All the ancient poems to be recited in the first grade of junior high school and senior high school.

1, Yin and Yang (Yin: the mountain is north and the water is south, where the sun is not easy to shine; Yang: The mountains are in the south and the water is in the north.

2. Rivers (ancient "Jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "He" refers to the Yellow River.

3, inside the customs (before the Han Dynasty, "Guan" specifically refers to Hangu Pass; In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, even now, the three northeastern provinces were called "the Commissioner".

4. Shandong and Shanxi ("Mountain" refers specifically to Lushan Mountain, and later sometimes to Taihang Mountain.

5, ancient and modern place names (mostly-Beijing; Daliang, Bianliang, Tokyo and Bianjing-Kaifeng; Jingkou-Zhenjiang; Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jiangning and Shicheng-Nanjing; Lin 'an and Qiantang-Hangzhou; Gusu and Wu Jun-Suzhou; Huaishang, Jiangdu and Weiyang-Yangzhou; Huiji-Shaoxing; Chang 'an-Xi 'an; Fengtian-Shenyang; Zhigu-Tianjin. )

6. Wuyue (Dongyue Taishan Xiyue Huashan Zhongyue Songshan Nanyue Hengshan Beiyue Hengshan)

place name

Attention should be paid to the differences between ancient orientation, integrity of place names and modernity.

(1) Liuhe: It refers to the four directions of heaven and earth (namely, up, down, east, south, west and north).

(2) Eight Barrens: East, Southeast, South, Southwest, Northwest, North and Northeast. It's a remote place. Eight Barrens refers to places far away from the Central Plains.

(3) Kyushu: The ancient world was divided into Kyushu, namely Yanzhou, Jizhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou.

(4) Shandong: refers to the east of Lushan Mountain.

(5) Jiangnan: generally refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(6) Jiangzuo: that is, east of the Yangtze River.

(7) River surface: outside the Yangtze River, it refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(8) Hebei and Henan generally refer to the land of the Central Plains, that is, the Yellow River Basin.

(9) Five Mountains: Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Mount Hengshan in Nanyue, Mount Hengshan in Xiyue and Mount Songshan in Zhongyue.

(10) Nanjing is also called Jianye, the ancient position of Jianye, the incorruptibility of place names, and the difference between modern times.

(1 1) Kaifeng is also known as Daliang, Bianzhou and Tokyo.

Official name (of a person)

The situation of official positions in ancient times was extremely complicated, and there were changes in each dynasty, which could be roughly mastered by the central and local governments.

Central official position: under the emperor, there is a prime minister, or prime minister, who helps manage state affairs and directs hundreds of officials. The central government generally has six departments responsible for government affairs, namely, the official department, the household department, the ritual department, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Industry. The viceroy is called Shangshu, and the deputy viceroy is an assistant minister.

Local official position: a large administrative region is called a county, state or province, and the main officials are called chief executive, satrap (or secretariat) and governor respectively.

Grass-roots political power is called county, county officials are called county magistrate or magistrate, there is Gaozhou (or government) between the big administrative region and county, and the chief executive is called magistrate (magistrate).

annual report

Calendar years are:

(1) According to the year when the vassal ascended the throne (for example, Zhao Haoqi Huiwen was sixteen years old).

(2) Chronology of cadres and branches (e.g. 19 1 1 March 29th, 2008 was the most important).

(3) year number and year number method (such as February 19th, Germany).

(4) The year number is dual-purpose (such as Xianfeng Gengshen, Britain and France invaded from the sea). Season, the three months in a season are called Meng, Zhong and Ji in turn, such as (January), Midspring (February) and (March). Every month's special day has a specific name. The first day is called "new moon", the last day is called "darkness", the fifteenth day is called "hope" and the sixteenth day is called "hope". A day and night is divided into twelve hours, which are called twelve earthly branches, and each hour is two hours. There are five classes and nine drums every night) once every two hours. In addition, crows refer to three or four o'clock in the morning and are called Dan, Chen and Chao at sunrise; At dusk, it is equivalent to 9- 1 1 at night. In the evening, at dusk, the Huangquan fault, when people are at sea, is quite 9- 1 1 pm.

Ancient festivals and related customs

New Year's Day: The first day of the first month, also known as January Day, has the custom of offering sacrifices to the gods and sticking peach symbols. According to legend, there are two immortals, Tea and Lei Yu, under the peach tree in Dushuo Mountain in the East China Sea, who can eat all kinds of ghosts. The ancients painted two statues in peach wood and hung them at the door to exorcise ghosts. The Five Dynasties began to write couplets on symbols, which later evolved into Spring Festival couplets. Wang Anshi has a poem "January 1st": "Thousands of households always exchange new peaches for old ones."

Shangyuan: The 15th day of the first month, also known as Yuanxiao, Yuanxiao and Yuanxiao. It is also called the Lantern Festival, because on the last night of the Lantern Festival, people hang lanterns to play. Song notes Shu Zhen's "Born in the West": "Last year's Lantern Festival, the flower market was full of lights."

Social Day: A day when farmers offer sacrifices to the land gods. Before the Han dynasty, there were only spring clubs, and after the Han dynasty, there began to be autumn clubs. Spring club is around the vernal equinox, and autumn club is around the autumnal equinox. On the social day, neighbors gathered in the land temple to prepare wine and meat to sacrifice to the gods, and then held a banquet. The Wang family's "Social Day Poetry" "Sang Zheying scattered the Spring Society, and everyone was intoxicated."

Cold food: two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day, that is, after winter on the solstice 105, sometimes 106. Legend has it that it originated from Jin Wengong's mourning for Jie Zhitui, who lived in seclusion in Mianshan. Jin Wengong forced him to let Yamakaji go, and he clung to the tree. Jin Wengong banned fire and cold food on this day, which later evolved into a cold food festival. During the Cold Food Festival, people will ban fire for three days. Yuan Zhen's "Lianchang Palace Ci": "Cold food is 160, and the shop is smoke-free."

Qingming: The customs in Tomb-Sweeping Day are mainly hiking and sweeping graves. Du Mu has a poem "Qingming Festival": "It rains a lot during Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls."

Shangsi: It was originally scheduled for the fourth day of March, so it was called Shangsi. After Cao Wei, this festival was fixed on March 3. Earlier, people went to the water to pick orchids to drive away evil spirits. Later, it evolved into a festival of feasting and spring outing by the water in the suburbs. Du Fu wrote two poems: "On March 3rd, the weather was sunny, and there were many beautiful people by the Chang 'an River."

Dragon Boat Festival: the fifth day of May, also known as "Duanyang" and "Chongwu", and "Duan" means "start". It is said that Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of May, and people rushed to save Qu Yuan, which later evolved into a tradition of rowing dragon boats. People also throw zongzi into the river to protect Qu Yuan's health, and there is a tradition of eating zongzi. After the Tang Dynasty, the Dragon Boat Festival became a big festival, which was rewarded by the imperial court. Du Fu has a gift of clothes in the afternoon: "Dragon Boat Festival is an honor."

Tanabata: July 7th. According to folklore, the cowherd and the weaver girl meet at the magpie bridge at night, women make colorful buildings, and old wine and preserved fruit beg for cleverness in court. Ning He's Gong Ci: "The stars are dotted with Zhu Guang, and the Qixi Palace is busy."

Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15th. August 15th is in the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn Festival. At this time, the autumn is crisp and the moonlight is the most beautiful. It is a festival to enjoy the moon. Su Shi's Water Tune: "When will there be a bright moon? Ask for wine. " Wei Zhuang's "Send a Scholar to Jingxi": "In August, the Mid-Autumn Festival will be over, and you will be sent to the Mulan boat."

Chongyang: the ninth day of September. Also known as double nine. The ancients thought that nine was the number of yang, and the sun and the moon combined nine, which was called Chongyang. The ancients thought it would be safe to drink chrysanthemum wine with Cornus officinalis capsules on this day, so they had the habit of climbing high and drinking on this day. Wang Wei's "Remembering Brothers in Shandong on Vacation in the Mountain": "I know far away where the brothers have climbed, and there is one person missing from the dogwood."

Twelfth lunar month: The twelfth lunar month is the name of sacrifice, and the sacrifice to the gods at the end of the year is called twelfth lunar month (so December is called twelfth lunar month). In ancient times, the eighth day of December was the twelfth month, and villagers played drums to drive away the plague. Du Fu has a poem "La Ri": "La Ri is still warm every year, but this year it is completely frozen."

New Year's Eve: The evening of the last day of the year. Except for the old cloth, it is new. The last day of the year is called "New Year's Eve" and that night is called "New Year's Eve". People often stay up all night on New Year's Eve, which is called keeping watch. Su Shi has "Shousui": "Children can't sleep, and they are happy at night."

Etiquette custom

1, age appellation

Baby: baby.

Children: 2-3 years old children.

Overall angle: children.

Cardamom:/kloc-a woman of 0/3 years old.

And logistics: 15 year old woman.

Crown, added crown and weak crown: 20-year-old male.

Standing: 30.

There is no doubt: 40 years old.

Know life, know destiny, half a hundred, know right and wrong: 50 years old.

Flower nails and flat nails: 60 years old. Zhai: 60 years old.

Gu Xi: 70 years old.

Li: 70 to 80 years old.

Mao: 80 ~ 90 years old.

Period: 100 years old.

2. Taboo

In feudal society, the names of monarchs and elders were avoided from being spoken and written directly, but by changing words, missing pens, function words and synonyms. Such as "how to get the right place for folk customs" and "folk customs", that is, "folk customs"

3. Modesty and respect

Steal: settle, settle.

Boldly: Offensively and boldly.

Meng: Thank you.

Please allow me, please let me.

Driving for nothing: Thanks for your help.

Grant: It means that the other party has given benefits.

Imperial examination officials

After the provincial examination (the applicant's name is "Juren" and the name is "Xie Yuan")

Examination (the candidate's name is "Gong Sheng" and the name is "Hui Yuan")

Court examination (the examinee is named "Jinshi", the first one is named "No.1 scholar", the second one is named "No.1 scholar" and the third one is named "Exploring Flowers".

Worship: to grant an official position.

Except: old posts are deleted from new posts.

Out: as.

Promotion: promotion of official position.

Transfer: transfer official position for promotion.

G: abolish official positions.

Strike: recall and suspension.

Exemption: Exemption from official position.

Destroy: depose, demote.

Chen: Demoted and transferred far away.

Decision: removal from office.

Remove or depose.

Retirement: (1) Revocation or demotion of official position; (2) Resign yourself.

Reject: screen out.

Go: leave your post and be transferred.

Move to the left: reduce official transfer.

"Promotion and selection.

Grant: seal of official position.

Name appellation

(1) Name: The ancients were famous for their names, characters and numbers. After the death of senior officials, there was posthumous title. Such as Ouyang xiu, the word uncle Yong, the number of laymen, Names and characters are generally related, such as Zhuge Liang's word Kongming, which means very bright; There are also antonyms, such as Han Yu's withdrawal, which is the opposite.

(2) General appellation. Call yourself by your first name. Used to describe yourself as a contemptuous person or an objective introduction. Li, Hao, Zhai Ming, posthumous title, to show respect. There are official titles and native places (such as Kang Youwei called Kang Nanhai). There are also several side names, such as "Yu Zaishi Museum, the story of Wen Hanlin (official name) Tiantai (native place) and Mr. Tao about bloggers" and "Assistant Ambassador Ma (official name) recorded (name)".

(3) modesty. Princes claim to be widowed, ministers claim to be ministers, Shu Ren claims to be servants, landless, unworthy and stupid, and women claim to be concubines. The younger generation calls themselves boys.

(4) respect. For kings, they are called Bi Ding, Di (for the dead, they are called temples, such as,), for Shangguan or elders, they are called "first step, adult", and for teachers, they are called "Zi, Master, Master and Sir". Adding "first" means the deceased elder.

Cultural classics

Hundred schools of thought's Prose —— The Analects of Confucius, Laozi, Mozi, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Han Feizi.

Coquettish-the name of Chu Ci in the Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first poetry anthology, which initiated the realistic tradition of China's poetry. Li Sao initiated the romantic tradition of China's poetry. )

Four Books and Five Classics-Four Books refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean. The Five Classics refers to five Confucian classics: Yi, Shangshu, History, Li and Chunqiu.

Biography of Six Arts-refers to six classics: poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, righteousness, Yue, Spring and Autumn.

Six meanings-wind, elegance, praise, fu, comparison and glory.

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, is the representative work of pre-Qin philosophers and was written by the prime minister of Qin during the Warring States Period.

Zuo Zhuan-the abbreviation of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as Zuo Chunqiu, is the first chronological history book in China.

The Warring States Policy is a national history book and a compilation of lobbyists' strategies and speeches during the Warring States Period compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty.

General History of China's First Biography.

China's first collection of note novels.

China's first dictionary, Shuo Wen Jie Zi.

"Two Beauties of Yuefu"-Peacock Flying Southeast and Mulan Poetry.

Three words and two beats-Yu Shiming's words are a general warning to the world, awakening the world, the first moment of surprise, the second moment of surprise.

Three Officials and Three Farewells-Shi Haoguan, Tongguan Official, Xin 'an Official, Wedding Farewell, Farewell to the Old and Welcome to the New, Homeless.

What are nine nobles and three publics?

Both Qinghe Palace are official names. According to historical records, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both the Zhou Dynasty and the governors had ministers, which were divided into upper, middle and lower levels. During the Warring States period, many countries used it. Shang Qing was the highest official position at that time.

The theory of "Jiuqing" began in Qin and Han Dynasties, and refers to nine official positions: Taichang, Guangluxun, Wei, Tingwei, Taifu, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu.

Specifically, Tai Chang is responsible for the sacrificial ceremony and etiquette of the ancestral temple; Guang Luxun is in charge of the guards and guards of the imperial court; Wei Wei is responsible for guarding the palace gate; The courtiers were in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses; Ting Wei is the highest judicial official, in charge of prisons and trial of cases. Dahonglu, also known as Dianke or Dahongling, is responsible for foreign affairs and ethnic affairs; Zong Zheng is responsible for the management of royal and clan affairs; Dasinong, also known as the internal history of millet management or agricultural order, is in charge of grain, goods, taxes, taxes, finance and so on. Shaofu is in charge of the tax revenue of Shanhai pond and supports the emperor. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a young lady under the Qing Dynasty, which was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.

The theory of "three publics" also began very early. Sima, Situ and Xi 'an were the three publics in the Zhou Dynasty, and the Prime Minister (Da Situ), Qiu (Da Sima) and Tai Yi (Da) were the three publics in the Western Han Dynasty. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the names had changed, referring to Qiu, Situ and Sima respectively. The three fairs, also known as the "three divisions", are responsible for both military and political affairs.

Examples of naming ancient poetry anthologies

There are many ancient poetry collections involved in middle school Chinese textbooks. The names of these poems include surnames (such as Mencius, Sun Tzu and Liezi), names (such as Cen Can and Lu You), ideographic characters (such as the complete works of Li Taibai) and nicknames (such as the poems of Bai Xiangshan and the complete works of Dongpo).

① Title type. In ancient times, kings often gave titles to their officials, and titles could also be used as collective names. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, whose real name was Bowen, was named Cheng Yibo, and the anthology "Cheng Yibo Collection". Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty, named Jing Guogong, is the author of Wang Shi Zhu.

② posthumous title's style. After the death of a senior official of the ancient emperor, according to the deeds of the deceased before his death, the court gave him the title of "posthumous title" to praise or criticize good and evil. "posthumous title" can also be named as a collection of poems, such as Fan Zhongyan, a writer in the Song Dynasty. After his death, Wen Gong Zheng was added, and his collection was named Fan Wenzheng Gong Ji; Ouyang Xiu is posthumous title Wenzhong, and his anthology is Ouyang Wenzhong's official document.

3 official rank style. Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty was a Taishi order, known as Taishi Gong in the world and Taishi Gong Shu in the history books. Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was originally named Yuan Wailang, also known as Du Gongbu, and his works are also called The Collection of Du Gongbu. Song Lian, a writer in the early Ming Dynasty, was a bachelor of Hanlin, and was the author of Song Anthology.

(4) Original style. In ancient times, people were called by their native place to show respect or modesty and elegance, which was often used as a collective name. For example, Liu Zongyuan, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Xie Xian County, Hedong, also known as Liu Hedong. His anthology is called Liuhe Dongji. Wang Anshi, an essayist in Song Dynasty, was born in Linchuan, Fuzhou. His collection of works is called The Collection of Mr. Linchuan's Works.

(5) place names. In other words, the poetry collection is named after the place where he works or lives in seclusion. For example, Du Mu Villa, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, was in Fan Chuan, so there was Fan Chuanji. Shen Kuo, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, lived in seclusion in Runzhou "Meng Xi Park" in his later years, so Meng Qian wrote about it.

6 style of study. The ancients often named their study after themselves or others, and fasting can also be used as the name of poetry collections. For example, Yao Nai, an essayist in Qing Dynasty, whose room number is "Xi Baoxuan" and his poetry collection is called "Xi Baoxuan Poetry Collection"; In modern Liang Qichao, his study was called "Drinking Ice Room", and there was a book called "Drinking Ice Room Collection".

⑦ Year type. Take the emperor's title as the title of poetry collection. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi had "Bai's Changqing Collection", which was named after it was compiled in Changqing. Su Xun has Jia, Jia has the title.

8 dominant style. Use the title of the book to indicate the purpose of writing a book. For example, Zi Tongzhi Jian, edited by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty, was named Zi Tongzhi Jian by Song Shenzong with the aim of "learning from the ups and downs of previous generations and testing the gains and losses of this trip".