History of Science and Innovation

the role of scientific innovation in historical development

the core content of scientific and technological innovation is the invention and creation of science and technology, and its direct role is to promote the progress of science and technology, improve the development level of social productive forces, and then promote the growth of social economy. From this perspective, scientific and technological innovation is the internal driving force of social development and the leading force of economic and social development. It is closely related to social system, industrial structure, resource allocation, scientific exploration, etc., and directly promotes social development. In the 19th century, science and technology led to the second industrial revolution. In the 2th century, science and technology led to the third industrial revolution. Nowadays, in the 21st century, scientific and technological innovation runs through people's livelihood issues, ecological construction, national defense and military affairs, electronic information and other fields. The role of scientific innovation in historical development

The core content of scientific and technological innovation is the invention and creation of science and technology, and its direct role is to promote the progress of science and technology, improve the development level of social productive forces, and then promote social and economic growth.

From this perspective, scientific and technological innovation is the internal driving force of social development and the leading force of economic and social development. It is closely related to social system, industrial structure, resource allocation and scientific exploration, and directly promotes social change. In the 18th century, science and technology led the first industrial revolution. In the 19th century, science and technology led to the second industrial revolution. In the 2th century, science and technology led to the third industrial revolution. Nowadays, in the 21st century, scientific and technological innovation runs through people's livelihood issues, ecological construction, national defense and military affairs, electronic information and other fields. The history of China's scientific development

Over the past 5 years since the founding of New China, Chinese scientists and technicians have made great historical contributions to the progress of the Chinese nation. In 1956, the CPC Central Committee issued the call of "marching into science" and organized experts to formulate China's first long-term scientific and technological development plan, which laid the foundation for the birth of six key technologies, such as aerospace technology, atomic energy technology, computer technology, semiconductor, automation and radio, and promoted the rise of a series of modern industries and new technology industries, greatly enhancing China's economic, military and scientific and technological strength. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, the Party and * * * have put the development of science and technology at the top of the economic development strategy for the first time in the history of the Chinese nation. China has established the strategic guiding principle that "economic construction must rely on science and technology, and scientific and technological work must face economic construction", and made it clear that the primary task of scientific and technological work is to revitalize the national economy. In agricultural science and technology, the "Spark Plan" was implemented; In industry, tens of thousands of scientific and technological achievements such as computer aided design, electronic data exchange system and computer integrated manufacturing system have been popularized and applied; In terms of high-tech research, the state has implemented the "863" plan, that is, the high-tech research and development plan, tracking the world to the forefront of science and technology and striving for breakthroughs in limited fields. All these have provided conditions for China's scientific and technological progress. The main tasks of Tianjin science and technology hall are to establish scientific ideas, popularize scientific knowledge, cultivate scientific methods and improve the quality of the people.

Since the founding of New China 52 years ago, especially since the reform and opening up, China has made brilliant achievements in science and technology.

1. a relatively complete scientific research and technology development system has been formed, and the overall level of scientific and technological development ranks among the top in developing countries. Development of domestic scientific research and experiment in 2 (R&; D) The total expenditure was 89.6 billion yuan, accounting for 1.% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that year, ranking first among developing countries. At R& D basic research accounts for 5.2% of the total expenditure; Applied research accounts for 17.%; Experimental development accounted for 77.8%. Among them, all kinds of enterprise expenditures account for domestic R&; D 6.3% of the total expenditure is close to the level of developed countries, indicating that enterprises have gradually become China's R&: D the subject of the activity.

At present, 217 national key laboratories (including 6 national defense science and technology key laboratories), 188 national engineering centers and 294 national enterprise technology centers have been established; There are 44,536 Chinese scientific and technological papers collected by international authoritative retrieval institutions, and 92,11 patents granted by local residents, including 3,97 invention patents. In 2, the export value of high-tech products was $24.7 billion; The total income of technology, industry and trade in 53 national high-tech development zones is 677.48 billion yuan, and the industrial added value is 147.62 billion yuan.

2. Breakthrough progress has been made in the reform of the science and technology system, and the phased goals set by the state have basically been achieved. The strategic focus of scientific and technological work is shifting to the main battlefield of national economic construction, and the scientific and technological strength of enterprises has been further strengthened. 242 state-level technology development research institutes have basically completed the transformation work, and most scientific research institutions operate directly to market demand. The pilot project of knowledge innovation has achieved initial results, the reform of university management system has been basically completed, and scientific and technological resources have been optimized. Private scientific and technological enterprises have risen rapidly and the technology market has developed rapidly; The macro scientific and technological management system has been gradually improved, a new scientific and technological system adapted to the socialist market economy has taken shape, and the construction of a national innovation system is gradually being carried out.

3. Achievements have been made in the field of basic scientific research. Great achievements have been made in human gene sequencing, carbon nanotubes and nano-new materials, CAMBRIAN life explosion research, MEMS research, and ocean drilling in the South China Sea. Emerging interdisciplinary subjects such as surface science, nonlinear science, cognitive science and earth system science have developed rapidly. The construction of eight major national scientific projects, such as the Chinese mainland scientific drilling project and the large-area multi-target optical fiber spectral astronomical telescope, has created good conditions for basic scientific research in China.

4. breakthroughs have been made in high-tech research and industrialization. Major breakthroughs have been made in space high technologies such as manned space technology, launch vehicle and satellite technology. Breakthroughs in two-line hybrid rice, genetic engineering drugs, transgenic animals and plants, gene sequencing and diagnosis and treatment of major diseases have brought the overall level of biotechnology in China close to that of developed countries. Great achievements such as high-definition TV, "Shenwei" computer, large-size monocrystalline silicon material and skin stem cell regeneration technology have made China leap into the world's advanced ranks in corresponding fields. The development of national defense science and technology has laid a solid foundation for strengthening national defense strength and promoted the technological progress of national defense industry.

5. industrial and agricultural science and technology have made progress. In terms of agricultural science and technology, only during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, more than 6 new varieties were cultivated, and the yield per unit area increased by about 1%. Popularizing some important technologies, such as rice dry cultivation and sparse planting, water-saving technology, ABT plant regulator and plastic film mulching cultivation during the whole growth period of wheat dry land, has effectively guaranteed the realization of China's grain yield increase goal.

some major technological breakthroughs have been made in industrial science and technology, and the technical level of key industries has been improved. A series of great achievements have been made in the industrialization of digital program-controlled switches, oxygen-coal enhanced ironmaking technology, nickel-hydrogen batteries and amorphous materials. Combined with a series of major national construction projects, such as Three Gorges Project, national economic informatization, integrated circuit and Taishan Nuclear Power Station Phase II, through introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation, we have conquered a number of key technologies and mastered the design and manufacturing technologies of several major complete sets of technical equipment. The popularization and application of a number of important technologies such as computer aided design (CAD) and computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) have greatly improved the technological innovation ability of enterprises. The implementation of a number of major projects, such as innovative drugs, utilization and protection of water resources, well-off housing, dating projects in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the construction of the second phase of China Science and Technology Museum and a number of popular science facilities, have contributed to the development of social undertakings. Materials of scientific innovation

As a whole human culture, it can be called the course of people's continuous search for new knowledge.

respecting knowledge is one of the most prominent characteristics of human beings. Latin called knowledge scientia, from which the word science became the name of the most respected part of knowledge in modern times.

in the creation myth of western Jewish-Christian culture, there was a legend: "God said, let there be light, and there was light". We know nothing before there is no light, and we still know nothing after there is light, but we can see nothing.

In order to get rid of the embarrassing situation of ignorance, human beings say, "Let there be science, and there was science". Modern human beings have fully realized that only by scientific means can we effectively improve and expand our survival ability, and social history will inevitably develop to a more secure, more comfortable and more active stage.

However, it is not enough to think that knowledge is power, which will make knowledge an objective force closed to people, which in turn stifles the value and significance of people's existence and hinders the continued progress of society. When science develops faster and faster, it becomes more necessary and more complicated to understand the course of scientific development.

With the rapid increase of scientific achievements and the explosion of knowledge, facts and theories interact with each other. Just summarizing the existing achievements has become a terrible task. However, how to treat science itself is becoming more and more important for historical thinking.

One night 395 years ago, Galileo used a telescope to watch the moon. This is an important moment in human history, which marks the beginning of science in the modern sense.

Modern science is based on observation and experiment, and it has gone through four centuries. The spread of western learning in modern China began in the late Ming Dynasty.

Xu Guangqi, one of the representative figures, translated science into "the science of learning from the poor things" when translating western books, and later called it Gezhi, Gewu or Gezhi for short. The knowledge introduced to China from Europe in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties mainly consisted of astronomy and mathematics, and the meaning of "the knowledge of the mind" was very general.

by the end of Qing dynasty, the western knowledge introduced rapidly increased, including acoustics, optics, electricity, chemistry, geoscience, zoology, botany and so on, with various names. In 1895, Yan Fu specially used the word "Western learning style" to express science.

by this time, there is no word "science" in Chinese. In 1897, the reformists founded Datong Translation Bookstore in Shanghai to organize the translation of Japanese books.

Among a number of books published shortly after the opening, the second volume of Japanese Bibliography, "Neo-Confucianism", was edited by Kang Youwei. Among them, the titles of Introduction to Science and Principles of Science appeared for the first time.

Although the word "science" is written in the same way in Chinese and Japanese, it didn't exist in Chinese before, and this translated name was introduced from Japanese by Kang Youwei. In 1912, Cai Yuanpei was appointed as the director of education in the Republic of China, and ordered the whole country to cancel the "Gezhike" in school institutions and curriculum.

Since then, "Gezhi" basically belongs to the obsolete old words. In 1915, returned students founded the journal Science in Shanghai. Since then, the word "science" has become popular in China.

In Chinese, the term "science" exists corresponding to "metaphysics". "The xuan, deep and remote? Those who are invisible are also. "

(Yang Xiong's too mysterious? Xuan? ") Xuan refers to the spiritual universe ontology. As for why "science" is used as the translation name of science, the motivation is worth pondering.

since the sui and Tang dynasties, the nine-grade system monopolized by the clan has been abolished, and the selection of officials by subject examination is found in more than 5 subjects of historians. Because of the different categories of western learning compared with eastern Confucianism, Japan first called it "the learning of different disciplines", which is the origin of the word "science".

The subtle relationship between "science" and imperial examinations is still full of details. In the 195s, it was a continuation of this way of thinking that "learning mathematics and physics well and traveling all over the world is not afraid".

The works of early western missionaries also provide some evidence for the above statement. They wrote: "No country in the world attaches importance to science like China, making science and * * * affairs * * *. However, China people are only interested in science in some areas related to public morality.

They pay little attention to all sciences that have little to do with public morality, or even are not beneficial to them, but at the same time they don't sneer at them. " (This passage can be found in Memoirs of China People's History, Science, Art, Morality and Customs written by missionaries in Beijing, which was published in Paris in 1776. )

In order to cope with the invasion of the West, a group of pragmatic officials in the Qing Dynasty began to pay attention to modern science after they had tasted the advantages of western ships and guns. They launched a so-called Westernization Movement, trying to enhance national strength by introducing advanced technology and military skills from western countries.

In order to cultivate the technical talents badly needed by the Westernization Movement, they established various schools: first, the Tongwen Museum in Beijing in 1862, then the Tongwen Museum in Shanghai and Guangzhou, Fuzhou Ship Administration School, Shanghai Machine School, Tianjin Telegraph School, Tianjin Navy School and Hubei Ziqiang School. Westernization officials set up these schools only to train professionals in translation, mechanical engineering and military science, not for academic research, especially scientific research.

At the same time, some of the best folk academies have begun to introduce modern science. For example, Nanjing Academy, which was founded in Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province in 1884, set up an observatory. Modern China not only took a tortuous road in politics and economy, but also had a long-lasting influence on the tradition of attaching importance to technology and neglecting research.

when human beings consider the future scientific progress, it is easy to make an idealized mistake, that is, to think that everything that can be done can be done. In fact, many things that can be done in principle are actually impossible.

the second law of thermodynamics tells us that we need to do work to get information. Using this universal scientific law, we can quantify the cost of any scientific research.

In any field of human activities, it is not enough to have a process to solve a problem. We should also know the cost of completing it, which can be finally measured by energy or computing power. In the discussion of scientific progress before the 2th century, the issue of funds for acquiring knowledge was hardly considered.

and today, Scientific and technological innovation materials

As a whole human culture, it can be called the course of people's continuous search for new knowledge.

respecting knowledge is one of the most prominent characteristics of human beings. Call knowledge scientia, from which the word science becomes the name of the most respected part of knowledge in modern times.

in the Jewish-Christian culture in the west, there was a legend: "Let there be light, and there was light". We know nothing before there is no light, and we still know nothing after there is light, but we can see nothing.