What is a cave dwelling?

The following is my Baidu Encyclopedia card:

Cave dwelling is a product of the Loess Plateau and a symbol of farmers in northern Shaanxi. The ancient yellow soil and profound culture have been deposited here, and the people have created cave art (folk art) in northern Shaanxi. In the past, a farmer worked hard all his life, and his basic wish was to build several caves. Marrying a wife in a kiln is a family business. Men dig in the yellow soil, and women do housework and have children in caves. Small caves condense the unique customs of the yellow land.

Cave dwellings are generally built on a hillside facing south, facing the sun, facing the mountains and facing the open area, with few trees sheltering them, which is very suitable for living and living. Generally, the caves in the First Hospital are built with 3 holes or 5 holes, with the middle kiln as the main kiln, some divided into front and rear kilns, and some with 1 and 3 openings. From the outside, the four holes need to be opened separately. If you go inside, you can find that they have tunnel-type small doors with semicircular tops, so the space of the caves will increase. The cave walls are generally painted with lime, which looks dazzling, dry and bright. There is a pot and a stove on one side of the cave, and the stove is connected to one end of the kang. Because the flue of the stove fire passes through the bottom of the kang, it is very warm on the kang in winter. On the three walls around the kang, there are usually some patterned papers or collages, which are called Kangwei by people in northern Shaanxi. Kang wai is a practical decoration, which can avoid the direct contact and friction between the bedding on the kang and the rough wall and keep it clean. In order to beautify the living room, many people draw circles on the kang. This is the folk art with a long history in northern Shaanxi-painting outside the kang. The cave windows in northern Shaanxi are exquisite, which are divided into four parts: skylight, inclined window, kang window and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper cutting. According to the pattern of the window, they decorated the window grilles beautifully and appropriately. The window grilles are pasted outside the window, and the colors are bright from the outside, but the interior is bright and comfortable, thus producing a unique formal beauty of light, color and tone. The panes are sparse and sunlight can penetrate freely.

The loess, which is as deep as 100 meters, is extremely difficult to penetrate water and has a strong verticality, which provides a good premise for the development of caves. At the same time, natural conditions such as dry climate, cold winter and less wood also create opportunities for the development and continuation of caves that are warm in winter and cool in summer, very economical and do not need wood. Due to the influence of natural environment, landform and local customs, caves have formed various forms. But judging from the layout and structural form of the building, it can be divided into three forms: leaning on the cliff, sinking and independent.

The caves in Yan 'an, northern Shaanxi are mixed with cave-style flat-roofed houses. Cave dwelling is an organic combination of natural landscape and life landscape, which permeates people's love and attachment to the yellow land.

Cliff cave

Cliff-leaning caves include mountain-leaning caves and ditch-leaning caves, which are often arranged in curves or broken lines, with harmonious and beautiful architectural artistic effects. When the height of the hillside allows, sometimes several terraced caves are arranged, which are similar to buildings.

Sinking cave

Sinks are underground caves, mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau-areas where there are no slopes and ditch walls to use. The practice of this kind of cave dwelling is: first dig a square pit on the spot, and then go to the cave dwelling with four walls to form a quadrangle. On the flat land, people can only see the treetops of the courtyard, but not the houses.

Independent cave

Independent cave dwelling is a kind of arched house covered with soil, including adobe arch cave dwelling and brick arch cave dwelling. This kind of cave does not need to be close to the mountain and cliff, and it can be independent without losing the advantages of the cave. It can be a single story or a building. If the upper floor is also a hoop kiln, it is called "kiln on kiln"; If the upper floor is a wooden house, it is called a "kiln house".

The cave is fire-proof and sound-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, which saves land, labor and economy. It is indeed a perfect architectural form adapted to local conditions.