What bullets were used and produced in China before liberation?

the army. Although China is a member of the Allies, the situation is special and complicated because of the bullet E5A48DE 588B6E799BE5BAA6E79FA5E9819313323936538 used by China's army during World War II. This particularity is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, there are many kinds of bullets, most of which have appeared on the battlefield in China to some extent. This is mainly because the industrial base in old China was weak, and most weapons were imported. Even imitations, the main raw materials came from abroad, and few products were designed or developed by themselves. Firearms were even known as "universal brands", so the types of bullets were very diverse, and they were basically imported or imitation products; Second, the main types of bullets are relatively concentrated. For example, the commonly used stepping bullets are mainly concentrated in 7.92mm Mauser bullets and 6.5mm Sakamoto bullets, especially in the late period of the Anti-Japanese War. Third, the position of bullets in various ammunition is quite prominent. At that time, China's army was very short of heavy weapons and highly dependent on firearms, so it paid more attention to the production of bullets than other countries. However, due to the limitation of national strength, the supply of bullets in China's army was not sufficient throughout World War II, and it was quite common to use old shells to reload bullets, even relying on capture to supplement them to some extent, which was unique among the participating countries in World War II.

China's self-produced bullets began in the early 196s, initially with black powder lead bullets, and then transitioned to smokeless bullets, and gradually developed from step and machine bullets to hand bullets and special bullets. After 191, smokeless drugs were basically used in the step-by-step bullets produced by domestic factories. During the period of Beiyang government, there were six factories that produced bullets on a large scale in China, namely Hubei Arsenal, Sichuan Ordnance Bureau, Jinling Machinery Bureau, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Dezhou Arsenal and Guangdong Manufacturing Bureau. The daily output of bullets was more than 1, rounds, and the main products were 7.92mm Mao Se rifle bullets and 6.5mm Sakamoto bullets. During the Anti-Japanese War, several major bullet manufacturers in China were based on these factories.

7.92mm bullet was the most used bullet in China during the Anti-Japanese War, and it was also the longest-produced bullet in China. Hubei Gun Factory began to copy M18887.92mm Mao Se round-headed bullets in 1895. According to incomplete statistics, there were 27 factories in China from 1895 to 1949, among which 12 major factories produced at least 2.7 billion rounds, accounting for about 8% of their total output of stepping bullets. Although the determination of the caliber of step machine gun has been repeated many times in China, and the caliber of 6.5mm and 6.8mm has been used as candidates, and 6.8mm was once considered to be "especially suitable for the physique of our people", but the 7.92mm bullet was powerful, and most of the guns used in China at that time were 7.92mm in caliber, plus most of the arsenals had experience in producing it, so the national weapon system conference held in 1934 determined that the 7.92mm bullet was China.

By 1936, before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the national output of 7.92mm bullets had reached 128 million rounds. After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the 11th, 2th, 25th and 4th Arsenal, which moved to Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan, continued to produce this type of ammunition. The highest monthly output of the 25th Factory in 1942 was 6 million rounds, and the highest monthly output of the 2th Factory in 1945 was 7 million rounds, which strongly supported the Anti-Japanese War.

There are many kinds of 7.92mm bullets produced in China. In the early days, copper-coated or nickel-plated steel-coated round-headed bullets were produced, and gradually changed to pointed bullets after 193s. Among them, the warhead of the light-pointed projectile is pointed and flat-bottomed, with an initial velocity of 87 m/s. After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, heavy-pointed bullets were added, with a pointed cone-shaped warhead with an initial velocity of 755m/s, which was mainly used for heavy machine guns. In 1934, Jinling Arsenal manufactured a small number of 7.92mm steel-cored bullets, with a monthly output of 7, rounds. The lead core in the warhead of the bullet was changed to alloy steel or high carbon steel with a lead sleeve, with a mass of 11.55g and an initial velocity of 785m/s, which can penetrate 11mm steel plates at a distance of 1m m.. In addition, there are old guns and home-made rifles with poor quality used by local troops. The main auxiliary ammunition types are high-pressure ammunition, heavy machine ammunition (a kind of forced-loading ammunition, used for testing imported light machine guns), wooden warhead blank ammunition and headless blank ammunition, which are mainly produced by the 2th and 25th factories.

In the early days, all the equipment and materials for producing 7.92mm bullets needed to be imported. Later, smokeless drugs were gradually localized, but copper, steel, lead and other materials for manufacturing warheads and casings had to be imported from abroad. After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, foreign aid was cut off, so the factories had to try to replace it with domestic materials, and the production of bullets was improved many times according to the domestic situation, and the special measuring tools were gradually changed to domestic collaborative manufacturing. Although the overall product quality fluctuates, it is much higher than that of Beiyang or earlier products.

the p>6.5mm38 gun cartridge has a long history in China. Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau began to copy it around 195, and then Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, Dezhou Arsenal, Guangdong Ordnance Factory and Shanxi Military Craft Practice Factory successively produced it. According to incomplete statistics, * * * produced more than 55 million rounds from 195 to 1949. After the "September 18th Incident", the Japanese army occupied the Fengtian Arsenal and used the resources plundered in China to produce such bullets in large quantities. This kind of bullet produced in China is also divided into two types: pointed bullet and round bullet.

Russian M1987.62mm bullet is also a kind of bullet that China used more during the Anti-Japanese War. Shanghai Arsenal began to produce this kind of bullet in 1927, and it has been manufactured in Jinling, Hanyang and 2th Arsenal since then. According to the statistics of the above four factories, from 1927 to 1946, * * * produced more than 8.6 million rounds. In addition, Xinjiang Arsenal and Guangxi Bomb Factory have also produced them. This bomb is mainly used for 7.62mm caliber Russian rifles, light machine guns and heavy machine guns. The Soviet Union provided China with a considerable number of these weapons in the early period of the Anti-Japanese War. However, mass production and use in China was after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

In addition, during the Anti-Japanese War, a small number of old-fashioned rifle bullets, such as 6.8mm Mao Se, 8mm Manlixia and 8mm Murata, were used in China. These ammunition were generally produced before 1935 or even at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and were used for corresponding old-fashioned firearms.

There are two kinds of pistol bullets produced in China, namely, 7.65mm Browning pistol bullets and 7.63mm Mao Se pistol bullets. The warheads are all round-headed, flat-bottomed, lead-cored, copper-zinc-nickel alloy-coated, and the primer is Berdan-type. The main performance is similar to that of similar foreign products, and it is mainly used for various pistols and submachine guns with corresponding calibers imported or produced by China. For example, the 7.63mm handgun is not only used for all kinds of Mao Se "self-invited" pistols, but also used for Berkman (Bergman's old translation) submachine guns. Mao Se pistol was first produced by Sichuan Machinery Bureau in 191, while Browning pistol was first copied by Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau in 194. Later, Jinling, Hanyang, Dexian, No.11, No.2, No.4 Arsenal, Guangdong Ordnance Factory, Taiyuan Arsenal, Shanwei Bomb Factory, etc. were also built successively. The 2th Factory produced more than 9.92 million handguns from 194 to 1948, and Hanyang Arsenal produced more than 6.43 million handguns from 192 to 1928.

American bullets appeared earlier in China, most of which were .45-inch ACP handguns, mainly imported from abroad, which were used for Thomson M1928 submachine guns and domestic imitations. In addition, .3-6M2 bullets were produced in small quantities by Fengtian Ordnance Factory in 192. These bullets were used in small quantities during the Anti-Japanese War, but it was after 1947 that domestic arsenals produced a large number of American bullets.

during the anti-Japanese war, there was only one kind of special bullet produced in China. Jinling Arsenal started from left to right in 1935 as follows: a-9mm Baraberum pistol; B- Russian 14.5mm large caliber machine bullets; C- Russian 12.7mm large caliber machine bullets; D- American .5 inch (12.7mm) Browning machine bullet; E- French 13.2mm Hutchison large caliber machine ammunition; F- British 13.9mm Boyce anti-tank rifle; G- Polish 7.92mm anti-tank rifle ammunition; H- German 13mm anti-tank rifle bullet; I- German 7.92mm anti-tank rifle bullet; J- Italy's 12.7mm Breda large caliber machine bullets mass-produced 26.8mm pistol flares, including luminous flares and smoke flares, with bonus, green, yellow and white colors. The 21st Factory produced 255, flares from 1938 to 194.

The bullets used by the anti-Japanese troops under the leadership of the China Communist Party are basically the same as those used by other troops in China. However, due to the complicated sources and types of firearms, the varieties of bullets are much more than those of the ordinary Kuomintang troops. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, some bullets used by the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army were uniformly distributed by the National Government along with their salaries, but the quantity was small. After the Southern Anhui Incident, the supply from the Kuomintang was basically cut off, and the bullets used mainly depended on capture, so relatively speaking, Japanese bullets such as 6.5mm were used more. The insufficient part is reloaded by the arsenals in the base area using the old shell casings that have been fired. The reloaded bullets are of poor quality and can only be used for non-automatic rifles, but the demand is still in short supply. In many cases, they have to fight with the Japanese aggressors with grenades and broadswords. However, on the whole, even compared with the Japanese army, the Kuomintang troops distributed and used fewer bullets, and the gap with the United States, Germany and other countries was even greater.

Although there was a certain domestic production capacity of bullets in Beiyang period, it still could not meet the needs of successive years of civil war. Therefore, with the support of foreign forces behind it, warlords of various factions imported or received a large number of bullets from abroad, and the remains of foreign invaders in previous wars in China. Therefore, although there were relatively few kinds of domestic bullets during the Anti-Japanese War, the types actually used were quite complicated. It is worth mentioning that, due to the need of preparing for war and "encirclement and suppression" of the Red Army, before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government had imported a large number of bullets, including 7.92mm Mao Se rifle bullets and 7.63mm Mao Se pistol bullets, which were mainly produced in German, Austrian, Czech, British and American countries. In addition, during the Anti-Japanese War, American Western Ammunition Company once produced a batch of 7.92mm bullets with the word "America" on the bottom to support China. These imported bullets have greatly enriched the varieties of domestic bullets, so it is no exaggeration to say that all the bullets introduced above can be found in China, and even many of the more old-fashioned varieties that have not been introduced have appeared in China. In this sense, China can be described as the real "World Gunshot Museum".

the army. Although China is a member of the Allies, the situation is rather special and complicated because of the bullet E5A48DE 588B6E799BE5BAA6E79FA5E9819313323936538 used by China's army during World War II. This particularity is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, there are many kinds of bullets, most of which have appeared on the battlefield in China to some extent. This is mainly because the industrial base in old China was weak, and most weapons were imported. Even imitations, the main raw materials came from abroad, and few products were designed or developed by themselves. Firearms were even known as "universal brands", so the types of bullets were very diverse, and they were basically imported or imitation products; Second, the main types of bullets are relatively concentrated. For example, the commonly used stepping bullets are mainly concentrated in 7.92mm Mauser bullets and 6.5mm Sakamoto bullets, especially in the late period of the Anti-Japanese War. Third, the position of bullets in various ammunition is quite prominent. At that time, China's army was very short of heavy weapons and highly dependent on firearms, so it paid more attention to the production of bullets than other countries. However, due to the limitation of national strength, the supply of bullets in China's army was not sufficient throughout World War II, and it was quite common to use old shells to reload bullets, even relying on capture to supplement them to some extent, which was unique among the participating countries in World War II.

China's self-produced bullets began in the early 196s, initially with black powder lead bullets, and then transitioned to smokeless bullets, and gradually developed from step and machine bullets to hand bullets and special bullets. After 191, smokeless drugs were basically used in the step-by-step bullets produced by domestic factories. During the period of Beiyang government, there were six factories that produced bullets on a large scale in China, namely Hubei Arsenal, Sichuan Ordnance Bureau, Jinling Machinery Bureau, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Dezhou Arsenal and Guangdong Manufacturing Bureau. The daily output of bullets was more than 1, rounds, and the main products were 7.92mm Mao Se rifle bullets and 6.5mm Sakamoto bullets. During the Anti-Japanese War, several major bullet manufacturers in China were based on these factories.

7.92mm bullet was the most used bullet in China during the Anti-Japanese War, and it was also the longest-produced bullet in China. Hubei Gun Factory began to copy M18887.92mm Mao Se round-headed bullets in 1895. According to incomplete statistics, there were 27 factories in China from 1895 to 1949, among which 12 major factories produced at least 2.7 billion rounds, accounting for about 8% of their total output of stepping bullets. Although the determination of the caliber of step machine gun has been repeated many times in China, and the caliber of 6.5mm and 6.8mm has been used as candidates, and 6.8mm was once considered to be "especially suitable for the physique of our people", but the 7.92mm bullet was powerful, and most of the guns used in China at that time were 7.92mm in caliber, plus most of the arsenals had experience in producing it, so the national weapon system conference held in 1934 determined that the 7.92mm bullet was China.

By 1936, before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the national output of 7.92mm bullets had reached 128 million rounds. After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the 11th, 2th, 25th and 4th Arsenal, which moved to Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan, continued to produce this type of ammunition. The highest monthly output of the 25th Factory in 1942 was 6 million rounds, and the highest monthly output of the 2th Factory in 1945 was 7 million rounds, which strongly supported the Anti-Japanese War.

There are many kinds of 7.92mm bullets produced in China. In the early days, copper-coated or nickel-plated steel-coated round-headed bullets were produced, and gradually changed to pointed bullets after 193s. Among them, the warhead of the light-pointed projectile is pointed and flat-bottomed, with an initial velocity of 87 m/s. After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, heavy-pointed bullets were added, with a pointed cone-shaped warhead with an initial velocity of 755m/s, which was mainly used for heavy machine guns. In 1934, Jinling Arsenal manufactured a small number of 7.92mm steel-cored bullets, with a monthly output of 7, rounds. The lead core in the warhead of the bullet was changed to alloy steel or high carbon steel with a lead sleeve, with a mass of 11.55g and an initial velocity of 785m/s, which can penetrate 11mm steel plates at a distance of 1m m.. In addition, there are old guns and home-made rifles with poor quality used by local troops. The main types of auxiliary ammunition are high-pressure ammunition and heavy-duty machine ammunition (a kind of forced-loading ammunition, and imported light machine is tested)