The New Development of Instrumental Music in Song and Yuan Dynasties

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the rise of songs, rap music and opera music declared the end of the history centered on song and dance music from ancient times to Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the national vocal music singing art with rap and opera performance as the mainstream began to shine with unique light in the music industry.

1. Features of music development in the Song and Yuan Dynasties: Not only did the song and dance music, which was dominant in the past, continue to develop, but also many new music varieties were produced, which made vocal music and instrumental music develop in an all-round way and became the foundation of modern music in China.

Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's music had been locked in the palace. Although ordinary people are music creators and providers of new music varieties, they can't enjoy these music in the end. This phenomenon finally changed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. At that time, temple fairs such as Buddhist temples became gardens for people's music activities, and restaurants sometimes sang poems. After the Song Dynasty, fundamental changes have taken place. Due to the development of industry and commerce and the prosperity of the city, civilians represented by citizens have their own entertainment places, which were called "tile market" and "Goulan" at that time. "Washi" and "Goulan" are both in the city, not only engaged in trade, but also engaged in folk art performances. If almost all the music before the Song Dynasty is represented by court performances, then the music after the Song Dynasty will be represented by these "tile market" and "Goulan" and the subsequent "theater" and "teahouse" performances; For history, court music has become insignificant. Therefore, the music history of China before the Song Dynasty is almost the history of court music, and the music history of China after the Song Dynasty is actually the music history of citizens (or civilians).

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, various folk music activities appeared in the vast towns and villages. There are Buddhist stories in the murals in the temple, as well as palaces and castles, pavilions, houses and cottages, teahouses and wineries described according to social life. This is a restaurant painted on the western wall. There are some tea drinkers upstairs and two women on the left. One is a female singer with a mallet tied to her hand and a clapper on the bracket. According to Wu's Dream, there were many people in the city who accompanied and sang ditties with drums, clappers and other musical instruments: "There are three or five musicians in the market, leading one or two girls to dance and sing fine print. They are running around in the street ... or in restaurants, or in prostitutes' houses in Liuxiang, Huajie, but they don't have much money. This is the so-called' barren drum board'. This picture shows an artist singing in a restaurant.

The second is "tile market", also known as "tile house" and "tile", which actually refers to the trading market formed on the open space of the city (generally rubble yard). There are many "movie viewing booths" in the "Washi", that is, simple performance venues surrounded by rope nets or grass; Some "viewing booths" have low railings in the center to separate the audience from the performers. This kind of canopy is called "Goulan" ("Goulan" is another name for railing). In the Song Dynasty, artists made a living by performing various acrobatics, rap stories and zaju on the roadside, commonly known as "Luqiren". They also performed by watching the shed. "Watching the booth" doesn't sell tickets, but invites people to watch (hence the name "inviting booth"). When a program ends or plays at a critical moment, it will stop, charge the audience and then continue to perform. There are many kinds of artistic works performed in "Goulan", among which there are many kinds of music, such as singing, singing, drumming, various court tunes, zaju and so on. These are all new music categories after the Song Dynasty.

Making money by singing is an art song. Popular singing is a kind of music that is sung by tone sandhi and tone sandhi with ready-made tune words. In order to make money, some popular songs are selected and organized in the same palace tune, with an introduction before and an ending after, and the lyrics only use one rhyme from beginning to end. In other words, you sang many songs with a rhyme and a beginning and an end. The tunes used in singing are Daqu and Daqu. Its lyrics are long and short sentences, which are different from the lyrics of Tang Daqu, which are five or seven words; Tunes should also be changed, not the old features of the Tang Dynasty), music scores (Daqu and music scores are divided into two categories), Songpu, Fanqu (foreign music) and so on. And these tunes have become qupai. The accompaniment instruments earned by singing are flute (refers to the horizontal flute, the same below), drum and board. In order to make money by singing, first of all, qu cards are combined, thus creating a new musical structure.

Drum lyrics and Zhu Gong tunes are both rap, and their speaking and singing must focus on specific story content. The music of drum lyrics is relatively simple, and the same tune is often sung repeatedly, but it is accompanied, which can reduce some monotony. Compared with drum ci, Zhu Gong dialect is a big step forward. Kong Sanchuan, the founder of Guzi Ci, was a native of Zezhou (near Pingquan, Hebei Province). He worked as an artist in Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (Kaifeng, Henan Province) in the 20th century. The main feature of Zhu Gong tune created by Kong Sanchuan lies in its structure, which combines several tunes of the same gong tune (tune) into a group. However, the palace tunes of different schools are different (hence the name "Zhugong Tune"). Its qupai comes from the aria (including Daqu), lyrics and folk songs at that time. Obviously, Zhu Gong's tunes are recreated on the basis of singing and earning. The accompaniment instruments of Zhugongdiao are the same as singing, that is, flute, drum and board. Later, 14 palace tunes were used in The Romance of the West Chamber (about a century later than the Biography of Confucius), and the basic tune was 1 tune. What is more noteworthy is that the use of these qupai is not static, and sometimes breakthroughs are made in different aspects according to the needs of the content, such as variations and sentence patterns. This is a variation of the basic qupai. On the basis of these 15 1 basic tunes, * * * produced 293 variants. The overall creation of Zhugongdiao in tune combination, transformation of Gongdiao and style change has set a milestone for the development of China music.

The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan in Song Dynasty depicts a day in Bianjing (Kaifeng, Henan) Tomb-Sweeping Day in Northern Song Dynasty, which shows the face and life of people from all walks of life from comparison to the prosperity of urban market. The whole picture is a long scroll. This part of the picture is the crossroads in the city center. The streets are wide, there are vendors selling goods on the roadside, and carriages come and go on the road. In front of a shop, a group of people are standing, and an old man is telling a book or singing.

Third, "Zaju" was first seen in the Tang Dynasty, and its meaning is similar to that of "Hundred Dramas" in the Han Dynasty, generally referring to acrobatics and other programs other than singing and dancing. "Miscellaneous" means miscellaneous, and "hundred" also describes many things; "Drama" and "drama" have similar meanings, but neither of them has the meaning of "drama" today. In the Song Dynasty, "Zaju" gradually became the proper name of a new performance form; This new form can really be called "miscellaneous", including singing and dancing, music, teasing and acrobatics. It is divided into three parts: the first part is called "acting segment", and the performance content is familiar things in daily life, which is the introduction of the formal part; The second paragraph is the main part, which may be a performance story, rap or dance; The third paragraph is called the third paragraph, which is also called juggling, juggling and technical harmony. It's funny, teasing, or occasional acrobatics. These three paragraphs are the same, but they are not coherent with each other.

Some of the music of zaju is directly taken from Song Daqu, while others are taken from folk ditty. Song Daqu generally only takes a part of Tang Daqu, which is called "picking all over"; The structure of Song Daqu and Bitang Daqu is much simpler.

After the Northern Song Dynasty, some zaju moved south with the Southern Song Dynasty, and some zaju were inherited by Jin. Song Zaju inherited by Jin is also called, but it is no different from Song Zaju in nature.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, in the12nd century, a kind of southern opera, also known as traditional Chinese opera, was produced in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, also known as Wenzhou Zaju and Yongjia Zaju. Southern Opera completely performs stories, and its structure can change with the changes of stories, unlike Song Zaju, which is basically composed of three sections. The music of Southern Opera is mainly composed of popular ditties and ballads in the south. Later, it may be influenced by Song Zaju, and some tunes of singing, intonation and Daqu are also adopted. Although Southern Opera doesn't pay attention to Gongdiao, it has naturally formed a complete set of music rules after a long time, and the music and cards have been connected in a certain order. On the stage of southern opera, ordinary characters can also sing, so there are many forms such as solo, duet and chorus, and the way of music has also been broadened.

Porcelain figurines of southern opera figures in Poyang, Jiangxi Province were unearthed in Hongzicheng's tomb in the Southern Song Dynasty. Ziforehead's porcelain figurines are vivid in posture, delicate in expression and full of life. It is possible that there are several characters in the Southern Opera, and these porcelain figurines reflect the early performance forms of the Southern Opera.

Fourthly, in the Southern Song Dynasty, the confrontation between the North and the South operas began in Jin Benyuan (zaju), and Jin Yuan died in 1234, forming a pattern of parallel development of Yuan Zaju and Southern operas. Yuan Zaju is a new Zaju developed on the basis of Song (Jin) Zaju and Qiang, which is different from Song Zaju and Southern Opera. The musical structure of Yuan Zaju takes "set" as the unit (its dramatic structure takes "fold" as the unit; Each "folding" gameplay uses a "set". The so-called "Ji" is similar to a group of Gongdiao, which is composed of several different tunes in the same Gongdiao. A set of lyrics also rhymes to the end, and almost every sentence rhymes, and few rhymes. Generally speaking, Yuan Zaju consists of four "folds" and a "wedge" to form a coherent repertoire. There are also four sets of songs at 40% discount. "Wedge" is inserted between one or two sets or three or four sets, or added before one set, but the wedge does not need a long set of music, and generally uses a song [Lu Xian Shang Huashi] ("Lu Xian" means that its court music belongs to "Lu Xian Music" and "Shang Huashi" is the name of the music. The names of many musical instruments come from the first words of the lyrics when they first took the composer's card, so the names of musical instruments usually have different meanings, or they add a song. Some people say that the word "medicine" in Yaopian is an omission of the word "Hou" before and after. If we follow it, then "Yaopian" is equal to "Houpian". But according to the music content, Yaopian is actually a variation of the last song. The Qupai of Yuan Zaju has a wide range of sources, including Tang and Song Ci, Zhu Gongqu and some foreign national songs. Compared with the "Southern Song Dynasty" used in Southern Opera, the tunes of Yuan Zaju are generally called "Northern Song Dynasty". As I said before, there are 14 Gongdiao in The West Chamber. In the Yuan Dynasty, Lun Song written by Yuan people listed 17 court tunes, while Yun of the Central Plains written by Yuan people only listed 12 court tunes. In fact, Yuan Zaju uses fewer court tunes, only nine (only seven are commonly used). According to legend, even these nine Gongdiao can be transferred to different heights due to different roles in actual use.

Fifthly, Le Yan Gongdiao should have its limited significance in pitch and order, but these meanings have been basically lost in Yuan Zaju, which may be related to the changes of the main accompaniment instruments from the pipa in Tang Dynasty to the hairpin in Song Dynasty to the flute in Yuan Zaju. ) and zaju tunes must adapt to the singer's personal voice conditions.

The difference between Yuan Zaju and Nan Opera is that not only Yuan Zaju is "four folds and one wedge" in structure, but also Nan Opera is based on "going out", with as many as twenty or thirty plays in an ordinary drama; Musically, the former is called "Northern Music" and the latter is called "Southern Music". Besides, the former is always sung by the hero ("the end of the story") or the heroine ("the heroine"). Other characters can only talk but can't sing. Even if they sing, they can only sing short tunes that have nothing to do with the protagonist's divertimento. However, as mentioned above, Southern Opera can be sung by ordinary characters, and there is no restriction on the tone. Obviously, Southern Opera is more plastic than Yuan Zaju, so it has more development potential. However, after the destruction of the Song Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty, the North and the South were unified, and the Yuan Zaju entered the South with its political and military forces, and the Southern Opera was temporarily obscured. In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, the Southern Opera, which was relatively free in form, used the combination of North and South songs for the first time to form a "set number" (that is, a set of songs), which was called "the combination of North and South", making the opera music have both the strengths of North and South. Generally speaking, the Northern Song Dynasty is vigorous and vigorous, while the Southern Song Dynasty is peaceful and gentle. The style of China's music has always been the most striking difference between the north and the south. This point has been explained from The Book of Songs of the South to Ode to Wu Ge Opera, but the differences in musical styles between North and South that still exist today may have been gradually formed after the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Yuan Zaju later adopted the "combination of North and South", but at that time Zaju had begun to decline. The above-mentioned aria, Zhu Gong accent and music of Nanbei Opera were preserved to some extent in the later Kunqu Opera. Rap music

With the appearance of art commercialization, the rap music in Song and Yuan Dynasties continued to develop, and the appearance of this long rap music marked the maturity of China rap music.

Zhugong Tune was originally a rap art performed in temples in the Tang Dynasty, but it was performed in every corner of the city in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as Wagoulan, teahouses and wineries in the city, which were important places for performing rap. In these cities, in order to meet the needs of citizens, songs, singing, Zhu Gong tunes, zaju and instrumental solos and ensembles created by the people have developed rapidly.

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