How to raise tilapia in the pond?

Tilapia reared in the fry cultivation period have the habit of eating each other, which is mainly manifested in the fry cultivation period, where the phenomenon of big fry swallowing small fry is more serious, so it must be carefully reared in the fry cultivation period. After the seedlings are seen in the nursery pond, the seedlings can be caught once on the 5 th to 7 th day. The first seedlings have neat specifications and a large number. Catch seedlings again every 15-20 days. The fry pond can stock about 654.38+ 10,000 fish per mu, and the specifications of fry in the same pond should be neat to prevent big seedlings from eating small seedlings. Before the fry are put into the fry cultivation pond, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, and soybean milk should be sprinkled after the fry are put every day. At the water temperature of about 25℃, after 15-20 days, the seedlings can grow to the weight of about 1g, and then they can be transferred to fish ponds for feeding. You can also continue to breed large-scale fish in the original spawning pond and then transfer it to the fish pond.

Edit this section of tilapia fry cultivation techniques.

"Zengfu" Luo belongs to Nile tilapia, which has inherited high-quality genes from its parents. It has small head, thick meat, wide body and fast growth rate, and is suitable for processing and export. Because of its high male fish rate, low feed coefficient and strong adaptability, it is especially suitable for freshwater culture in the Pearl River Delta region. In the stage of fry cultivation, after pond water quality cultivation, 40,000 to 50,000 fry of 1 ~ 1.5cm can be raised per mu, and when the fry grow to 4 to 5 cm, pond cultivation can be carried out. After five months of cultivation, it can generally reach more than 500 grams, and the price of large adult fish caught in the market or raised in ponds is quite considerable. According to professional analysis, according to the conventional calculation, the yield per mu of "Zengfu" Luo is 1.500 kg, the market price is 3 yuan per kg, and the output value per mu can reach 4,500 yuan; The breeding cost ranges from 1.5 to 1.8 yuan per catty, and the average profit per mu ranges from 1800 to 2,250 yuan; In addition, the output of silver carp, bighead carp, carp and other fish is 200 Jin, the output value is 500 yuan, and the profit per mu of fish pond can reach more than 2,300 yuan, which can increase the 800 yuan for farmers. The technical measures for pond culture of "Zengfu" tilapia fry from blooming to entering Tang Qian are summarized as follows for farmers' reference.

1, pond conditions. The pond covers an area of 2-3 mu, and the water depth is about1.5m. The pond has a solid foundation and a flat bottom of 10-20cm.

2. Clean the pond for disinfection. There are many disinfection methods for cleaning ponds, which can be disinfected with water or dried ponds. The best way is to drain the pond water after removing weeds and miscellaneous fish, put 50 kg/mu of quicklime for disinfection, kill wild miscellaneous fish in a pond with springs with 50 kg/mu of tea residue, and put them into fresh water after 2-3 days.

3. Put the water back into the pond. After cleaning and disinfecting the pond, put fresh water into the pond. When the water enters the pond, filter the water with 40 mesh cloth. After the first water inflow is controlled at 80cm, stop the drainage. One week after the seedlings are released, 20cm of fresh water is injected to keep the water depth of the pond at about 1m to cultivate the fry.

4. Fattening water quality. Zooplankton and zooplankton are used as bait in the seedling stage of Nile tilapia, and the fry are put into a fertilizer pond, and the fry have rich natural bait after entering the pond. Therefore, after the pond is flooded, 200 kg of animal manure or 300-500 kg of green manure should be put into the pond 3-5 days before the fry enter the pond. Soak around the pond to improve the water quality of the pond and control the transparency at 30-40 cm.

5. Raise seedlings. In the pond where the fry are to be released, after testing the water to determine whether the fry can grow safely, the fry of Oreochromis aurea are released according to the standard of 654.38+100000 per mu. When releasing the fry, pay attention to float the fry bag with fish flowers on the surface of the pond for about 30 minutes. After the water temperature in the fry bag is consistent with that in the pond, put the fry into the pond in the upwind direction.

6. Feeding management. When tilapia fry are cultured in ponds, applying organic fertilizer frequently can enrich the water quality, and can also cultivate zooplankton as bait for fry. Artificial compound feed can also be put into culture regularly and quantitatively. Put eel feed 500 g/ 10,000 fish every day before the blooming reaches 3 cm, and increase the dosage of bait appropriately from the third day. When it reaches the size of 3 cm, the dosage is changed to 1000 g/ 10,000 fish per day, and fry with the size of 4-6 cm can be reached after 25-30 days.

7. Prevention and treatment of fish diseases. Tilapia seedlings are more prone to fish diseases at seedling stage than at adult stage. In case of bad weather, low water temperature and improper operation, it is easy to get water mold. The control method is to apply 2-3 ppm silymarin or Yuxiakang to the whole pond. Sometimes you will also suffer from wheel disease, and the prevention and treatment method is to prevent and treat it with trichlorfon or trichlorfon fish medicine.

Edit this paragraph "Water Quality Management Technology for Cultured Tilapia"

Tilapia has the advantages of wide feeding habits, hypoxia tolerance, fast growth, few diseases and strong reproductive ability. And it's easy to raise and there's a market. At present, it is widely cultivated in China, and it is the main breeding variety of many local agricultural, fishery and breeding units, especially tilapia, which is active in the international market and intensive farming is in the ascendant. However, intensive farming has gradually brought some problems. Many farmers constantly put too much feed and fertilizer into the aquaculture water because of one-sided pursuit of yield, which makes the water quality worse, the living environment of fish go from bad to worse, and a large number of dead fish often appear, and they encounter market barriers due to health problems, which brings huge losses to aquaculture operators. At the same time, tilapia is a tropical fish, which has special requirements for breeding environment and feeding management, and relatively high requirements for water quality, so water quality management has become the key to the success of tilapia breeding.

First, choose the water source carefully.

Tilapia is a tropical euryhaline fish, which can grow at the water temperature of 18℃ ~ 38℃, and the optimum water temperature is 28℃ ~ 32℃. It can tolerate hypoxia, can still eat in water with dissolved oxygen below 0.7 mg/L, and can grow and reproduce under dissolved oxygen of 65438 0.6 mg/L. It can grow, develop and reproduce in fresh water, and can grow in water with pH value of 4.5 ~ 10. In aquaculture, water source is the most basic and important aspect, which determines the water quality conditions and the success or failure of aquaculture. The general water source conditions require stable, sufficient, clean and hygienic water source, suitable water temperature, good water quality and no pollution, which meet the national fishery water quality standards. At the same time, it requires convenient water injection and drainage, with single injection and single discharge. Fishing nets should be built at the water inlet and outlet to prevent enemy creatures and wild fish from entering the pool and fish from escaping. The water source should be filtered and disinfected in the reservoir before entering the aquaculture pond to kill pathogens and enemies in the water source. Generally, the whole pond can be sprinkled with 25g/m3 ~ 30g/m3 of quicklime or bleaching powder 1g/m3 (containing more than 25% of available chlorine). When it is necessary to kill pests, 0.5g/m3 trichlorfon solution (90% crystal trichlorfon) can also be used. In cage culture, the water temperature must be between 18℃ and 38℃ all the year round, the water quality must meet the standards of fishery water use, the water source is stable and pollution-free, the water surface is open in winter, sheltered from the wind and sun, with sufficient light, quiet environment and no industrial and agricultural polluted water flowing into the water source.

Second, strictly clean and disinfect the pond.

Cleaning pond disinfection can kill pathogenic factors of water body and ensure good water quality conditions. Before sowing, both old and new ponds must be cleaned and disinfected. To remove too much silt in the old pond, only 10 cm sediment can be retained. Disinfect the pond with drugs from 18 to 15 days before releasing fish, so as to kill pathogens and pests in the aquaculture water. Generally speaking, two methods can be used to clean ponds or use water. When cleaning the pond by dry method, about 75 kg of quicklime or 4 ~ 5 kg of bleaching powder can be used per mu. When cleaning the pond with water, about 1.50 kg of quicklime can be used to spread the pond, so that the sludge at the bottom of the pond can be mixed with quicklime as much as possible, and parasites, pathogens and wild fish can be completely killed. In cage culture, drugs can be disinfected by hanging bags, and the new cage should be fully soaked and disinfected before launching.

Third, scientific fertilization and feeding.

The amount of fertilizer, bait and other aquaculture inputs not only affects the growth of tilapia, but also affects the change of water quality. Tilapia is not strict about water quality. In natural waters, its main feeding objects are benthos, aquatic insects, zooplankton, rotifers, organic debris and macroalgae. It can absorb plankton in water as food, especially like artificial feed. In aquaculture, proper fertilization can also make plankton in a good growth state, increase dissolved oxygen and nutrients in water, maintain good water quality and assist fish growth. Generally, before stocking fish, sufficient base fertilizer can be applied to improve the nutritional status of sediments in the water and increase the nutrition in the pond, which is conducive to the growth of natural bait. The specific method is to apply 250 kg ~ 300 kg of decomposed chicken manure per mu. Topdressing can also be applied according to the water quality in the middle stage of culture, and it is generally better to topdress 15 ~ 20 days 1 time. 2 kg ~ 3 kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 0/kg of phosphorus fertilizer can be applied per mu each time. A small amount of green or red duckweed can also be put in the pond, and organic fertilizer or biological fertilizer can also be applied according to the water temperature and quality. At present, tilapia is one of the main targets of high-density running water culture or "factory" culture. Intensive farming needs to be fed with compound feed with comprehensive nutrition. However, if you don't master scientific methods when feeding, it will not only waste feed, but also spoil water quality and induce various diseases, so feeding bait should be scientific. Tilapia has a wide range of food habits. In the case of artificial feeding, it can be fed with various feeds, such as wheat, corn and cake, which are all high-quality feeds. The content of protein in the initial feed should be 32% ~ 35%, and the daily feeding amount should be 3% ~ 5% of the total weight of fish. When the individual size is about 200g, the feeding amount can be adjusted to 2% of the total weight of the fish, and the protein content in the feed can be ensured to be 27% ~ 29%. When the individual reaches about 300g, the tilapia enters the fastest growth period, the daily feeding amount is kept at 65438+ 0% ~ 2% of the fish weight, and the protein content in the feed is above 35%. Feed can be mixed by itself, but it is best to process it into granules for feeding. Feeding methods should emphasize the principle of "four determinations". Feed twice a day at 8:00-9:00 am and 3:00-4:00 pm respectively. There are still 2 ~ 3 bait tables for fixed-point delivery per mu of pond.

Fourth, adjust the water quality regularly.

Water quality control is the fundamental way to cultivate good water quality conditions. In pond culture, the pond water should be changed frequently to maintain the quality of fresh water and prevent floating head and flooding. Dissolved oxygen should always be kept above 3 mg/L. Generally, fresh water should be added once every 15 days, and the water should be changed every time 10 cm ~ 20 cm, so that the water level in the pond can be kept at around 1.5 m, and the number of water changes can be appropriately increased in hot season. During the breeding period, according to the weather, water temperature and fish feeding, the aerator is properly turned on to increase oxygen. When the weather changes, the air pressure is low, and the dissolved oxygen in the water is less than 3 mg/L, the startup frequency and startup time should be increased. When cage culture is carried out in the reservoir, it is necessary to wash the cage frequently to wash off the dirt and attached algae in the cage, so that the water body can be fully exchanged. Also check the cage regularly, and repair it in time if it is found damaged, so as to prevent the fish from escaping or fierce fish from entering the cage. When necessary, it is necessary to constantly adjust the cage, and adjust the cage to a suitable depth with the fluctuation of the reservoir water level.

Fifth, pay attention to reasonable stocking.

Reasonable stocking density can maintain good water quality; Appropriate varieties can indirectly adjust the water quality, mutual benefit, and achieve the harmony of water bodies. In order to improve the survival rate of tilapia culture, it is necessary to control the stocking density and match the species. At present, the main culture methods are pond culture and cage culture, which are suitable for mixed culture with tilapia, mainly silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp, bream and freshwater pomfret. Every spring, when the water temperature rises above 15℃, winter seedlings will be released. The main pond is generally stocked with 1500 ~ 3000 tilapia species, and 40 ~ 70 silver carp and bighead carp species are mixed to control the water quality. When mixed with other fish, 200 ~ 500 fish can be placed per mu. Tilapia can be raised singly, mainly or together in cages. The fish species should be large in size, and the size of the fish in the box is generally 10 g ~ 50 g, with an average of 30 g. The stocking amount depends on the water quality. When the dissolved oxygen is above 3 mg/L, the stocking density should be 3 kg ~ 20 kg per cubic meter of water, and the fish should be disinfected by medicinal bath before stocking. In addition, with the continuous growth of fish, in order to adjust the culture density and improve efficiency, we can catch fish in batches and release them in turn to adjust the fish load in the water body and maintain good water quality conditions.

VI. Prevention of various diseases

In tilapia culture, regular disease prevention is the guarantee of good water quality conditions. It is generally appropriate to use quicklime to prevent diseases, because it can adjust the pH value of water, kill harmful bacteria in water, release inorganic salts in sediments and increase the fertility of water. First of all, it should be disinfected regularly. During pond culture, quicklime is applied every 65,438+00 days to 65,438+05 days, and 65,438+05 kg to 20 kg of water is sprayed on each mu of the pond, and the pH value of pond water is adjusted to be slightly alkaline for 65,438+0 ~ 2 times a month, and biological agents are used to improve the microbial structure and water quality of the pond. At the same time, it is necessary to start the machine in time to increase oxygen, so as to keep the pH value of the pool water between 7.0 and 8.0 and the transparency between 25 cm and 30 cm. In cage culture, regular disinfection and disease prevention can be carried out by hanging bags of drugs or feeding bait to improve water quality. Secondly, we should strengthen daily management. Patrol the pond day and night, measure the water temperature three times a day, the pH value once a week, and the transparency twice. Patrol the pond once in the morning and evening, and write down the breeding diary; Regularly adjust the water quality, and keep the pond water dark brown with transparency of 25 cm ~30 cm after fish enter the pond. In hot season, water is generally changed 1 ~2 times a week, and 20%~30% of the pool water is changed each time. In addition, it is necessary to create a good breeding environment and prohibit all harmful organisms from entering the water body.

Breeding and Breeding of Parental Varieties of Tilapia Edit this paragraph

Tilapia farming does not need artificial aphrodisiac and running water stimulation. As long as the water temperature is stable above 20℃, mature male and female fish can naturally breed in the same breeding pool. When the water temperature is stable at 25-29℃, fry can be propagated every 30-50 days. In southern China, tilapia can generally produce seedlings five to six times a year, and can reproduce all year round under temperature control.

Breeding pool conditions

1. The aquaculture pond should be located near the water source, with convenient water injection and drainage, quiet environment and convenient transportation. It is best to choose a pond near the parent fish that overwinters in winter to reduce the damage caused by the parent fish crossing the pond.

2. The area and water level of the aquaculture pond is generally 2-6 mu. Too large area is not conducive to the collection of fry, too small area is difficult to control the water quality, and the water temperature changes obviously. When the parent fish first enters the pond, the water level is controlled between 1.4-1.5 meters. When parent fish breed, the water level should be reduced to 0.8-1.2 m, and it can be appropriately deepened to 1.2-1.4 m at high temperature in summer.

3. Rectangular ponds with long east-west and wide north-south are more conducive to pond shape and sediment. There should be shallow beaches near the pond to help the parent fish dig their nests and produce seedlings. The bottom of the pond should be flat or slightly pot-shaped, and the substrate should be loam or sandy loam. There should be no weeds in the shallows near the pond, otherwise it is not conducive to collecting fry.

Cleaning and disinfection of aquaculture ponds

Before the parent fish enter the pond, the breeding pond must be cleaned and disinfected. When cleaning, drain the pool water, catch miscellaneous fish, and remove weeds and sundries at the bottom of the pool, especially within the range of 1.6 meters from the bottom to the edge of the pool. Ponds and ridges should be strictly inspected, and water injection and drainage filters should be firm. It's best to expose the bottom of the pool to the sun until it cracks. Parent fish enter tang qian 10- 15 days, return water 10-20 cm, and then poison the pond with drugs. Commonly used drugs are tea residue, bleaching powder and quicklime, among which quicklime and tea residue have the best effect. The dosage of tea residue is 40-50kg/mu, quicklime150-200kg/mu, bleaching powder15-20kg/mu (30% of available chlorine).

Cultivation water quality

After a few days of disinfection, use a dense mesh net to check whether the pool has been disinfected. After confirming that there are no other fish and sundries in the culture pond, you can return to the water (the water inlet must be filtered with a dense mesh net when entering the water, and the dense mesh net should be checked and cleaned frequently), and base fertilizer should be applied. Apply 300-600 kg of fermented manure or 500-800 kg of green manure per mu, and control the water quality in tea green or yellow green (such as applying green manure).

Parent fish stocking

1. Selection of parent fish The tilapia used as a parent must be pure, and individuals with fast growth and large size should be selected in the same population. Generally, the overwintering fish should be more than 250 grams, the male fish is slightly larger, and the big fish should be kept small. When selecting, the selected parents should have high back, thick meat, complete scales and wings, bright color, clear markings, no disease or injury, neat figure and external morphology in line with taxonomic standards.

2. Stocking time When the parent fish is put into the culture pond, the water temperature should be kept above 20℃. Generally in Guangdong, seedlings can be paired in the middle and late March. Because of the greenhouse and temperature control equipment, seedlings can emerge in our hospital in mid-February. Stocking parent fish should be carried out on sunny days, one at a time. Parent fish should be disinfected when entering Tang Qian. Parent fish should be soaked in 3‰-3.5‰ salt water for 5- 10 minutes before being put into the culture pond. When transporting parent fish, the operation should be brisk, minimize the damage to the fish, shorten the recovery time of the parent fish, and emerge early. After all the parent fish enter the pool, disinfect with 0.3 ppm chlorine dioxide to prevent wound infection and water mold of the parent fish.

3. The stocking density and the stocking density of female and male parent fish should be determined according to the dissolved oxygen capacity, pond conditions and production quantity of the pond. The pond at room temperature is equipped with1.5-2.2kW aerator according to 2000m3 (about 3mu) of water, and the stocking density can reach1500-2000g/mu, with specifications of 250-300g. 300-500g of parent fish can be put in each mu, and 600-800 fish can be put in. In the morning and evening, there is still water thermal insulation aerobic pool with plastic film cover. The stocking density of parent fish is 1000- 1200, and the specification is 250-300g.

It is necessary to control the ratio of male to female when stocking. According to the production experience of our hospital in recent years, the ratio of male to female is 2.5: 1-4: 1, and the fry yield is ideal, because when a large number of male fish are mixed in, if the feed is not enough, a large number of fry will be swallowed, which will seriously affect the fry yield.

Training and management

After a long period of overwintering, the parent fish has weak constitution and poor gonad development, so it needs to be strengthened. According to the feeding method of adult fish combining fertilization and feeding, feeding and fertilization depend on the weather and the feeding situation of parent fish. Generally, the daily feeding amount is 3%-4% of the parent fish's weight in the pond. In order to promote the gonad development and maturity of parent fish as soon as possible, the breeding requires the cooperation of fine and green, so that the nutrition is diversified and comprehensive. The protein content of parent fish concentrate feed should be above 35%. Commonly used feeds include soybean meal, fish meal, corn meal and peanut meal. Yellow powder, as the feed of parent fish, is best made into granules after purchasing raw materials.

After the parent fish enters the pond, it is necessary to patrol the pond in the morning, noon and evening, and fish out the frog eggs in the pond in time to kill the enemy, especially to strengthen water quality management. When the water color is too thick or dark brown, effective measures should be taken in time to replace some new water or sprinkle lime to prevent the parents from losing their minds and flooding the pond due to the deterioration of water quality. Disinfect the aquaculture pond regularly and adjust the water quality. Calcium lime is usually applied once every half month, and the dosage is controlled at per mu 10- 15 kg. Regularly apply some microbial agents to change the microbial community in the pond and improve the aquatic environment.

Parent fish produce seedlings

1. When the water temperature rises to 22℃ after the parent fish is stocked, the mature parent fish begins to estrus and lay eggs. The fertilized eggs and fry hatch in the female fish's mouth, from the estrus of the parent fish to the independent life of the fry from the mother, and the film is released at 25℃ for about 5-6 days and at 28-30℃ for about 4-5 days.

2. Fishing seedlings usually takes place in the morning or evening. A better method is to fish around the pond by hand with nets and small trawls, and raise the fry every 3-4 meters and put them in cages for temporary cultivation. This is repeated 4-5 times a day in order to catch seedlings as cleanly as possible every day. Be quick when fishing for seedlings. After catching a certain number, you can count the seedlings, move them to the cultivation pool, and then transfer to the fry cultivation stage.

Because tilapia have the habit of eating each other in the seedling stage, the fry with a body length of 1.5 cm can already swallow the seedlings that have just left the mother. Fishing and catching can be combined in production, dense mesh nets should be used when catching seedlings, and the sinkers on the bottom class should not be too heavy to let the parent fish escape from the bottom of the net.

Several problems that must be paid attention to

1. Before the parent fish with water temperature moves to the culture pond, it is necessary to cool down the overwintering pond. When the water temperature is equal to the outside world, stop feeding and replenish fresh water three days after leaving tang qian. Be careful when crossing the pond to reduce the damage of fish. Because the water temperature is generally not high at this time, the wounds of parent fish are prone to water mold. When moving the pond, it must be disinfected before it can be put into the breeding pond.

2. Water quality is the key link in the number of fry produced by parent fish. The water quality should not be too fat or too thin, and obese parent fish are easy to float due to lack of oxygen; Too thin is not conducive to the cultivation of parents and seedlings. Adjust water quality, use quicklime regularly, often replace some old water, and inject new water in high temperature season. It is suggested to use some microbial agents to improve water quality and increase dissolved oxygen.

3. Bait Another key link in the fry yield of parent fish is bait. As the bait of parent fish, to achieve the quality of intensive cultivation, it is necessary to be very clear about the various components contained in the feed. Only by absorbing enough protein energy, parent fish can shorten the interval of seedling production, increase the number of seedlings and improve the emergence rate.

4. The phenomenon of stopping or reducing the seedlings of male and female tilapia occurs during the high temperature in summer, so it is very difficult to collect the seedlings. At this time, the male and female parent fish can be separated and cultured in separate ponds, and when the water temperature drops below 30℃, they can be paired to produce fry. The purpose of this is to collect a batch of concentrated seedlings, which is beneficial to seedling raising and overwintering.

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