the engineering calculation rules as the basis for calculating the labor costs.

(5) The valuation method of the bill of quantities quotation model is essentially the physical method valuation method. Currently, the quotation is in the bill of quantities. In the study, some experts and scholars proposed three modes for determining the unit price in the quotation of the bill of quantities: full unit price, engineering unit price and cost unit price. The full unit price is a concept of complete unit price. The unit price of each sub-project is composed of five parts: direct engineering cost, on-site expenses, indirect costs, profits and taxes; the unit price of work and materials is composed of three direct costs: labor cost, material cost and machinery cost; The cost unit price consists of direct engineering costs and indirect costs. Due to the different components of the unit price, the pricing method of the bill of quantities quotation is different. However, no matter which type of unit price quotation is used, the difference between the bill of quantities quotation and the traditional quotation pricing method is mainly reflected in the bill of quantities quotation mode. Pricing is based on market price, while the traditional quotation model is based on budget price (command price). Changes in the specific pricing forms and procedures of the bill of quantities quotation are all for the realization of market pricing services. The three unit prices in the bill of quantities quotation each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and can be flexibly selected according to the nature of the project

4 A few notes on this quotation model

(1) Quotation and quality , relationship between construction period. For many years, people have believed that improving quality and shortening construction time will increase project costs, but this phenomenon is specific to specific contractors. In the bidding stage, quality and construction period requirements are established constraints for bidding companies, and the bidding price is based on this. At the same time, the competitiveness of bidding lies in selecting those companies that can meet the quality and construction period requirements required by the owner. Excellent contractors who complete project construction at lower prices, so for the owner, the relationship between quotation, construction period and quality is not important, what is important is the choice.

(2) The quotation is closely related to the plan. A major feature of the bill of quantities quotation model mentioned in this article is that the quotation is the price reflection of the plan. Relatively speaking, the technical and management measures provided by the bidding enterprise when bidding are the basis for forming the quotation and the guarantee for realizing the quotation. It is described as a competition of price, but it is actually a competition of actual capabilities such as technical solutions and management level. If the bidding company does not construct according to the established plan after winning the bid, it will increase business risks, which will cause a certain degree of the phenomenon of "not constructing according to the plan". constraints.

(3) The bid evaluation indicators are simplified. This quotation model closely combines the quotation with the plan, and externalizes the difference of the plan into the difference of the quotation, thus making it possible to simplify the bid evaluation indicators. Under this mode, during bid evaluation, the first step is to review whether each bidding company has faithfully translated its plan into a quotation. Those bidding companies that cannot truthfully reflect their plan into a quotation will be disqualified from being shortlisted for the final bid. After the authenticity review, the winning bidder can be selected based on the single indicator of the quotation and the relationship between the sub-components (it is easy to use the lowest price winning bid method)

(4) Change and construction measure fees. Changes will cause changes in the quantity of work, but these changes will not affect the scale of the project, and accordingly will not affect the construction plan of the bidding company. Therefore, for the quantity of work caused by the change, the price will remain unchanged (according to the quotation of the winning bidder). According to the facts; construction measures are essentially an integral part of the construction plan, that is, the plan should contain construction measures. Therefore, there is no simple measure fee in this quotation mode. For example, the quotation for the basic plan should include precipitation, drainage, emergency measures and other fees. Moreover, canceling the construction measure fee will help encourage bidding companies to refine their plans when quoting, thereby reducing the randomness of construction and putting the project construction on a planned and orderly track.

5 Conclusion

The bill of quantities quotation model is a bidding and quotation model that is truly compatible with the market economic system. It is also an inevitable trend in future development. The bill of quantities quotation is truly It has implemented the national current project cost system reform’s principles of “volume control, price guidance, and competitive fees” and achieved the project cost reform goal of “a price mechanism based on market formation under national macro-control”. However, due to differences in understanding levels of bills of quantities among various regions and departments, there is currently a lack of a complete set of effective operating methods. It will take some time to achieve a bill of quantities quotation model that combines the physical method with market unit prices. Through daily accumulation, summary and joint efforts of people from all walks of life, there are also many basic supporting tasks that need to be further improved.

The urgent task at present is to formulate national unified rules for calculating project quantities; scientifically measure project consumption, establish nationally unified quotas for separation of quantity and price, and encourage construction enterprises to prepare their own quotas in the quota system; completely liberalize prices and improve Collection, processing and regular release of project cost information; by formulating new bid evaluation methods that are compatible with the quotation of the bill of quantities, standardizing competitive behavior, preventing vicious competition from going to the other extreme, and correctly guiding enterprises to make independent quotations. In short, we hope that the implementation of the bill of quantities quotation model will promote the deepening reform of my country's project cost management, ultimately establish a project cost valuation model that complies with international rules, and establish a project cost valuation and quotation model for my country's market pricing.

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