The lives of three American political scientists.

1. Huntington (American political scientist)

Samuel p1927-2008, also translated as samuel huntington, is a famous but controversial conservative political scientist in contemporary America. Known for Clash of Civilizations, he believes that the core unit of international political wrestling in 2 1 century is no longer the country, but the conflict between civilizations. Huntington was the founder of military-civilian relations in his early years. Later, his views on American immigrants were also widely concerned by academic circles.

Huntington1April 1927 18 was born in a middle-class family in new york. His father was a publisher of a hotel magazine, his mother was a short story writer, and his grandfather was the co-editor of Macclure, a well-known "excrement scraping publication" in the United States at that time.

Huntington showed his talent in social science very early. /kloc-graduated from high school at the age of 0/6 and was admitted to Yale University. 18 years old, graduated early with excellent results and joined the US Army. After that, he obtained a master's degree from the University of Chicago, and completed his doctoral thesis and obtained a degree from Harvard. He is 23 years old. After that, he began to teach at Harvard until his death. 1950 Up to now, he is a senior member of Harvard University School of Government. 1959 to 1962 as an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science of Columbia University. Huntington taught at Harvard University for 58 years.

195 1 year, President Truman dismissed General MacArthur for disobeying his orders. Huntington wrote and published his first novel, Soldiers and the State: Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Since the publication of 1957, this book has stirred up a thousand waves with one stone, and it is still regarded as the most influential book on domestic military relations in the United States. In the first book review of this book, critics accused the book of being militaristic and reminiscent of Mussolini's slogan "Faith, Obedience and Fight". In the 1960s, some radical students of Harvard University occupied and burned the Harvard International Affairs Center where Huntington worked after learning that he had worked in the Johnson administration. Someone even painted such a slogan at the door of his apartment: "War criminals live here." And the author himself had to flee Harvard temporarily.

In the 1960s, he enjoyed a high reputation for "Changing the Political Order in the Society". This book challenges the dogma of the most popular modernization theory at that time: economic and social progress will bring political stability to an independent country that has just emerged from colonial rule.

The Vietnam War broke Huntington's quiet campus life. As a counselor in the State Council, USA, he wrote a 100-page report on Vietnam War in 1968, put forward a "strategic village plan" which combined villages in South Vietnam and criticized the strategy of the American government at that time. These statements are naturally ingratiating. No wonder his office will be burned down and he will be called a "war criminal"!

From 1977 to 1978, he participated in the decision-making process of the White House on national security strategy and coordinated various related policies.

1993 published an article on violent conflicts in the post-cold war era. Huntington later compiled the relevant theories into the far-reaching "Clash of Civilizations and Reconstruction of World Order", and the books were translated into 39 languages, which caused more and more repercussions all over the world. However, the "9. 1 1" incident forced people to return to Huntington again. Although people can't readily accept his views and conclusions, they can't help secretly admiring the old man's keen eyes and vivid thoughts.

After the "9. 1 1" incident, he wrote and published Who Are We? "(Who are we? ), when it comes to immigration in the United States, it has also caused a controversy.

To some extent, this represents the fate of Huntington's works and articles: when they came out, they were controversial and missed out on various awards. Over time, they will be widely but reluctantly accepted.

Although Huntington's classmates include political celebrities such as Kissinger and brzezinski, and his students include many contemporary elites such as Francis Fukuyama and zakaria (editor-in-chief of Newsweek), Huntington himself is unwilling to show his face in front of the media. It is difficult for people to see Huntington on TV talk shows. He is not that kind of media scholar. His academic reputation is based on 17 books and a series of papers. There is no doubt that Huntington, a former president of the American Political Science Society and one of the founders of the famous Foreign Policy magazine, is an academic insider. But when he writes, he prefers to think of himself as an outsider and deliberately discuss problems in a way that stimulates experts who will eventually judge his works. Huntington once said: "A scholar should keep silent if he has nothing new. Seeking truth is the same as academic debate. "

2.david easton

David Easton David Easton (19 17 ~ 20 14) is an American political scientist, an advocate of political behaviorism and the founder of political system theory. 1917 was born in Toronto, Canada on June 24th. He received various degrees from the University of Toronto and Harvard University. He has been teaching in the Department of Political Science of the University of Chicago since the second half of the 1940s. His major works are Political System: A Study of the Present Situation of Political Science (1953), Structure of Political Analysis (1965), Systematic Analysis of Political Life (1965) and so on. These three books were later called "trilogy of political system analysis".

Easton established the specific meaning of political behaviorism, which is regarded as a revolution in technical and theoretical sense. On the one hand, he criticized that the previous political science only focused on system and power, and focused on situational data such as physical environment and social environment, ignoring that politics is the result of human interaction and the interaction of human motivation, personality and behavioral data such as psychology and environment. Easton believes that the political system is an act or interactive act that stipulates the authoritative distribution (or mandatory decision) of valuable things for the society and implements it. It consists of political groups, institutions and authorities. Surrounded by natural, biological, social and psychological external and internal environments, it has the ability to adapt to environmental pressure and the function of feedback information. There is an interactive relationship between the system and the environment, and the continuity of the system is realized through continuous input, output, feedback and re-input. Easton's input-output system analysis model is suitable for analyzing political systems of all sizes from the international community to countries, and it is also a unified theory, including various social and behavioral relationships. He advocated that political studies should rebuild a new value structure. It is believed that one of the important functions of political theorists is to respond quickly to the urgent problems and needs of society, so that it is possible to clearly express an extremely profound value system, which is of great help to citizens and politicians to understand their own situation. This creative theory has always been an important mechanism for regulating society. He also pointed out that the sign of political maturity is to form a unified theory. He divided the theory into three categories: the first category is the lowest single conclusion or single concept; The second category is the meso-synthesis theory, which is the synthesis of the concept of oneness; The third category is the highest level system theory or conceptual structure, which connects all the basic branches of politics into a harmonious whole with logical connection in concept. The completion of the unified theory will make politics a basic part of social science.

3. Thomas Day

Thomas R. Day, a famous American public policy scientist, once taught at the University of Georgia, the University of Wisconsin and the University of Pennsylvania, and is now Professor Mackenzie of the US government and Honorary Professor of Florida State University. He is the author of Understanding Public Policy, Politics of States and Communities, American Politics and Who's in Charge of America. Its characteristics are integrating theory with practice, rich and colorful content, vivid and fluent language and unpretentious writing, which is helpful to understand the essential connotation of public policy and analyze realistic policy issues theoretically.